Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)最新文献

{"title":"Evaluating cognitive outcomes in adult patients with acute encephalitis syndrome: a prospective study from a tertiary care center in Nepal.","authors":"Parash Rayamajhi,&nbsp;Gaurav Nepal,&nbsp;Rajeev Ojha,&nbsp;Reema Rajbhandari,&nbsp;Bikram Prasad Gajurel,&nbsp;Ragesh Karn","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00157","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Although cognitive impairment is a known complication of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES), few studies have evaluated cognitive outcomes in patients with encephalitis. The primary objective of this study was to assess the cognitive profiles of patients diagnosed with AES, which is pivotal for improving rehabilitation strategies and prognostic measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted at the Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Adult patients with AES who met inclusion criteria were enrolled. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) tool was used to assess cognitive function at admission, discharge, and 3-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-six patients were enrolled in our study. The mean age of the participants was 43 ± 18 years. Fourteen patients (38.9%) were female, and 22 (61.1%) were male. Tuberculous (TB) meningoencephalitis was present in 14 cases (38.9%), with herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis in 14 (38.9%), bacterial meningoencephalitis in 4 (11.1%), autoimmune encephalitis in 2 (5.6%), and Japanese encephalitis in 2 (5.6%). Patients with bacterial meningoencephalitis had the highest MoCA scores at admission, whereas those with HSV encephalitis had the highest scores at discharge and follow-up. Compared with the scores at admission, the scores at discharge and follow-up increased significantly in patients with TB meningoencephalitis and HSV encephalitis. The MoCA score at discharge was established as a significant predictor of cognitive function at follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We found that active treatment can improve the outcomes of AES patients with cognitive impairment. Although infectious etiologies are most common in low-income countries such as Nepal, autoimmune etiologies should not be overlooked.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 2","pages":"36-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f4/b3/encephalitis-2021-00157.PMC10295914.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9842408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chronic social stress during early development elicits unique behavioral changes in adulthood.","authors":"Daejong Jeon, Jiye Choi, Ah Reum Yang, Jung-Seok Yoo, Sangwoo Kim, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00178","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Chronic social stress is known to induce inflammation in the brain, and early-life stress affects the brain and social behavior in adulthood. To study the relationship between social stress in childhood development and social behavior in adulthood, we subjected mice to a sequential early-life social stresses and characterized their adult behavioral phenotypes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>C57BL/6 mice were sequentially subjected to maternal separation (MS), social defeat (SD), and social isolation (SI) in that order. The body weights of the MS/SD/SI mice were measured. Behavioral tasks related to anxiety, depression, locomotion, learning/memory, and repetitive/compulsive-like behavior were conducted. Social behaviors suggesting sociability, social interaction, aggression, and social fear were investigated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MS/SD/SI mice weighed less than the control mice. At 7 and 8 weeks of age. These mice displayed normal behaviors in anxiety-, depression-, and learning/memory-related tasks, but they exhibited increased locomotor activity and a low level of repetitive/compulsive-like behavior. Notably, they exhibited increased social interaction, impaired empathy-related fear, reduced predator fear, and increased defensive aggressiveness.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Social stress during childhood development resulted in behavioral alterations, and MS/SD/SI mice generated by mimicking child abuse or maltreatment showed unique abnormalities in social behaviors. MS/SD/SI mice might be useful not only to study the relationship between social stress and brain inflammation but also psychosocial behaviors observed in individuals with brain disorders, such as psychopaths.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 2","pages":"45-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/eb/71/encephalitis-2021-00178.PMC10295912.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9847692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccination.","authors":"Mina Lee,&nbsp;Moo-Young Ahn,&nbsp;Hakjae Roh","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare autoimmune demyelinating disease associated with preceding infection or vaccination. Herein, we report a case of refractory fulminant acute disseminated encephalomyelitis that occurred 25 days after Gardasil vaccination (Merck).</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 2","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4c/40/encephalitis-2021-00136.PMC10295913.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9842411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of magnetic resonance imaging features in cerebral parenchyma from prolonged focal status epilepticus: a case study.","authors":"Sung Chul Lim,&nbsp;Jung Hee Cho,&nbsp;Young-Min Shon","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has rarely been documented that permanent alteration of cerebral structures occurs by focal status epilepticus (FSE). We report the case of a 16-year-old boy with FSE in whom serial T1-weighted magnetic resonance volumetry and conventional magnetic resonance imaging were useful for investigating an evolving pattern of morphological changes during and after the FSE, including cortical laminar necrosis (CLN), increased T2 signal intensities, and marked regional atrophy on the corresponding areas. Despite cessation of FSE after adequate medication (combination therapy including clobazam of 1 mg/kg/day), further significant cerebral atrophy was detected at the limited regions where discrete CLN had occurred during the FSE.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 2","pages":"58-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/35/78/encephalitis-2021-00171.PMC10295910.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9847690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare genetic causes of meningitis and encephalitis.","authors":"Jangsup Moon","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Differential diagnosis of meningitis and encephalitis is often very challenging because it cannot be determined based on symptoms, and the diseases have various causes. This article explains rare genetic causes of meningitis and encephalitis. Autoinflammatory disorders include cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, familial Mediterranean fever, and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. Furthermore, other genetic disorders, such as complement factor I deficiency, phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class T mutation, and neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, can present as meningitis and encephalitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 2","pages":"29-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0d/fa/encephalitis-2021-00164.PMC10295911.