Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Technological Systems for Improving Drivers' Thermal Comfort","authors":"Mert Duzgun,&nbsp;Bertug Ozarisoy,&nbsp;Hasim Altan,&nbsp;Sam Moshaver","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70128","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the integration of adaptive thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) systems in modern vehicles, emphasizing their impact on occupant well-being and automotive design innovation. The research examines state-of-the-art advancements in vehicle climate control technologies, from past developments to emerging smart thermal management solutions. It explores how artificial intelligence (AI), biometric monitoring, and energy-efficient climate control systems are transforming in-car comfort, ensuring dynamic adaptation to occupant needs while improving energy efficiency. A qualitative research methodology was adopted, incorporating explanatory and descriptive analysis. Data was collected through an extensive review of archival records, technical specifications, industry reports, and photographic sources to assess the evolution and effectiveness of thermal comfort technologies. The findings indicate that innovative HVAC and IAQ systems significantly enhance both driver and passenger comfort, leading to higher consumer demand for vehicles equipped with these technologies. Furthermore, the study highlights that future thermal comfort solutions will align with evolving user expectations, regulatory standards (such as ASHRAE-55 and EN-16798), and global sustainability goals. By bridging automotive engineering, human-centered design, and energy-efficient climate control, this study provides valuable insights into the next generation of intelligent vehicle comfort systems. The results offer a framework for optimizing thermal regulation strategies and demonstrate the potential of integrating adaptive climate control with AI-driven environmental sensing to enhance in-car experiences. Future research should focus on expanding AI-based climate personalization models and evaluating user perceptions of smart comfort technologies in real-world driving conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and Control Method for Adjustable Load Under Distributed Transactions Considering Security Verification","authors":"Xinyao Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoyi Qian,&nbsp;Wenyao Sun,&nbsp;Yi Zhao","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article focuses on the key issues of demand-side distributed trading in response to the challenges faced by traditional wholesale electricity markets in transitioning to new power systems. First, considering the large number of participants, small trading volume in the demand side distributed trading market, and the unsuitability of traditional centralized clearing mechanisms, a suitable framework and trading mechanism for the distributed trading market have been designed. Second, the problems of reverse energy transmission, voltage overload, and power flow exceeding limits caused by distributed new energy access in the new power system were analyzed, and a distributed transaction security verification method based on multi-perception layer neural networks was proposed. Finally, the impact of rapidly changing market conditions, distributed new energy, and uncertainty in actual electricity output on user optimization scheduling was emphasized, and a user optimization scheduling model was established to achieve low-cost control. This article aims to fully tap into the potential of demand-side regulation under the premise of market clearing, facilitate the local utilization of distributed renewable energy, and guarantee the secure and reliable operation of the power grid.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity Improvement of Garments Industry by Implementing Line Balancing Algorithms—A Case Study","authors":"Mst. Anjuman Ara,&nbsp;Nafisa Anjum,&nbsp;Dilir Ahbab,&nbsp;Mushfica Takia Sidiika,&nbsp;Risat Rimi Chowdhury","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nowadays, the apparel industry is highly competitive worldwide and requires the correct application of industrial engineering techniques such as time study and line balancing techniques for productivity improvement. Productivity improvement in the readymade garments industry is mostly dependent on lead time as well as the cost of production. This research aims to recommend an effective layout and line-balancing strategy so that downtime, process bottlenecks, the number of workstations, and the required number of personnel can be minimized to improve the efficiency of the production line. For this purpose, three different heuristics approaches named the Ranked Positional Weight (RPW) method, the Largest Candidate Rule (LCR), and the Kilbridge &amp; Wester method are implemented for analyzing the production line. After the implementation of line balancing techniques, it was found that all three methods improved the line efficiency compared to the existing line efficiency. Among the three heuristics methods, the RPW method and LCR increased efficiency more compared to the Kilbridge and Wester method (KWM). By lowering the current 42 workstations to 23, the RPW method and LCR demonstrated an improvement in the line efficiency of the current hemming unit to 79.80% from 43.70%. The RPW approach or LCR will be effective in terms of efficiency in this particular situation. Finally, an efficient and improved balanced line is suggested with a new sequence of processes and an optimally designed layout which will minimize the idle time and manpower requirement. The derived results demonstrate that the devised model can effectively assist production managers in garment manufacturing organizations in managing line efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexural Performance of Ambient-Cured Metakaolin-Stabilized Compressed Earth Brick Walls With Cement-Soil Mortar Joints","authors":"Edmond Didier Medongou Tejiogho,&nbsp;Christopher Kanali,&nbsp;François Ngapgue,&nbsp;Isaac Fundi Sanewu","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the flexural performance of metakaolin-stabilized compressed earth brick (CEB) walls with cement-soil mortar joints, focusing on their potential as sustainable materials in regions prone to lateral loads. While metakaolin-stabilized CEBs offer sufficient compressive strength for infill applications, the flexural strength