Engineering reports : open access最新文献

{"title":"Gradient-Based Optimization Modeling of Total Entropy and Heat Transfer in Exothermic Blood Analog Gold Nanoparticle Suspension","authors":"Mojeed T. Akolade,&nbsp;Mathew F. Oyedotun,&nbsp;Michael O. Oni,&nbsp;Yusuf O. Tijani,&nbsp;Adeshina T. Adeosun,&nbsp;T. Sathiyaraj,&nbsp;Abiodun O. Ajibade,&nbsp;Mohamed M. Awad","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Casson-micropolar fluid model herein represents the microstructure (yield stress) and micro-rotational dynamics of engineered nanoparticles in blood-analog suspensions. We present the mathematical model for a Casson (blood)-gold nanoparticle suspension and perform gradient-based objective optimization to (i) maximize the convective heat-transfer coefficient and (ii) minimize total entropy generation. The computational framework of non-Newtonian exothermic Casson-micropolar fluid with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity is implemented via the spectral method, while the optimization scheme employs the multi-start Nelder–Mead methodology to simulate the decision variables by random restarts with local convergence and a derivative-free simplex method. Fluid velocity decreases with higher nanoparticle volume fractions but increases with the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter, particularly near the convective slippery wall, and the thermodynamic irreversibility escalates with the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter near the thermally insulated wall, whereas increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction and thermal conductivity effectively minimizes entropy generation. The least contribution of the variable viscosity, maximum values of thermal conductivity, Kamenetskii parameter, higher convective heating, continuous injection of nanoparticle volume fraction, and the avoidance of thermal radiation have the greatest impact on minimizing the disorderliness in the considered geometry. Maximizing the system heat transfer, the dominant contribution of nanoparticle fraction, thermal radiation, convective heat transfer, and variability of the thermal conductivity is required.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low Power Ultra-Wideband Low-Noise Amplifier for UWB Receiver","authors":"Haimei Liu,&nbsp;Xiangqian Liu,&nbsp;Bilu Gao","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70977","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper, a 4-13GHz low power low-noise amplifier (LNA) for UWB based on two-stage topology is presented. Wideband matching, low noise figure (NF), and low power are achieved by using a gate inductor-assisted impedance matching and a current reuse feed-forward noise cancellation techniques, respectively. The low power consumption UWB LNA is designed using standard 65 nm CMOS technology. This LNA achieves a 16.9 dB gain, a 4.3 dB minimum NF. The consumes 9.4 mW from a 1-V supply.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Enterprise Capital Structure Allocation Using the NSGA-III Algorithm","authors":"Bing Li","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current enterprise capital structure optimization faces the challenge of conflicting multiple objectives and the difficulty of obtaining an equilibrium solution efficiently. This paper introduces the Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III to construct a novel multiobjective optimization model for corporate capital structure, uniquely integrating enterprise value maximization, financial risk minimization, and weighted average cost of capital minimization within a single framework. This model also incorporates debt repayment constraints and capital limits. By using a reference point set within the algorithm to guide population search and combining iterative evolution with simulated binary crossover and polynomial mutation, this method achieves a systematic approximation of the Pareto front in high-dimensional target spaces. Using financial data from selected Chinese listed companies as a sample, this experiment yielded Pareto solutions with mean uniformity of 0.040 (Spacing, SP) and 0.120 (Diversity <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>Δ</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), a convergence index (GD) of 0.0037, and a coverage ratio η of 0.95. Results show that NSGA-III effectively solves the multiobjective optimization problem of corporate capital structure and provides a comprehensive and balanced allocation solution for decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Aspects of Turbulent Blood Flow in Aorta: A Systematic Review","authors":"Nikita Skripka,&nbsp;Alex G. Kuchumov","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past decade, the development of accurate turbulence models to describe blood flow in the aorta for cardiovascular applications has increased substantially, leading to growing efforts to quantify turbulence-related hemodynamic parameters and improved model fidelity. At the same time, a unified computational standard, including for clinical use, remains absent. Moreover, there is still no unified standard for modeling turbulent flows in the aorta, and the choice of turbulence model, boundary conditions, and validation. In this paper, a systematic review of the simulation studies of turbulent blood flow in the aorta. Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases were used in the literature search, which was completed on the 9th of July 2026. 