Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)最新文献

Encephalopathy and central nervous system symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019: a case series from northern India. 2019冠状病毒病的脑病和中枢神经系统症状：来自印度北部的病例系列

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00164

Abhishek Verma, Deepak Kumar

{"title":"Encephalopathy and central nervous system symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019: a case series from northern India.","authors":"Abhishek Verma, Deepak Kumar","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00164","url":null,"abstract":"The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in multi-organ involvement, with increasing evidence of neurological manifestations such as encephalopathy, encephalitis, stroke, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This case series reports nine patients admitted between November 2020 and May 2021 with COVID-19-related encephalitis, primarily presenting with altered sensorium and other neurological symptoms. Clinical, laboratory, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis as well as neuroimaging findings were reviewed. The patients, aged 30 to 88 years (mean age, 64 years), presented with fever, cough, shortness of breath, and altered sensorium. Neurological examination revealed abnormalities such as altered muscle tone, upgoing plantars, and neck rigidity. Laboratory results showed elevated levels of D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and interleukin-6, indicating systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability. CSF was acellular with normal protein and glucose levels, and SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was negative. Neuroimaging varied, with some patients showing normal computed tomography and others demonstrating mild meningeal enhancement or lacunar infarcts. The patients received supportive care, including oxygen therapy, remdesivir, dexamethasone, and ceftriaxone. Outcomes ranged from complete recovery to death, with those over 60 years of age or with significant comorbidities facing a higher mortality risk. Neurological manifestations, particularly encephalopathy, are common in COVID-19, with potential mechanisms involving systemic inflammation and microvascular damage rather than direct viral invasion of the central nervous system. Early recognition and management are crucial, especially in older patients or those with comorbidities, in order to reduce the risk of severe complications and mortality.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of standardized electroencephalography terminology education among early-career neurologists in Korea: a single-group pretest-posttest study. 标准化脑电图术语教育对韩国早期职业神经科医生的影响：一项单组前测后测研究。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00101

Kyung-Il Park, Sang Bin Hong, Hansang Lee

{"title":"Impact of standardized electroencephalography terminology education among early-career neurologists in Korea: a single-group pretest-posttest study.","authors":"Kyung-Il Park, Sang Bin Hong, Hansang Lee","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00101","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study evaluated the effectiveness of implementing standardized electroencephalography (EEG) terminology and education on improving interpretation skills among non-English speakers.Methods: EEGs were collected retrospectively from 16 critically ill patients and two alert epilepsy patients (30-minute sessions) and read by 10 neurologists. After initial interpretation, a learning module was provided to the neurologists. One week later, the neurologists reinterpreted the same EEGs randomly reordered. The interpretation accuracies of 144 items were scored as correct, similar, incorrect, or not recognized based on consensus answers.Results: Overall scores improved significantly after learning modules were completed, increasing from 88.8 ± 23.1 to 118.2 ± 39.2 (p = 0.037). Performance improvement was also observed, regardless of years of clinical experience treating patients with epilepsy. However, more experienced raters tended to have higher inter-rater agreement. The baseline correct answer rates for rhythmic delta activity (RDA), periodic discharges (PD), sporadic epileptiform discharge (ED), and electrographic seizures (ES) were 42.5%, 50%, 60.0%, and 20.0%, respectively. After the learning modules were completed, correct answer rates increased by 21.4% for RDA (p = 0.11), 11.1% for PD (p = 0.06), and 28.1% for ES (p = 0.02), but decreased by 11.1% for sporadic ED (p = 0.02). Specifically, the accuracy for generalized PD improved significantly after learning (p = 0.04). Most minor items except location were often missed even after learning.Conclusion: Education is imperative for standardizing EEG descriptions. As such, developing educational modules that emphasize minor items including prevalence, frequency, duration, and amplitude will broaden the recognition of EEG features, improving the quality of future research and patient care.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subacute herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis: a case report. 亚急性单纯疱疹病毒1型脑炎1例报告。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00024

Maria Lypiridou, Konstantinos Kalafatakis, Kyriaki Astara, Anna Margoni, Eleftheria Karakatsani, Georgios Stouraitis

