Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Energy Efficiency in Small-Scale Power Generation Using a Hybrid Solar-Biomass System With Thermal Storage","authors":"T. Sathish,&nbsp;R. Saravanan,&nbsp;Mohamed Ben Ammar,&nbsp;Jayant Giri,&nbsp;J. Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani,&nbsp;Dyana Aziz Bayz,&nbsp;Bashar Tarawneh","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of reliable and sustainable energy sources is indispensable to support the fast-growing energy demand globally. Integrated solar energy systems and biomass technologies can be utilized to develop a small-scale power generation system. It is commonly known as a hybrid solar-biomass power production system (HSBP). This system uses biomass as an additional fuel source in addition to solar collectors to capture solar energy. Compared to standalone solar or biomass setups, hybrid systems provide increased dependability and efficiency. The intermittent character of solar energy is overcome by coupling biomass energy. In this HSBP, Thermal energy storage (TES) was added to supply latent heat to operating fluids. The Therminol VP1 and Syltherm oil are preferred as working fluids with a flow rate of 0.25 kg/s. Biomass is gasified in a gasifier to produce syngas. After that, this syngas is used to run a gas turbine plant (Rankine cycle) to generate power. The experimental results reveal that, more specifically, compared to Therminol VP1, the system using Syltherm oil exhibits higher power production and efficiency. Therefore, the suggested combined solar-biomass system with thermal oil and TES is appropriate for producing electricity for a small residential building or dwelling using the Rankine cycle.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fused Filament Fabrication of Recycled HDPE and Cactus Composite as a Biobased Material","authors":"Mamadou Bhoye BAH,&nbsp;James Wamai Mwangi,&nbsp;Karanja Kabini","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Plastic pollution has emerged as a significant global issue, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives and effective recycling methods. Concurrently, the cactus plant offers a promising source of bio-based materials, particularly due to its resilience in harsh environments. This study focused on the performance characterization of cactus powder mixed with recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) pellets for filament production suitable for 3D printing using the Fused Filament Fabrication method. The physical properties of both cactus and rHDPE were investigated, and composite filaments were prepared from 5%, 10%, and 15% cactus powder alongside rHDPE. Performance evaluation of the composite filaments was conducted using a Universal Testing Machine. Additionally, the chemical composition of cactus powder was analyzed, and the particle size distribution was determined. The combination of HDPE pellets and cactus powder yielded a viable filament, though increasing proportions of cactus reduced the extrusion properties. The tensile strength of pure rHDPE filament was measured at 16.27 MPa, while the tensile strengths for the 5% and 10% cactus composites were 14.97 and 10.74 MPa, respectively. For the printed specimens, the tensile strength was recorded at 13.04 MPa for rHDPE and 8.28 MPa for the 5% cactus composite. The flexural strength results showed 21.77 MPa for rHDPE and 15.64 MPa for the 5% cactus composite. These findings suggest that cactus powder can serve as a valuable additive in developing sustainable 3D printing materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Exact Neumann-to-Dirichlet (NtD) Boundary Condition for Three-Dimensional Wave Motion Over Piecewise Smooth Topographies Near a Vertical Breakwater","authors":"Un-Ryong Rim,&nbsp;Jun-Bom Ko,&nbsp;Chol-Jun Han,&nbsp;Fuad-Mahfud Assidiq","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper suggests an exact boundary condition, so-called Neumann-to-Dirichlet (NtD) boundary condition for numerical analysis of the three-dimensional wave motion over piecewise smooth topographies near a vertical breakwater. The semi-infinite water domain in front of the breakwater is converted into a horizontally unlimited water domain by use of the mirror-image method by which the vertical breakwater is neglected and an image of the original undulated seabed is generated. An exact NtD map is derived on a virtual cylindrical surface by which the entire water region is separated into an exterior subregion and an interior subregion involving the original undulated topographies and their imaginary topographies. Based on comparison with the DtN approach from the viewpoint of accuracy, the current model is escalated to consider the effects of heading angle of incident wave and submergence of the shoal at different distance from the breakwater.