Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Monolithic Tandem Solar Cell With Co-Sensitized DSSC and Perovskite Sub-Cells Using Spectral Filtering for High-Efficiency Photon Management","authors":"Diptanu Dey,&nbsp;Raj Chakraborty,&nbsp;Punam Das,&nbsp;Diptanu Das,&nbsp;Pronob K. Ghosh","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70409","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recent advances in dye-sensitized and perovskite solar technologies have enabled tandem architectures to surpass single-junction efficiency limits. This work reports a high-efficiency monolithic tandem solar cell combining a co-sensitized dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) top sub-cell with a triple-cation perovskite bottom sub-cell. The DSSC, based on a mesoporous TiO₂ photoanode co-sensitized with SM315 and ZnTPP dyes, harvests light from 400 to 650 nm. The bottom cell, using a Cs/FA/MA mixed-halide perovskite, targets near-infrared photons (650–850 nm). A dielectric multilayer optical filter facilitates spectral splitting, while a thin indium tin oxide recombination layer ensures efficient series connection and current matching. Under calibrated dual-LED illumination (∼125 mW/cm²), the tandem achieved a lab-measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 33.7%, with a simulated maximum of ∼36.8% and an average reproducible PCE of 33.2% ± 0.4% (<i>n</i> = 3). When tested under a class AAA AM1.5G solar simulator (100 mW/cm²), the device produced a baseline PCE of 27.1% (short-circuit current density, <i>J</i>_SC = 16.1 mA/cm², open-circuit voltage, <i>V</i>_OC = 1.95 V, fill factor, FF = 0.72). These values are in-house laboratory results, not certified records. UV–Vis, FTIR, external quantum efficiency, and EIS confirmed effective charge transport and spectral complementarity. Surface and interface morphology were characterized by AFM, SEM, and HRTEM. Stability testing showed &gt; 96% retention after 500 h at 25°C and ∼86% at 60°C. Outdoor field testing under tropical weather confirmed functional robustness. This scalable, solution-processed tandem architecture shows promise for next-generation photovoltaics, including building-integrated and indoor energy applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empirical Modeling and Osprey-Based Optimization of AlSi10Mg Tensile Strength in Selective Laser Melting","authors":"Nagareddy Gadlegaonkar,&nbsp;Premendra J. Bansod,&nbsp;Avinash Lakshmikanthan,&nbsp;Krishnakant Bhole,&nbsp;Manjunath Patel Gowdru Chandrashekarappa,&nbsp;Chithirai Pon Selvan","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70413","url":null,"abstract":"<p>AlSi10Mg alloy, known for its better strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and castability, led to its use for widespread engineering applications. Optimizing tensile strength ensures better structural and functional integrity of parts subjected to loading applications. The mechanical strength of parts is sensitive to selective laser melting (SLM) parameters. Improper setting of SLM parameters (laser power, focal plane, and scan speed) led to the introduction of defects (unmelted powders, porosity, keyholes, and weak bonding layer) that reduce the mechanical performance. The morphology of AlSi10Mg powder confirms the particle size of 30 ± 5 μm with spherical and single dispersed characteristics. The EDAX analysis confirms the aluminium, silicon, and magnesium compositions with 87.49%, 10.08%, and 2.43%, respectively. The experimental plan, as per central composite design (CCD), allows the investigator to analyze the SLM parameters on the tensile strength performance of printed parts. The scan speed contribution to enhancing the tensile strength performance is significant. All interaction factors were significant despite negligible contributions observed for the individual effects of laser power and focal plane. The impact of SLM parameters exhibits nonlinear behavior with tensile strength. The derived empirical relationships predict 10 test cases with a percent deviation ranging between −3.74% and +3.24%, resulting in a mean absolute percent error equal to 2.7%. Osprey Optimization Algorithm (OOA) determined condition maximizes the tensile strength to 392.4 ± 2.5 MPa, displaying a ductile fracture with minor dimples, keyhole cavities, and stream flow patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70413","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fins Arrangements and Al2O3 Nanoparticles Concentrations Effects on Melting Time of RT82 Paraffin PCM in Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger","authors":"Jinan Saleem Abdul Kareem,&nbsp;M. Hatami,&nbsp;Ali Kianifar,&nbsp;Hameed K. Hamzah","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70381","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The current study includes the numerical modeling of a Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger containing a phase change material mixed with Al₂O₃ nanoparticles at different fins configurations. The objectives of this study are the determination of the effect of nanoparticles on the melting process of PCM and evaluating the melting time for different configurations of copper fins through the heat exchanger. The numerical study used COMSOL Multiphysics based on the enthalpy method. Paraffin RT82 was used as a phase change material with aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃). The results showed that the number of fins leads to a faster and more efficient melting process compared to a heat exchanger that does not contain fins. However, this reduces the amount of PCM present inside the annular domain, and thus the amount of heat stored decreases. The time of full melting of the PCM was equal to 193.96 min, while the time decreased to reach 187.5 and 181.46 min when the nano concentration was increased to 4% and 6%, respectively. The third case contributed to saving 31.89% of the melting time, followed by the seventh case by 27%, while the second and fifth cases were the least effective by 9.4% and 10.52%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable AI for Generalizable PCOS Diagnosis: A Geographically Validated Ensemble Learning Approach With Feature Selection","authors":"Sonia Akter,&nbsp;Saha Reno","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70395","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Diagnosing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is challenging due to its varied symptoms and the absence of a single definitive test. This study develops a robust and interpretable machine learning framework to enhance PCOS diagnosis and its applicability across diverse patient populations. From an initial set of 45 clinical features, 23 were selected for their strong statistical and biological relevance to established PCOS diagnostic criteria. Our novel approach combines these features within a weighted ensemble of classifiers, which significantly outperformed individual models. The final model achieved a 94.34% accuracy and a strong AUC of 93.38%, surpassing previous benchmarks. Critically, the model demonstrated consistent and reliable performance across distinct geographic cohorts, validating its generalizability. Furthermore, the use of explainable AI techniques ensures the model's decisions are transparent and clinically interpretable for healthcare providers. These findings confirm that this ensemble-driven tool can serve as a reliable, scalable, and practical aid for the early and accurate detection of PCOS in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical Waste to Energy: Pyrolysis Oil of Saline Containers Waste Fuelled CI Engine Characteristics Evaluation With Hybrid Nano-Fuel","authors":"T. Sathish,&nbsp;P. Suresh Kumar,&nbsp;R. Prasath,&nbsp;Rasan Sarbast Faisal,&nbsp;Tariq Alkhrissat,&nbsp;A. Johnson Santhosh,&nbsp;A. Anderson","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70389","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing medical industry plays a crucial role in maintaining human health. However, it also generates a significant amount of medical waste, including plastic saline containers. Properly managing this waste is essential to minimize environmental pollution and reduce the burden on waste management systems. Converting saline container waste into fuel through the pyrolysis process presents a valuable solution for energy demand. Transforming this saline container waste into a useful resource addresses the issue of plastic waste pollution. This research aims to support the Sustainable Development Goals of 3, 7, 11, 12, and 13. The produced Pyrolysis oil of Saline container Wastes (POSCW) was used to prepare three different blends (25, 50, and 75 vol% concentration with diesel) of biodiesel, two different nano-fuels, and one hybrid nano-fuel. The POSCW100, POSCW75D25, POSCW50D50, POSCW25D75, POSCW25D75 + CONP, POSCW25D75 + MWCNT, and POSCW25D75 + CONP/MWCNT were prepared, characterized for fuel properties, and tested in a 5.2 kW CI engine test rig at constant speed and various load conditions along with standard fuel of Pure diesel (PD100). The results reveal that POSCW100 recorded near-diesel performances. Nano-fuels and hybrid nano-fuels recorded appreciable results, particularly the POSCW25D75 + CONP/MWCNT hybrid nano-fuel, which outperformed in terms of in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, engine performance, and emission performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70389","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of a High Return Loss 4 × 4 Butler Matrix Without Crossover for 5G Base Station","authors":"Mohammad Bod,&nbsp;Fatemeh Geran","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70408","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a