{"title":"Subacute herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis: a case report.","authors":"Maria Lypiridou, Konstantinos Kalafatakis, Kyriaki Astara, Anna Margoni, Eleftheria Karakatsani, Georgios Stouraitis","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00024","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00024","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a potentially fatal infection of the brain parenchyma with high mortality rates when left untreated. It typically affects the medial temporal lobe, and patients commonly present with headache, fever, and altered mental status. The combination of clinical findings and brain imaging should raise suspicion, whereas cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis should establish the diagnosis. In a few cases, HSE presents with subacute progression, making diagnosis more challenging. Treatment with acyclovir should begin immediately after HSE is suspected; otherwise, the mortality rate is high. Herein, we present a rare case of HSE with a subacute course admitted to the emergency department because of an episode of syncope with concomitant bradycardia. HSE symptoms developed gradually during the first week after hospitalization. Typical imaging findings, CSF analysis, and polymerase chain reaction results positive for herpes simplex virus-1 confirmed a diagnosis of HSE. The insidious symptomatology of this case led to delayed acyclovir administration and the patient unfortunately died 4 days after diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"5 3","pages":"77-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12268046/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy mimicking posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. 桥本脑病模拟后可逆性脑病综合征1例。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00038

Yoonjeong Na, Jung-Ju Lee, Byung-Kun Kim, Kyusik Kang, Woong-Woo Lee, Ilhan Yoo, Namoh Kim, Michelle Sojung Youn

引用次数: 0

Anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor encephalitis preceding stroke: report of an unusual case with literature review. 脑卒中前抗n -甲基-美冬氨酸受体脑炎1例报告并文献复习。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00017

Arpan Mitra, Niraj Kumar Srivastava, Ankur Vivek, Vijaya Nath Mishra, Abhishek Pathak

{"title":"Anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor encephalitis preceding stroke: report of an unusual case with literature review.","authors":"Arpan Mitra, Niraj Kumar Srivastava, Ankur Vivek, Vijaya Nath Mishra, Abhishek Pathak","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00017","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00017","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a well-known autoimmune encephalitis caused by antibodies against the GluN1 subunit of the anti-NMDA receptor (anti-NMDAR). Stroke, characterized by abrupt focal neurological deficits due to ischemic or hemorrhagic vascular insults, is rarely preceded by anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Here, we described a case of a 69-year-old female without any prior comorbidities who presented with acute stroke and left hemiparesis with a history of recent onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Her cerebrospinal fluid was positive for anti-NMDAR antibody, and significant improvement was noticed after the initiation of immunotherapy. In this patient, stroke occurred following anti-NMDAR encephalitis; however, the pathophysiological link between the two remains unclear. This case presents an interesting and rare clinical intersection between stroke and anti-NMDAR encephalitis, highlighting the difficulty of neurological diagnosis. Due to the unusual association of such pathological conditions, this case contributes to the broader understanding of potential connections between stroke and autoimmune encephalitis, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"5 3","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12268045/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tuberculous meningitis initially presented with low levels of pleocytosis and protein in the cerebrospinal fluid: a case report. 结核性脑膜炎最初表现为脑脊液中多细胞增多和蛋白水平低：一例报告。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-04-28 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00010

Hyung-Kyum Kim, Byung-Kun Kim, Jung-Ju Lee, Kyusik Kang, Woong-Woo Lee, Ilhan Yoo, Namoh Kim

引用次数: 0

A case report of anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor encephalitis: prioritizing clinical symptoms over diagnostic test results. 抗n -甲基-美冬氨酸受体脑炎1例报告：优先考虑临床症状而不是诊断试验结果。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00045

Wankiun Lee

{"title":"A case report of anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor encephalitis: prioritizing clinical symptoms over diagnostic test results.","authors":"Wankiun Lee","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00045","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00045","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis; however, the frequently negative initial diagnostic test results for NMDAR complicate its diagnosis. A 40-year-old man with no underlying medical conditions presented with psychiatric symptoms lasting 3 weeks; initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalography findings demonstrated no significant abnormalities. He subsequently developed symptoms characteristic of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, prompting the initiation of immunotherapy before the presence of CSF anti-NMDAR antibodies was confirmed. After receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) followed by rituximab therapy, his symptoms improved dramatically. He was discharged 21 days after hospital admission in a healthy condition. The presence of CSF anti-NMDAR antibodies was confirmed post-discharge. This case highlights the importance of maintaining autoimmune encephalitis as a differential diagnosis in cases with similar presentations and in which initial test results identify no abnormalities. In these cases, clinical diagnoses and responses to therapy should supersede diagnostic test findings.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"5 3","pages":"87-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12268044/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An interesting case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting with Balint's syndrome and dysautonomia. 一个有趣的亚急性硬化性全脑炎病例，表现为巴林氏综合征和自主神经异常。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00115