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Nanoindentation to Microhardness to Tensile Strength: Correlation Coefficients Estimates as a Function of Microstructure in Eutectic SnBi Alloy","authors":"Nataliya Starostina,&nbsp;Aja Hartman,&nbsp;Rosemary Cole,&nbsp;Dongmeng Li,&nbsp;Jong W. Park","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70113","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Determining strength to hardness correlation coefficients on nano and microscale in correspondence to microstructure and composition leads the way to inexpensive, non-destructive ways to predict tensile strength of bulk materials, which is important for developing preventive maintenance procedures in a variety of industries. Nanohardness and microhardness tests were performed on an in-house prepared eutectic SnBi alloy. Elemental composition and eutectic morphology were verified by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The linear correlation coefficient, <i>C</i>₁ = <i>H</i>_<i>IT</i>/<i>H</i>_<i>v</i>, between nanoindentation hardness and Vickers microhardness was determined based on experimental measurements. A value of <i>C</i>₁ &gt; 1.25 was obtained, exceeding the expected value for polycrystalline alloys <i>C</i>₁ = 1.25. The Tabor factor, <i>k</i> = <i>H</i>_<i>v</i>/<i>σ</i> at 8% strain, is well known to be about 3 for polycrystalline alloys. However, for the eutectic alloy, the estimated Tabor factor was consistently greater than 3. The stronger correlation in both cases suggests the presence of an unaccounted factor contributing to both <i>C</i>₁ and <i>k</i>. Comparison to coefficients estimated from data available for other alloy systems is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Rubber Roller One-Pass Rice Milling Machine for Improving Milled Rice Quality","authors":"Dessye B. Tikuneh,&nbsp;Melese A. Mihiretu,&nbsp;Asnakew D. Molla,&nbsp;Tigist A. Haile,&nbsp;Mersha A. Fetene","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70101","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A comprehensive evaluation of the SB-10D milling machine focused on two widely cultivated rice varieties: the long-grain Nerica-4 and the short-grain Shaga. The study revealed that the feed rate, drum clearance, and roller speed significantly affect the performance of the machines for both rice varieties. The Shaga variety achieved a remarkable maximum head rice recovery rate of 86.73% when milled at a roller speed of 700 rpm, using a drum clearance of just 1 mm while operating at the first shutter position. In contrast, the Nerica-4 variety had head rice recoveries ranging up to 84.46%, observed at the same roller speed of 700 rpm, with a drum clearance of 1 mm and the first shutter position. Regarding overall milling recovery rates, the Shaga variety reached its peak at 66.77% with a roller speed of 900 rpm, a drum clearance of 1 mm, and operating at the fourth shutter position. Meanwhile, the Nerica-4 variety achieved a notable milling recovery rate of 64.32% under similar conditions—at a roller speed of 900 rpm, with a drum clearance of 1 mm, and the fourth shutter position. The research identified the optimal milling conditions for both rice varieties. For the Shaga variety, known for its plump, tender grains, the ideal milling parameters were a roller speed of approximately 700 rpm, a drum clearance of 1 mm, and the first shutter opening. This configuration is designed to maximize the milling process while maintaining grain quality. Conversely, the Nerica-4 variety, recognized for its longer, slender grains, performed optimally at a roller speed of around 900 rpm, also with a drum clearance of 1 mm and the first shutter position. These specific settings are tailored to enhance the efficiency of the milling operation, ensuring that the grains are milled to perfection.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of Borassus Husk Fiber Reinforced Epoxy: Evaluating Suitability for Advanced Aerospace and Automotive Applications","authors":"Md Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Mamadou Ndiaye,&nbsp;Bartosz Weclawski,&nbsp;Peter Farrell","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the effect of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of Borassus husk fiber-reinforced epoxy composites, focusing on their potential for aerospace internal structural components. Composites were fabricated using Borassus husk fibers incorporated with epoxy resin, including 5% alkali-treated fibers (treated for varying durations) to improve adhesion. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) was performed according to ASTM D5418-01 standards. Results revealed that both untreated and alkali-treated fibers enhanced the storage modulus of the composites. The highest loss modulus was observed for the composite with 1-h treated fibers. The glass transition temperature (<i>T</i>_g), determined from the peak loss modulus, was significantly higher (84°C–89°C) for treated Borassus husk fiber/epoxy composites compared to neat epoxy and composites reinforced with other natural fibers, such as flax, jute, palm sprout, date palm, sisal, and kenaf. Alkali treatment also notably increased the tan <i>δ</i> (damping factor), with the highest value (1.2) for the 0.75-h treated fiber composite, outperforming several other natural fiber-epoxy composites. Cole–Cole plots indicated improved resin-fiber adhesion for composites containing 0.75- and 1-h treated husk fibers. Phase angle data confirmed enhanced energy dissipation and viscoelastic behavior. Thermo-mechanical stability improved, with the 0.75-h treated fiber composite showing the lowest total mass loss (0.4%). Overall, alkali-treated Borassus husk fiber composites exhibited superior mechanical stiffness, damping capacity, and thermal stability, making them ideal for aerospace and automotive applications requiring strength, impact resistance, and sustainability. It will also contribute to achieving the “net-zero” target established in the 2015 Paris Agreement.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water-to-Air Imaging: A Recovery Method for the Instantaneous Distorted Image Based on Structured Light and Local Approximate Registration","authors":"Bijian Jian,&nbsp;Ting Peng,&nbsp;Xuebo Zhang,&nbsp;Changyong Lin","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Imaging through a continuously fluctuating water–air interface (WAI) is challenging. The image obtained in this way will suffer from complex refraction distortions that hinder the observer's accurate identification of the object. Reversing these distortions is an ill-posed problem, and the current restoration methods using high-resolution video streams are difficult to adapt to real-time observation scenarios. This paper proposes a method for restoring instantaneous distorted images based on structured light and local approximate registration. The scheme first uses structured light measurement technology to obtain the fluctuation information of the water surface. Then, the displacement information of the feature points on the distorted structured light image and the standard structured light image is obtained through the feature extraction algorithm and is used to estimate the distortion vector field of the corresponding sampling points in the distorted scene image. On this basis, the local approximate algorithm is used to reconstruct the distortion-free scene image. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can not only reduce image distortion and improve image visualization, but also has significantly better computational efficiency than other methods, achieving an “end-to-end” processing effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palmyra Palm Shell (Borassus flabellifer) Properties Part 1: Insights Into Its Physical and Chemical Properties","authors":"Md Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Mamadou Ndiaye,&nbsp;Bartosz Weclawski","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bio-based materials are gaining importance in engineering due to their availability, recyclability, and eco-friendliness. Among them, <i>Borassus flabellifer</i> (Palmyra palm) fruit shell (husk) is an underutilized biofiber in Bangladesh, currently limited to disposal or waste-to-energy applications despite its potential for high-value uses. This study explores the physical, chemical, and microstructural properties of untreated <i>Borassus flabellifer</i> husk to evaluate its suitability as a sustainable material for engineering applications. The physical properties, including density, water absorption, moisture regain, and porosity, were assessed according to BS EN ISO 1183-1:2019, ASTM D750, ASTM D2654-22, and ISO 2738 standards. The husk was found to be significantly lighter than its fine as well as coarse fibers and conventional natural fibers like jute, flax, and sisal, making it ideal for lightweight engineering designs. FTIR analysis (qualitatively) revealed the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which contribute to its mechanical strength, water absorption, and thermal insulation properties, respectively. SEM analysis further demonstrated a cross-linked, porous, and tubular fiber structure, enhancing its thermal and sound insulation features. The findings suggest untreated <i>Borassus flabellifer</i> husk can be a promising alternative for applications requiring lightweight, thermally, and acoustically insulating materials. While its moisture and water resistance outperform some biofibers, chemical treatments could enhance these properties further. To maximize its potential, efficient collection and supply chain systems are essential for industrial-scale production. Harnessing this abundant resource could support sustainable development while encouraging the cultivation and preservation of <i>Borassus flabellifer</i> trees.