38 articles were included after the selection process. The data from the research works were structured in different categories (Geometry, Viscosity model, Model turbulence, Parameters, Validation). The aim of this systematic review is to systematize the methodological approaches used in the state-of-the-art literature, including the choice of turbulence models, validation methods, as well as the identification of the main hemodynamic parameters characterizing turbulent flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Scale Transformer Framework for Explainable Medium-Term Household Energy Forecasting","authors":"Michael Marko Sesay,&nbsp;Antony Ngunyi,&nbsp;Herbert Imboga","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Medium-term electricity demand forecasts (days–weeks ahead) are essential for scheduling, maintenance, and tariff or hedging decisions, yet remain challenging due to multi-scale seasonality and weather-driven non-stationarity. We propose a Multi-Scale Transformer (MSTr) that fuses diurnal, weekly, and seasonal context via scale-specific pooling and learned softmax gating. The model is trained in a leak-safe, direct-<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>H</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ H $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> protocol for horizons <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>H</mi>\u0000 <mo>∈</mo>\u0000 <mo>{</mo>\u0000 <mn>24</mn>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>168</mn>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>336</mn>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mn>672</mn>\u0000 <mo>}</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Hin left{24,168,336,672right} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> using only information available at decision time. On hourly household data from Northeast Mexico, MSTr consistently outperforms strong baselines (LightGBM, LSTM, and Seasonal/Naive) across RMSE, MAE, WAPE, sMAPE, and <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {R}^2 $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, with the largest gains at 168–336 h where weekly and seasonal signals dominate. Explainability analyses (SHAP, partial dependence, temperature-load sensitivity, and multi-scale gating diagnostics) indicate that MSTr captures meteorological and calendar effects more faithfully than baselines. An ablation study confirms the utility of positional encodings, multi-scale pooling, and learned gates, while a block-bootstrap evaluation and Diebold–Mariano tests show that MSTr's improvements are statistically significant at key horizons. The approach remains computationally practical, is straightforward to integrate into existing forecasting pipelines, and supports transparent reporting through gate weights, seasonal slices, and feature-level explanations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Survey: Harmonizing Transfer Learning and Self-Supervised Learning for Enhanced Performance in Machine Learning and Deep Learning","authors":"V. Anitha,&nbsp;P. Thiyagarajan","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70916","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, the integration of transfer learning (TL) and self-supervised learning (SSL) has gained considerable attention as an effective strategy for improving model performance across a wide range of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) tasks. TL enables the reuse of knowledge acquired from pretrained models to accelerate learning in new tasks, while SSL exploits large volumes of unlabeled data to learn meaningful representations without manual annotation. This article presents a systematic and comprehensive survey of existing approaches that harmonize SSL with TL. The survey reviews key mechanisms such as self-supervised pre-training, feature extraction, fine-tuning strategies, and domain adaptation across both ML and DL paradigms, including convolutional neural networks, recurrent neural networks, transformer-based architectures, and classical ML models. By synthesizing findings reported in the literature, this study highlights how the combination of self-supervised representation learning and TL enhances generalization, robustness, and data efficiency. Furthermore, the survey discusses representative application domains, emerging trends, and comparative insights across benchmark tasks. Finally, open challenges and future research directions are outlined, emphasizing scalability, domain shift handling, and the role of foundation models. This survey aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a structured understanding of current progress and opportunities in harmonizing TL and SSL.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70916","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pH Variation on Passive Film Stability and Pitting Initiation in Selectively Laser Melted AlSi7Mg Alloy","authors":"Femi John Akinfolarin,&nbsp;Olusoji Oluremi Ayodele,&nbsp;Ngeleshi Michel Kibambe,&nbsp;Samuel Ranti Oke,&nbsp;Peter Apata Olubambi","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the pH-dependent corrosion response, passive-film stability, and pitting initiation behavior of selectively laser melted (SLMed) AlSi7Mg alloy in naturally aerated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at pH 2, 6, and 12. The alloy was evaluated using open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP), chronoamperometry (CA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and post-corrosion SEM/EDS and XRD analyses. The electrochemical response was strongly controlled by solution pH and by the SLM-induced cellular α-Al/Si-rich intercellular network. At pH 6, the alloy exhibited the lowest apparent corrosion current density (11.8 × 10⁻⁶ A cm⁻²), the lowest calculated corrosion rate (0.129 mm year⁻¹), and the largest CPP separation between Ecorr and Epit (approximately 470.17 mV), indicating the strongest resistance to stable pit propagation and the most effective repassivation. At pH 2, the current response was characterized by frequent transients and localized attack, confirming metastable-to-stable pit transition at electrochemically heterogeneous sites such as melt-pool boundaries and Si-rich cell boundaries. At pH 12, the polarization curve showed an extended passive-like region at relatively low current density; however, alkaline exposure promoted hydroxide-assisted dissolution of the aluminum oxide/hydroxide surface layer and produced more uniform surface degradation rather than deep localized pits. EIS further confirmed the corrosion-resistance order pH 6 &gt; pH 2 &gt; pH 12, with polarization resistance decreasing from 3160 Ω cm² at pH 6 to 2370 Ω cm² at pH 2 and 255 Ω cm² at pH 12. The results demonstrate that solution pH controls the transition between stable passivation, localized chloride-assisted pitting, and alkaline film dissolution in SLMed AlSi7Mg alloy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149047829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Leakage-Free, Patient-Level Evaluation Protocol for Multi-Class Lung CT Diagnosis","authors":"Affan Ahmad,&nbsp;M. Usman Hashmi,&nbsp;M. Azam,&nbsp;Raheem Sarwar,&nbsp;Muazzam Ali","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Medical imaging