compact broadband 4 × 4 Butler matrix (BM) with high input return loss and without crossover components. The design employs four broadband 90-degree hybrids, each achieving 49% fractional bandwidth at a center frequency of 3.5 GHz with input return loss greater than 30 dB. The complete BM has a 20 dB return loss bandwidth of about 37% from 3 to 4.4 GHz and an insertion loss of less than 0.5 dB at the center frequency. Such high input return loss and low insertion loss are highly desirable in base station applications. A prototype of this structure is fabricated, and the measurement results are compared with the simulations. The measurement results show that this BM can cover 5G bands of N77 (3.3–4.2 GHz) and N78 (3.3–3.8 GHz) as well as the LTE bands 42 (3.4–3.6 GHz) and LTE band 43 (3.6–3.8 GHz) with 0.5 dB insertion loss, ±9° phase variations, and stable beamforming across 3.0–4.4 GHz. These features make the design highly suitable for 5G base station applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70408","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of ANN Models for Water Absorption in Sawdust and Kenaf Fiber-Reinforced Polystyrene Composites","authors":"Jothi Arunachalam Solairaju,&nbsp;Saravanan Rathinasamy,&nbsp;Sathish Thanikodi,&nbsp;Bashar Tarawneh,&nbsp;Vinuja Gurumoorthy,&nbsp;Johnson Santhosh Antony,&nbsp;Anderson Arul Gnana Dhas","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70393","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research paper involved modeling the water absorption behavior of polystyrene (PS) composites with sawdust and kenaf fiber (KF) reinforcement using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. The composites were made by manual mixing combined with the hand lay-up process at room temperature (25°C ± 2°C) and cured in an open mold over 7 days at ambient temperature. The water absorption measurements were done according to the ASTM D1037-99. The findings were that the water uptake was enhanced by filler content as well as immersion duration in the sawdust composite and KF. The ANN model also had good accuracy; the coefficients of determination (<i>R</i>²) in all the ANN models were more than 0.98 in all the training, validating, and test sets of both types of materials. Also, values of root mean square error (RMSE) were low (less than 1 wt%), indicating that this model was very accurate in forecasting the behavior of water absorption. Parity plots indicated that there was a good balance of the performance of the predictions, which captured the low and high values of absorption. Moreover, the <i>p</i> value was lower than 0.05, which showed ANOVA results are statistically significant.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70393","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Exploration of Magneto-Convection and Diffusion in Gravity-Influenced Jeffrey Fluid Flow With Suction/Injection Over a Stretching Sheet","authors":"S. Vigneshwari,&nbsp;B. Reddappa,&nbsp;B. Prabhakar Reddy,&nbsp;Hakan F. Öztop","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70411","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fluids composed of Jeffrey are collectively known as non-Newtonian fluids. Some of the application areas include electronic cooling, and designing along with optimizing of Magnetohydrodynamic pump and generator coupled with their heat transfer in different industrial processes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the gravity-driven unsteady magnetohydrodynamic transport of Jeffrey fluid over the stretching sheet. It deals with an electrically conducting fluid that is incompressible and has a uniform magnetic field that is applied perpendicular to the flow. The proposed physical context is represented by the partial differential equations covering boundary conditions. To solve the boundary value problem, the system of nonlinear equations is reduced to first-order form and efficiently solved using the Runge–Kutta based BVP4c technique in MATLAB. The graphical representations of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are provided to illustrate their variations in response to changes in several parameters whereas the numerical computation of Nusselt number, shear stress and Sherwood number in reaction to different input parameters is shown in tabular form. The results of the study indicate that increasing the magnetic parameter <i>M</i> and chemical reaction rate <i>K</i>₁ significantly suppresses velocity due to enhanced Lorentz and resistive forces, while increasing the temperature and concentration profiles due to reduced convective and diffusive transport. The Jeffrey parameter <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>λ</mi>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {lambda}_1 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> intensifies fluid retardation and heat accumulation. Higher values of <i>Sc</i> and Pr reduce concentration and temperature respectively due to lower diffusivity. The numerical results are validated by comparing limiting cases with existing benchmark solutions and show excellent agreement. The outcomes of this study are applicable to magnetically controlled thermal systems, non-Newtonian polymer processing, biomedical transport modeling, and high-performance electronic cooling, where precise control of flow, heat and mass transfer is critical.