{"title":"Dynamic Slope Measurement and Positioning Accuracy Optimization Using Improved Particle Filter in Complex Environments","authors":"Wenjun Gao, Hongxu Chai, Yanhong Ma","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70370","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In complex environments, the drastic terrain changes and the superposition of sensor measurement noise result in insufficient accuracy of dynamic slope estimation by traditional positioning methods, thus limiting the overall positioning performance. To solve this problem, this paper adopts an improved particle filter (PF) algorithm based on the temporal attention mechanism. By applying a weighted modeling mechanism of historical observations, the particle importance weight distribution is reconstructed to enhance the responsiveness of state estimation to nonlinear dynamic disturbances. In the state prediction stage, a terrain-aided inertial navigation (TAIN) correction model is introduced to guide the particle distribution to converge to the terrain-consistent area with the slope prior information. At the same time, a Bayesian estimation framework integrating nonlinear terrain constraints is constructed to realize the joint reasoning of slope and position state. Experimental results show that this method achieves a root mean square error of 1.27° in slope estimation, reduces the confidence boundary of positioning error to 1.9 m, and reduces the particle degradation rate to 31.7%. This method achieves efficient coordination between dynamic measurement and nonlinear estimation, significantly improving navigation accuracy and reliability in complex environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crashworthiness Optimization of Closed Cell–Sandwiched Aluminum Foam Crash Box Using FE and ANN Modeling","authors":"Fentaw Alemayehu Tesfaye, Addisu Negash Ali, Ermias Wubete Fenta","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70353","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The crashworthiness optimization of closed-cell aluminum foam-filled sandwiched crash boxes is a critical aspect of vehicle occupant safety, aimed at enhancing the energy absorption capability of these structures during collisions. This study is focused on enhancing the crash box energy absorption capacity by using closed-cell-sandwiched aluminum foam characterized by lightweight and high-energy absorption properties. The design of the experiment (DOE) is used to determine the minimum number of runs by considering cell size, void fraction, and density as input parameters and energy absorption as output parameters. The finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted using ABAQUS with tetrahedral element type under impact loading conditions by considering good mesh quality, well-defined boundary conditions, and material models. An artificial neural network (ANN) integrated with a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to predict and optimize the maximum possible energy absorption capacity. After analysis, the maximum energy absorption of 255 J is identified from 27 runs, achieved with a combination of cell size, porosity, and density of (10, 15, and 2.6). To optimize energy absorption and determine optimal parameters, results from Abaqus are input into the ANN model. The ANN generates a fitting function with a high <i>R</i> value (0.989) and minimum error (1.34). The fitness function is then exported to the GA optimization tool, refining it to achieve an optimized energy absorption of 256.69 J. The optimal parameters identified through this process are cell size 10, porosity 0.162, and density 2.6. From the results obtained, we can conclude that the use of integrated computational methodologies can enhance crashworthiness optimization of complex foam geometries to provide a high-performance energy-absorbing crash box.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70353","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Circular Bioeconomy of Fruits and Vegetable Waste Into Biosolvents and Bioresources: Advancement in Sustainable Bioremediation Technologies","authors":"Payel Dhar, Sankar Chandra Deka, Rajashree Panigrahi, R. Roopashree, Kattela Chennakesavulu, Renu Sharma, Aashna Sinha, Lema Abate","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fruit and vegetable waste constitutes a major share of global food waste, posing environmental and economic challenges. Addressing this issue requires sustainable and innovative strategies to reduce waste and recover valuable resources, contributing to both ecological balance and circular economic growth. This review explores and evaluates a range of methods for the valorization of fruit and vegetable waste, with particular emphasis on bioremediation techniques. It highlights fermentation processes and microbial applications, especially involving <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>, to generate bioethanol and other bio-based products. Fruit and vegetable waste has been effectively used to produce biosolvents, which serve as dual-purpose agents in plastic cleaning and various industrial processes. Fermentation of these wastes also leads to the production of biocatalytic enzymes that enhance the treatment of industrial waste and aquaculture sludge. These approaches contribute to the generation of renewable energy and demonstrate the waste's versatility in resource recovery. The transformation of fruit and vegetable waste into valuable bioproducts supports environmental sustainability by reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and lowering waste-related environmental impacts. The findings underscore the need for integrating emerging technologies into mainstream waste management practices to enhance economic viability and advance the development of a circular bioeconomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamed Shojaee Barjoie, Naser Kordani, Mohammad khodabandeh