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9842409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angiography-negative childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system diagnosed by open brain biopsy: a case report.","authors":"Dayun Kang,&nbsp;Soo Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Jong Hee Chae,&nbsp;Ki Joong Kim,&nbsp;Sung-Hye Park,&nbsp;Byung Chan Lim","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is rare and has been poorly defined, which makes it difficult to diagnose and treat. Herein, we report a case of childhood PACNS that was diagnosed by open brain biopsy. Clinical symptoms and radiologic findings improved after combination treatment with steroid and cyclophosphamide. In this case, a 16-year-old, previously healthy, adolescent male complained of headache, seizure, and right-side weakness with hypoesthesia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multifocal, high-signal intensity lesions on T2-weighted scans with patch contrast enhancement. The clinical symptoms improved after intravenous steroid pulse therapy (methylprednisolone, 1,000 mg/day for 3 consecutive days) and subsequent oral steroid maintenance. However, follow-up brain MRI showed aggravation of the previous lesions. Open brain biopsy of the left parietal lobe showed infiltration of lymphoplasma cells to the vessel walls with parenchymal necrosis, consistent with PACNS. The patient received four monthly intravenous cyclophosphamide (1,000 mg/dose at each cycle) treatments along with oral steroid maintenance. After treatment, he was symptom-free, and follow-up MRI revealed marked lesion improvements. This case suggests the important role of brain biopsy and aggressive immunosuppressive treatment in diagnosis and management of childhood PACNS.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 1","pages":"19-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/37/70/encephalitis-2021-00129.PMC10295908.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10221433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Successful treatment with rituximab for central nervous system vasculitis caused by Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorder with immunoglobulin M gammopathy.","authors":"Juhee Lee, Han Sang Lee, Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00143","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is associated with several autoimmune conditions, including central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a pathogen capable of triggering a systemic immune response and is involved in the occurrence of a wide range of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. In systemic autoimmune diseases, EBV infection is suspected to play a central role in pathogenesis. Here, we present a case that was thought to be a systemic autoimmune disease and CNS vasculitis that developed after EBV infection, demonstrating that rituximab is effective for the treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 1","pages":"14-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/fd/a6/encephalitis-2021-00143.PMC10295905.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9844529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical significance of Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid.","authors":"Yong Woo Shin,&nbsp;Jun-Sang Sunwoo,&nbsp;Han-Sang Lee,&nbsp;Woo-Jin Lee,&nbsp;Seon-Jae Ahn,&nbsp;Sang Kun Lee,&nbsp;Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is implicated in various neurological conditions. However, the relationship between EBV DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and central nervous system (CNS) infection is unclear. We evaluated the clinical manifestation of patients with EBV DNA detected in CSF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed the medical records of patients admitted to Seoul National University Hospital from January 2000 to March 2021 who underwent EBV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests in CSF. The subjects were divided into positive and negative groups depending on the presence of EBV DNA, and further clinical information was obtained from positive patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>CSF EBV PCR tests were performed in 807 patients, and 57 (7.1%) tested positive. Pleocytosis was common (81.1%) in CSF samples with EBV DNA detected, and the proportion was significantly higher than that in samples that were EBV PCR negative (44.5%, p < 0.0001). Among 57 patients with EBV DNA detected in CSF, 51 (89.5%) were diagnosed with CNS infection or inflammatory disorders. Of the 51 patients, 31 (60.8%) had possible etiologies other than EBV. Follow-up evaluation was conducted in 19 of 20 patients, and 63.2% showed a favorable outcome.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Positive EBV PCR in CSF is mostly nonspecific and should be interpreted with caution. A comprehensive workup is needed to identify other etiologies before considering EBV as the sole culprit.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/a6/encephalitis-2021-00115.PMC10295909.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10202735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case report of critical ischemic stroke in moyamoya-like vasculopathy accompanied by systemic lupus erythematosus.","authors":"Wooseong Jeong,&nbsp;Gil Myeong Seong,&nbsp;Jung-Hwan Oh,&nbsp;Jay Chol Choi,&nbsp;Joong-Goo Kim","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moyamoya-like vasculopathy (MMV) is a rare, chronic, progressive cerebrovascular disorder characterized by stenosis or occlusion of the terminal portion of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and development of abnormal collateral vessels at the base of the brain. This disorder develops in association with various systemic diseases and conditions, including neurofibromatosis type 1, Down syndrome, thyroid disease, radiation therapy, and autoimmune disease. We report a case of a 51-year-old female patient with low-activity systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who had a sudden onset of global aphasia and right hemiplegia. Three months previous, she had been on antiplatelet medication due to a single transient ischemic attack. Brain magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a massive infarct of the left middle cerebral artery territory. Conventional angiography showed complete occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery with poor development of basal collateral vessels. This case demonstrates that a patient with underlying autoimmune disease such as SLE accompanied by MMV should be considered vulnerable to ischemic stroke.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 1","pages":"24-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/ae/b5/encephalitis-2021-00150.PMC10295907.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10221434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct brain involvement of Takayasu arteritis treated with rituximab and infliximab: a case report.","authors":"Seondeuk Kim,&nbsp;Seon-Jae Ahn,&nbsp;Han Sang Lee,&nbsp;Woo-Jin Lee,&nbsp;Jangsup Moon,&nbsp;Jin Kyun Park,&nbsp;Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2021.00108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a systemic vasculitis involving large arteries. Reports of direct central nervous system (CNS) involvement in TAK are extremely rare in the literature. In addition, treatment for direct involvement has not been reported. Herein, we describe a case of encephalitis in a TAK patient who presented with fever and headache at the first attack, then cognitive impairment at the second attack. The patient improved with rituximab and especially infliximab. These findings indicate the usefulness of rituximab and infliximab to treat the direct CNS manifestations in TAK.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"2 1","pages":"9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/61/aa/encephalitis-2021-00108.PMC10295906.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10202736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}