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Palmyra Palm Shell (Borassus flabellifer) Properties Part 2: Insights Into Its Thermal and Mechanical Properties","authors":"Md Atiqur Rahman,&nbsp;Mamadou Ndiaye,&nbsp;Bartosz Weclawski,&nbsp;Peter Farrell","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Advancements in modern engineering design require materials that maintain thermal and mechanical stability under diverse conditions. To promote sustainability and eco-friendliness, researchers are increasingly exploring natural alternatives to synthetic fibers. Among bio-fibers, <i>Borassus flabellifer</i> fruit shell (husk), has no other uses than disposal or waste-to-energy in Bangladesh. While other parts of the plant, such as, the fruit and leaf stalks, are commonly utilized for fine and coarse fibers, the husk fiber remains underexplored. Hence, this study investigates exclusively the thermal properties of untreated Borassus husk fibers according to ASTM E2550 and ASTM E1269-11 standards and evaluates their curved specimens' mechanical properties using ASTM D2344 and ASTM D6415 standards. The findings reveal that raw Borassus husk fibers exhibit remarkable thermal stability, characterized by a higher char content and an elevated integral process decomposition temperature compared to the its fine and coarse fibers. During cellulose decomposition, the husk fibers demonstrate a specific heat capacity of 1.6 J/g°C, which surpasses that of coconut fibers. Additionally, mechanical testing indicates that the curved husk possesses competitive inter-laminar tensile strength and short-beam strength, comparable to glass fiber-reinforced polymers, curved woven glass/polyester composites and some bio-composites. Fracture surface analysis reveals a unique morphology, featuring non-uniform, cross-linked, and porous tubular structures, which contribute to the material's distinct thermal and mechanical properties. These results highlight the potential of untreated Borassus husk fibers as a viable material for engineering applications. Utilizing this underexplored resource could promote the cultivation and preservation of <i>B. flabellifer</i> trees, thereby encouraging sustainable development.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mixed Convection and Permeability Effects on Magnetohydrodynamic Williamson Fluid Flow Over an Inclined Stretchy Surface With Radiation Influence: Analytical Investigation","authors":"R. A. Oderinu,&nbsp;T. A. Oyeyinka,&nbsp;S. Alao,&nbsp;F. J. Ayanbukola,&nbsp;B. A. Sanusi","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70078","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The study introduces a computational method that combines Legendre polynomials with Gauss–Lobatto points to solve nonlinear coupled differential equations, focusing on the Williamson fluid model under the influence of mixed convection and permeability with mixed boundary conditions. The nonlinear governing equations were transformed from partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using appropriate similarity transformations. By employing Legendre polynomials as trial functions and collocating the residual equations at Gauss–Lobatto points, the system was solved using mathematical software. The technique was validated by comparing the obtained solutions with existing literature, showing excellent agreement. The computed Nusselt numbers for &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;P&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;.&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;7&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ mathit{Pr}=0.7 $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;, 2, and 7 in this study were 0.4544, 0.9114, and 1.8954, respectively, compared to 0.4539, 0.9114, and 1.8954 reported in previous studies. The average discrepancy across comparisons was approximately 0.00018, demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed approach. Further validation was performed using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method via the shooting technique, reinforcing the reliability of the results. The study's findings revealed that increasing the Grashof number (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ Gr $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) and modified Grashof number (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;G&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ Gm $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;) enhanced skin friction, whereas higher values of the magnetic parameter (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;M&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ M $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), suction parameter (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;w&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$$ {f}_w $$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), and porosity (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semant","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70078","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}