of the walls is critical for resisting lateral forces. The bond between the CEBs and the mortar plays a key role in this strength. The research aimed to optimize this bond by determining the appropriate cement-soil mortar mix and metakaolin (MK) content for stabilization. Stabilization levels were represented as CEB_MKX, with metakaolin replacement percentages (X) ranging from 0% to 19%, in increments of 2%. Five CEB samples for each metakaolin content were tested for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties according to WD-ARS 1333 Edition, 2018. The optimum metakaolin content was found to be 11%, with the best cement-soil mortar mix at a ratio of 1:0.75:5.25, based on 28-day compressive strength tests in accordance with BS EN 998–2. Walls made with metakaolin-stabilized CEBs (Characteristic flexural strength, <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mi>xk</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {f}_{xk} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> = 0.43 ± 0.02 MPa) showed a 79.17% improvement in flexural strength (under four-point loading of five samples) compared to unstabilized bricks walls (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mi>xk</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {f}_{xk} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> = 0.24 ± 0.01 MPa), meeting and exceeding the standards set by British 5628, 2005 for lateral load resistance. Strain gauges and Linear Displacement Transducers were used to measure strain and deflection at the mid-height of the walls during testing. This research supports the development of design guidelines for eco-friendly stabilized earth bricks, promoting sustainable building solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143818561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Detection Methods for Dynamic Ship Targets in Complex Marine Environment From Visible Light Images","authors":"Yao Wang,&nbsp;Yi Jiang,&nbsp;Weigui Zeng,&nbsp;Silei Cao","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The detection of distant small ship targets in the marine environment is a critical and challenging issue that urgently needs to be addressed in the realization of accurate marine information control in the complex environment. It is of great significance for monitoring Marine environment and safeguarding maritime sovereignty. In the process of acquiring target information on ships at sea, the images captured typically contain information of dynamic targets within dynamic scenes. Traditional, singular methods are inadequate for obtaining complete information on these dynamic targets. Based on this, the article proposes an integrated method combining dynamic target detection algorithms, edge detection operators, and deep learning-based target detection algorithms. This method constructs an improved dynamic target detection algorithm to achieve comprehensive information acquisition and detection of the position, size, and type of moving ship targets in complex marine environments. Experimental simulation has validated the network performance and practical value. The network has been deployed on an Nvidia Jetson TX2 development board for real-world testing, confirming its performance in detecting dynamic ship targets in actual marine environments, and providing a viable technical approach and theoretical support for enhancing the refined target selection capability.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification, Detection, and the Enhanced Removal Mechanism of DDT From Aqueous Solutions Using Facile Green Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots","authors":"Sathish Sundararaman,&nbsp;M. Karthikeyan,&nbsp;J. Aravind Kumar,&nbsp;Prabu Deivasigamani,&nbsp;T. R. Praveenkumar,&nbsp;Reya Dash,&nbsp;Prabhu Paramasivam,&nbsp;Abinet Gosaye Ayanie","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) pollution is an ongoing worldwide environmental hazard due to its persistence and detrimental impact on ecosystems. Carbon quantum dots (CQD) made from dried mushroom biomass using a sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis process are investigated in this work as a potential new approach to dealing with DDT contamination. Verifying their efficient synthesis and potential for photocatalytic applications, the CQD had their structural, optical, and chemical characteristics evaluated. Methods such as energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to make this evaluation. Through photocatalytic tests, we looked at how well CQD produced from mushrooms decomposed DDT when exposed to UV light. The optimal conditions for photocatalytic degradation, including CQD dose, starting DDT concentration, time, and pH, were determined by a thorough investigation. Based on the results, the ideal reaction parameters were found to be a pH range of 3–5, a catalyst concentration of 2 g/L, and a reaction period of 1 h at room temperature, all of which led to a 91.70% degradation rate in DDT. The photocatalyst's stability and recyclability were tested, proving that the CQDs have long-lasting properties that may be used in many applications. The proposed method offers an effective approach for eliminating DDT while also fulfilling the requirement for sustainable and environmentally friendly materials in remediation technologies. This study enhances the developing area of photocatalytic remediation and highlights the adaptability of CQDs as highly promising and eco-friendly substances for eliminating persistent organic contaminants like DDT.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143809816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transparency, Resiliency, and Sustainable Supply Chain Network Design by Considering New Technology","authors":"Mansour Bazregar,&nbsp;Seyed Ali Reza Derakhshan,&nbsp;Nowrouz Nuorollahzadeh","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The design of a transparent supply chain is a crucial factor in building trust for traceability and cost allocation across various industries, especially in the pharmaceutical sector. Therefore, when designing a supply chain, both the product's position and the payment process must be simultaneously considered. To address the complexities of this model, emerging technologies have been integrated into a robust stochastic programming model. In this model, a probabilistic optimization approach is employed to minimize costs while considering factors such as sustainability, flexibility, and transparency. Results indicate a cost reduction of approximately 0.1% compared to traditional methods. A sensitivity analysis revealed the impact of various parameters on the model's accuracy. Additionally, it was found that the utilization of Transparency Tools (TRT) within the supply chain can enhance flexibility, transparency, and efficiency, leading to cost reductions, particularly at all levels of demand.