artificial intelligence can produce overoptimistic performance estimates due to data leakage, where information from the same patient is used in both the training and test sets. Although awareness of this issue is increasing, slice-level data partitioning is still reported or insufficiently specified in some studies based on volumetric imaging. This paper offers a systematic patient-level evaluation protocol that aims to reduce leakage and quantify its effect in an experimental setting. Based on the publicly accessible IQ-OTH/NCCD lung CT dataset comprising 110 patients, three convolutional neural network models, ResNet50, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetB3, were tested through stratified patient-level 5-fold cross-validation with automatic verification of patient separation. At the patient level, the models achieved accuracies of 81.3%, 82.8%, and 83.1%, with AUC values above 0.87 across all models. Leakage-prone slice-wise splitting produced higher apparent performance than patient-disjoint evaluation, and an additional unit-matched slice-level analysis confirmed that this difference was not explained solely by patient-level aggregation. These results show that evaluation design alone can substantially affect reported diagnostic performance. The suggested framework provides a clear and reproducible protocol aligned with CLAIM and TRIPOD+AI reporting principles, supporting more trustworthy evaluation of medical AI systems developed using multi-slice imaging data.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization Study of Valve Closing Schemes for Long-Distance Gravity Flow Water Supply Systems Based on the NSGA-II Algorithm","authors":"Ke Wang,&nbsp;Pan Zi,&nbsp;Zhihao Tang,&nbsp;Yuyang Zhang,&nbsp;Yuan Yao,&nbsp;Xianqi Zhang","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70945","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To address safety hazards caused by valve-closing water hammer in long-distance gravity flow water conveyance projects and ensure the safe and stable operation of water transmission networks. This study focuses on the Ruyang Water Supply Project of the Northern Trunk Pipeline of Qianping Reservoir in Henan Province (the water conveyance pipeline has a total length of 87.4 km and a water level difference of 102 m). Using Bentley Hammer software to construct a hydraulic calculation model, the water hammer effects of different valve closure schemes were simulated and analyzed based on the characteristic line method. Combined with NSGA-II, this study investigates valve closure scheme optimization. The research first analyzes the influence patterns of three one-stage valve closure durations—10, 20, and 60 s—on water hammer effects. Subsequently, optimization calculations were performed for the stage-two and stage-three valve-closing curve schemes, with the system comparing the water hammer protection effectiveness of different valve-closing modes; the multistage valve-closing scheme was further optimized using the NSGA-II algorithm, validating the reliability and superiority of the optimized solution. Research findings indicate that valve closure time is negatively correlated with the intensity of water hammer effects. The shorter the valve closure time, the more pronounced the water hammer effect. The multistage valve closure optimization scheme demonstrates significantly superior protective performance compared to the single-stage closure scheme. The three-stage valve-closing scheme optimized using the NSGA-II algorithm not only achieves a higher optimization success rate but also provides more effective protection against water hammer. The optimization results are highly dependent on the selected hydraulic model, boundary conditions, valve closure duration constraints, objective function, and parameter ranges; in practical applications, they must be re-validated based on specific engineering conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70945","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Behavior of Radiative Darcy–Forchheimer Nanofluid Flow With Heat Source/Sink Effects","authors":"Avinash B. Raut,&nbsp;Jagadish V. Tawade,&nbsp;Pradeep G. Janthe,&nbsp;Sameer S. Gajghate,&nbsp;Muhamad M. Noor,&nbsp;Milon Selvam Dennison","doi":"10.1002/eng2.71050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.71050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study examines the thermal and flow behavior of a radiative Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid in a porous medium, incorporating internal heat source and sink effects. The combined influence of thermal radiation, porous resistance, and nonlinear inertial drag on momentum, heat, and mass transfer is systematically analyzed. The Darcy–Forchheimer model captures both viscous and inertial resistance, while thermal radiation and volumetric heat generation/absorption are included to reflect realistic high-temperature porous systems. The coupled nonlinear momentum and energy equations are solved numerically using the MATLAB bvp4c solver, and the effects of key parameters—Forchheimer number, radiation parameter, and heat source/sink strength on velocity, temperature, and Nusselt number are evaluated. Results show that increasing radiation enhances the thermal boundary layer thickness and Nusselt number, whereas higher Forchheimer resistance suppresses velocity, with a range of 0.2 ≥ <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>f</mi>\u0000 <mo>′</mo>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {f}^{prime } $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>(<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ xi, nBig) $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> ≥ 0.17 (mean value). Heat sources raise the temperature profiles to 0.19 ≤ θ (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>ξ</mi>\u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ xi, nBig) $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> ≤ 0.3 (mean), while sinks stabilize the thermal field. These findings provide quantitative insights into controlling flow and heat transfer in porous media, with direct relevance to advanced cooling systems, energy storage devices, and industrial thermal management applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"8 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.71050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}