{"title":"Design and Analysis of Auxetic Structures in Bedsore Patient Mattresses for Uniform Weight Distribution","authors":"Hamed Shojaee Barjoie, Naser Kordani, Mohammad khodabandeh","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70311","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Currently, polymeric foams are widely utilized in the creation of passive support surfaces such as mattresses, cushions, and seating. However, these materials encounter challenges in prolonged use, including diminished performance, permanent deformation, reduction in thickness, and nonuniform pressure distribution. These issues can lead to pressure concentration in sensitive bodily areas, particularly the gluteal region, thereby increasing the risk of pressure ulcers. Advances in additive manufacturing technology, alongside the capability to design engineered structures with controllable mechanical properties, have directed researchers' attention toward employing this method as an alternative to traditional foams. Among these, auxetic structures have garnered interest for applications related to skin wound healing due to their unique mechanical characteristics. In this study, re-entrant auxetic structure samples were numerically designed using the finite element method and subsequently fabricated via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing process, utilizing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The mechanical performance of these structures was assessed through compression testing, in accordance with ISO 3386-1, and fatigue testing. These analyses investigated the impact of parameters such as unit cell dimensions and cell angle on the compressive stress and resilience of the structure. The results indicated that the designed auxetic structure, when utilizing TPU with A95 hardness, could achieve a compressive stress between 7 and 8 kPa at 40% compression. Furthermore, fatigue tests demonstrated that the structure's resilience is dependent on the amount of strain, whereas the loading duration did not significantly affect its rebound behavior. These findings underscore the high potential of auxetic structures in designing support surfaces with customizable mechanical performance, tailored to the biomechanical needs of the body.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christina H. M. Tsang, Ruilong Zhang, Wei Xiong, Davidraj Johnravindar, Puranjan Mishra, Jun Zhao
{"title":"Exploring Mg-Al Bimetallic Oxide Catalysts for Efficient Terephthalic Acid Recovery From Polyethylene Terephthalate","authors":"Christina H. M. Tsang, Ruilong Zhang, Wei Xiong, Davidraj Johnravindar, Puranjan Mishra, Jun Zhao","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The escalating demand for plastics has necessitated advancements in plastic recycling technologies. This study examines the development of heterogeneous metal catalysts aimed at improving the hydrolysis performance of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a commonly used plastic, and enhancing the conversion efficiency for the efficient production of terephthalic acid (TPA). A series of Mg-Al bimetallic oxide with varying Mg and Al ratios were synthesized and employed as catalysts for the hydrolysis of PET under various conditions, including reaction temperature (80°C–220°C), reaction time (10–300 min), and solvent ratio. Optimization of the process revealed that the optimal conditions for catalytic hydrolysis were achieved at 200°C, 300 min, using a Mg-Al-1 catalyst and a solvent ratio of 5:5 ethanol to water, resulting in a PET conversion efficiency of 95.6% and a TPA yield of 80.3%. Over 70% TPA yield could be generated after first hydrolysis without regeneration. Under hydrothermal conditions, polyethylene glycol instead of ethylene glycol was found after reaction, as identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). This study offers a sustainable and feasible pathway for TPA recovery from PET, contributing to the advancement of recycling technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potluri S. S. Swetha, Hanene Hamdani, Mohamed Nejib Ouertani, Vasili B. V. Nagarjuna, Suleman Nasiru, Mohammed Elgarhy
{"title":"Kumaraswamy Modified Kies Power Lomax Distribution: Properties, Actuarial Measures, and Applications","authors":"Potluri S. S. Swetha, Hanene Hamdani, Mohamed Nejib Ouertani, Vasili B. V. Nagarjuna, Suleman Nasiru, Mohammed Elgarhy","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70390","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We introduce the Kumaraswamy Modified Kies power Lomax distribution, a novel five-parameter probability model that combines the features of the Kumaraswamy Modified Kies-G family and the power Lomax distribution, offering improved flexibility in modelling real-world data. The proposed model demonstrates extensive adaptability through its ability to model diverse density shapes, including right-skewed, left-skewed, decreasing-increasing-decreasing, platykurtic, and leptokurtic behavior, as well as hazard patterns like the bathtub, decreasing-increasing-decreasing, inverted-bathtub, and decreasing-increasing shapes. We derive the statistical properties of the model, including the quantile function, moments, order statistics, moment-generating function, and entropy. The actuarial measures show the model's adaptability in risk evaluation. Maximum likelihood estimation technique is employed to estimate the parameters, and a simulation study shows the effectiveness of the estimates. Three real-world applications to survival and reliability data highlight the model's better performance in handling complex patterns, making it particularly valuable for reliability and survival analysis applications. The Voung's statistic and leave-one-out log-likelihood values are used to demonstrate the model's strength over the competing models.