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence-Driven Prediction and Optimization of Tensile and Impact Strength in Natural Fiber/Aluminum Oxide Polymer Nanocomposites","authors":"Solairaju Jothi Arunachalam,&nbsp;Rathinasamy Saravanan,&nbsp;Nashwan Adnan Othman,&nbsp;Sathish Thanikodi,&nbsp;Jayant Giri,&nbsp;Muzhda Azizi,&nbsp;Taoufik Saidani","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the mechanical properties of hybrid composites reinforced with jute, kenaf, and glass fibers, incorporating Aluminum Oxide (Al₂O₃) as a nanoparticle filler. The effects of three key parameters—fiber orientation, fiber sequence, and weight percentage of Al₂O₃ on—the tensile and impact strength of the composites were examined. Three levels for each factor were considered: fiber orientation (0°, 45°, and 90°), fiber sequence (1, 2, and 3 layers), and varying Al₂O₃ content (3%, 4%, and 5%). The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the parameters, providing insights into the interactions between these factors and their influence on the composite's mechanical performance. Additionally, artificial neural networks (ANN) were used for prediction modeling. The outcome presented that the ANN model outpaced RSM in terms of accuracy, with a higher correlation between predicted and experimental values. The optimal parameters for achieving the highest tensile and impact strength were determined, with fiber orientation at 90°, fiber sequence at 3, and Al₂O₃ content at 5%. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ANN in predicting the mechanical properties of the laminated composite and highlights the significant role of fiber orientation, sequence, and nanoparticle reinforcement in enhancing composite performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Efficiency Comparison of ECBC–2023 and IECC–2021 for Residential Buildings in Different Climate Zones of Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Osama Aziz,&nbsp;Muhammad Abbas,&nbsp;Fakhre Alam Khan,&nbsp;Naveed Ahmad,&nbsp;Fazli Yazdan,&nbsp;Hamad Aftab,&nbsp;Mohammad Irshad Khan,&nbsp;Zahid Ullah","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a comparative analysis of the energy-saving potential of the newly developed Pakistani regulation, the Energy Conservation Building Code–2023, and the International Energy Conservation Code–2021 for residential buildings in Pakistan. Utilizing an EnergyPlus-based simulation tool, the energy consumption of a typical house was modeled in three different climate zones of Pakistan: 0B (hot and dry), 3B (warm dry), and 7B (very cold). The analysis focused on evaluating how improvements in the building envelope, as mandated by each code, impacted the overall energy consumption of the building. Results revealed that the Energy Conservation Building Code–2023 performs better than the International Energy Conservation Code–2021 in hot climates such as Karachi. Specifically, the Energy Conservation Building Code–2023 achieved a 24% reduction in annual energy consumption, compared to the 21.8% reduction achieved by the International Energy Conservation Code–2021. However, the International Energy Conservation Code–2021 demonstrates higher energy savings in warm and cold climates (Quetta and Skardu). In these zones (warm 3B and very cold 7B), the International Energy Conservation Code–2021 led to reductions of 47.32% and 79.5%, respectively, compared to 45.3% and 33.86% achieved by the Energy Conservation Building Code–2023. This variation in energy-saving potential is attributed to the stringent U-value standards set by the International Energy Conservation Code–2021, particularly for colder climates. The study evaluates the strengths and limitations of both codes concerning Pakistan's diverse climatic conditions, underscoring the need for region-specific energy conservation standards to optimize residential building efficiency. It highlights the necessity for ongoing Research and Development to enhance the effectiveness and nationwide applicability of the Energy Conservation Building Code–2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Pseudo Random Bit Generator in QCA Technology","authors":"Pezhman Kiani Vosta,&nbsp;Mohammad Gholami,&nbsp;Amard Afzalian","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is one of the new technologies in the field of digital electronics. In this article, for the first time, some unique designs are presented in the most optimal possible state in the QCA technology. While, a proposed rising edge sensitive D-flip-flop with 28 cells and an area of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.02</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ 0.02 upmu {mathrm{m}}^2 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, a four-bit and eight-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR) with 135 and 263 cells and an area of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.15</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ 0.15 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.36</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ 0.36 upmu {mathrm{m}}^2 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, respectively, as well as a four-bit shift register with reset capability with 110 cells and an area of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>0.08</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>μ</mi>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ 0.08 upmu {mathrm{m}}^2 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. These designs have the least possible number of cells, small area, low time delay and low energy consumption. The number of cells and the occupied area of the proposed designs have improved by 35.6% and 61%, respectively, compared to different authorities. It can be said that these designs are among the newest and most optimal designs in terms of cell number, area and time delay. Also, all these designs have been simulated in the famous software QCADesigner version 2.0.3.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}