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70411","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Wear Performance of Dissimilar Aluminium Alloy FSW Joints Optimized by RSM and Desirability Approach","authors":"Seenivasan Soundararjan,&nbsp;Sathish Kannan,&nbsp;K. Geetha,&nbsp;C. Jeevakarunya,&nbsp;Manikandan Sundaram,&nbsp;A. Saiyathibrahim,&nbsp;A. Johnson Santhosh","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70402","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to optimize the dry sliding wear performance in a pin-on-drum setup of friction stir welding (FSW) processed dissimilar AA5052 and AA2014 aluminium alloys using a systematic approach using Response Surface Methodology with a Box–Behnken Design. The investigation focused on examining the interplay between four critical wear test parameters—normal force, friction distance, sliding velocity, and the geometry of the FSWed specimen (Square, Triangle, and Cylinder Pin)—and their effects on wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF), the key indicators of tribological performance. The results of analysis of variance revealed that normal force and friction distance exerted the most significant impact on both responses, with higher levels of these parameters generally leading to increased wear and friction. Sliding velocity (0.5–1.5 m/s) had a non-linear effect on wear rate (minimal at 1 m/s) and reduced COF by 6%–8% at higher velocities, though these effects were statistically insignificant compared to normal force and friction distance. Notably, the geometry of the FSWed specimen exhibited a significant influence, with the square pin generally showing lower wear and friction compared to other pins. This optimization process yielded the following specific settings: normal force of 5.29818 N, friction distance of 790.3559 m, sliding velocity of 1.4688445 m/s, and the use of a square pin as the FSWed specimen. The deviations between predicted and experimental values were 15.65% for wear rate and 10.76% for COF—both within acceptable limits for tribological analyses. Microstructural analysis revealed dynamic recrystallization in the stir zone, producing refined grains and a uniform dispersion of Al₂CuMg precipitates that enhanced hardness and wear resistance. A comparison of worn surfaces under maximum-wear and optimized conditions revealed a transition from severe abrasive wear with significant material removal to a regime of milder abrasion with reduced surface damage.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Embedded of a Fast, Light and Robust Chaos-Based Cryptosystem in NEXYS4 FPGA Card for Real Time Color Image Security (CBC in N-FPGA-RTCIP)","authors":"Fritz Nguemo Kemdoum,&nbsp;Gideon Pagnol Ayemtsa Kuete,&nbsp;Serge Raoul Dzonde Naoussi,&nbsp;Justin Roger Mboupda Pone,&nbsp;Wulfran Fendzi Mbasso","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70319","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, we put forth a rapid, lightweight, and resilient chaos-based cryptographic system (CBC-RTCIP) designed for the encryption of real-time color images, executed on a Nexys4 FPGA platform. In contrast to traditional methodologies that consider RGB channels independently, our novel approach leverages the inter-channel dependencies through the implementation of dual S-boxes, pixel-channel concatenation, and a pseudo-random number generator based on Chen chaotic oscillator. The system effectively accomplishes substantial confusion and diffusion while maintaining minimal hardware overhead. Empirical findings reveal a near-optimal global Shannon entropy of 7.99943, alongside formidable resistance to differential attacks, evidenced by NPCR and UACI metrics of 99.5978% and 33.4549%, respectively. The design attains an impressive throughput of 1021.44 Mb/s while consuming a mere 115 mW at a clock frequency of 42.56 MHz, thereby affirming its appropriateness for real-time embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Moreover, the system demonstrates resilience against statistical, differential, and data loss attacks, thereby substantiating its robustness and practical applicability. These outcomes position CBC-RTCIP as an efficient and secure methodology for safeguarding visual data in critical fields such as medical imaging and intelligent surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}