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70390","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling and Simulation of Coupling Connected Motor Towing Test System in High Voltage Wire Inspection Robot","authors":"Ma Long, He Weijie, Mao Yanfang, Wang Baocang","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The working environment for safety inspection of high-voltage wires is quite harsh, such as high and low temperature, high altitude, wind and rain weather, and so forth. High-voltage wire inspection robots can replace human work. In this robot, the harmonic suppression of the permanent magnet synchronous motor will determine the completion of inspection work. Therefore, from the angle of motor control, this study examines the connection mode, working principle, and control theory of the drive motor and load motor in the motor-to-drag test system. The simulation model of the drag test system was established. The running state of the motor was analyzed. The influence of the load motor on the speed harmonic of the driving motor was analyzed. Then, the correctness of the improved control strategy was verified. An electronic control-electromagnetic joint simulation model of the two motors was established, and the spectrum characteristics caused by the electromagnetic force of the driving motor were analyzed. The motor characteristics before and after the improvement of the control strategy were compared and verified on the built towing test system. After the improvement of the control strategy, the speed harmonics were effectively suppressed, and the harmonic amplitude at 18 times the fundamental frequency of the current was reduced by 94.74%. This greatly improves the stability of the robot in the operation of high-voltage electric wire.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hosseini, Changiz Ghobadi, Javad Nourinia, M. Shokri
{"title":"Determining the Direction of Radio Wave Reception for Maximum Radiation Using Genetic Algorithm and RF to DC Conversion Efficiency Analysis","authors":"S. Hosseini, Changiz Ghobadi, Javad Nourinia, M. Shokri","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70316","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Analyzing the amount of energy received from radio waves can be effective in routing radio wave radiation. In this study, a new plan for routing radio transmitters is presented using an algorithm compatible with radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH). The proposed algorithm is based on the genetic algorithm (GA), and the output voltage of the wireless energy harvesting system (rectenna) is the observation parameter. The algorithm first samples the environment around the receiving antenna on the azimuth axis and then on the elevation axis. Algorithm simulations for energy received from one transmitter and several transmitters have been done in Matlab. In an innovation, using the HPBW angle in the GA creates a population for initial sampling dependent on the receiver antenna. The HPBW parameter of the receiver antenna in the proposed scheme is essential in determining the number of primary samplings. The analysis of the proposed algorithm for HPBW < 45 can increase the number of samplings and improve the routing accuracy with the least iteration. In this study, the signal radiation path can be estimated by knowing the available radio frequency, without the need for other transmitted signal information, and with a simple design.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naser Kordani, Mohammad Khodabandeh, Ehsan Jahani, Luma Ali Shahid Ali Almusawi
{"title":"Exploring How Cracks Grow in PLA With Dual Keyhole Notches: Blending Experiments, Simulations, and Smart Predictions","authors":"Naser Kordani, Mohammad Khodabandeh, Ehsan Jahani, Luma Ali Shahid Ali Almusawi","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70324","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer, is gaining attention as a sustainable alternative to steel in civil engineering, yet its fracture behavior under complex loading remains underexplored. This study examines crack propagation in PLA samples with dual keyhole notches under tensile loading, integrating experimental tests, finite element simulations, and machine learning predictions. Six PLA specimens (200 × 50 × 10 mm, crack length 10 mm, angles 60° and 70°, notch radii 0.5–2 mm) were tested experimentally, while 400 samples (angles 1°–80°, radii 0.5–4 mm) were simulated in ABAQUS. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models, implemented in MATLAB, analyzed the results. Experimental peak stress reached 33.3 N/mm<sup>2</sup> (0.5 mm notch, 60°), while simulations predicted up to 65.225 N/mm<sup>2</sup> (0.5 mm, 1°). ANN with Bayesian Regularization outperformed other models, offering precise predictions of crack behavior. These findings provide a fracture criterion for PLA, advancing its potential in sustainable structural applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on the Fabrication of Polyhedral Carbon Nanostructures Using SB3-12","authors":"Jianxia Guo, Haichao Li, Xiaofei Kang","doi":"10.1002/eng2.70371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70371","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The research field focused on regulating the morphology and dimensions of carbon nanostructures is experiencing steady advancement. This paper proposes a low-cost, simple, and easy-to-operate experimental method involving confined in situ carbonization. Through carbonization of sulfate-coated <i>N</i>-dodecyl-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (SB3-12), a rare icosahedral carbon nanostructure was successfully synthesized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization revealed that this polyhedron exhibits a stable and symmetrical architecture composed of 2 hexagonal and 18 quadrilateral facets. Comprehensive characterizations including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to investigate the structural properties of the synthesized material. This study holds significance for exploring novel regulation strategies for carbon nanostructures and their future development.</p>","PeriodicalId":72922,"journal":{"name":"Engineering reports : open access","volume":"7 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eng2.70371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}