Swati Parida, Nikhil Pandey, Anand Kumar, Varun Kumar Singh, Neetu Rani Dhiman, Niraj Kumar Srivastava, Deepika Joshi

{"title":"An interesting case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis presenting with Balint's syndrome and dysautonomia.","authors":"Swati Parida, Nikhil Pandey, Anand Kumar, Varun Kumar Singh, Neetu Rani Dhiman, Niraj Kumar Srivastava, Deepika Joshi","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00115","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00115","url":null,"abstract":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by persistent aberrant measles virus infection. It is characterized by behavioral changes, cognitive decline with deterioration in academic performance, visual dysfunction, focal or generalized seizures ,myoclonus, spasticity, mutism and akinesia ultimately leading to a vegetative state. Balint's syndrome, characterized by the triad of simultagnosia, optic ataxia, and oculomotor apraxia, as an initial presenting feature of SSPE is rare. Autonomic dysfunction in SSPE is attributed to central autonomic involvement, with decreased heart rate variability a predictor for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. We report an unusual case of a 22-year-old male presenting with features suggestive of Balint's syndrome. Myoclonus and cognitive decline appeared 6 months after the first onset of symptoms, along with autonomic dysfunction. Thereafter, rapid progression of symptoms was noted. Cerebrospinal fluid and electroencephalography after the first symptom onset were consistent with a diagnosis of SSPE. The patient ultimately succumbed to his illness. Thus we highlight atypical presentation of SSPE with autonomic dysfunction. A high index of suspicion is needed for prompt and timely intervention.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"53-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12042689/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tandem repeat disorders: from diagnosis to emerging therapeutic strategies. 串联重复疾病：从诊断到新出现的治疗策略。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00122

Jangsup Moon

{"title":"Tandem repeat disorders: from diagnosis to emerging therapeutic strategies.","authors":"Jangsup Moon","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00122","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00122","url":null,"abstract":"Tandem repeat disorders (TRDs) are genetic conditions characterized by the abnormal expansion of repetitive DNA sequences within specific genes. The growing number of identified TRDs highlights their complexity, with varied molecular mechanisms ranging from toxic protein production and repeat-associated non-AUG translation to RNA toxicity and epigenetic modifications. TRDs also exhibit unique clinical features such as reduced penetrance, anticipation, and repeat motif changes. Advances in molecular diagnostics such as long-read sequencing have significantly improved the detection of TRDs, especially for large or complex repeat expansions. Additionally, emerging therapeutic strategies, particularly antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and gene editing technologies, are showing great promise. ASOs in particular have demonstrated success through mechanisms like allele-specific knockdown and splice modulation. In this review, we explore the classification of TRDs, advances in diagnostics, molecular mechanisms, clinical features, and innovative therapeutic strategies, highlighting the need for further research to refine treatments and improve outcomes.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12042693/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142803668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rare manifestation of initial central nervous system involvement in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis: a case report. 发热伴血小板减少综合征相关脑病/脑炎时中枢神经系统受累的罕见表现：1例报告。

Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea) Pub Date : 2025-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00108

Hyun Seung Kim, Seon-Jae Ahn, Han Sang Lee, Kon Chu

{"title":"Rare manifestation of initial central nervous system involvement in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis: a case report.","authors":"Hyun Seung Kim, Seon-Jae Ahn, Han Sang Lee, Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00108","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2024.00108","url":null,"abstract":"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a potentially fatal infectious disease if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Typical clinical features include fever, thrombocytopenia, and lymphadenopathy. However, we encountered a case of SFTS in a 60-year-old male who initially did not exhibit these hallmark symptoms. The patient presented with headache and myalgia, but fever did not develop until the 4th day of hospitalization. Initial neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed no abnormalities. When the fever emerged, follow-up imaging revealed findings consistent with meningitis as a complication of SFTS. The patient was successfully treated with antibiotics and made a full recovery. This case underscores the challenges in diagnosing SFTS in patients who lack fever, CSF pleocytosis, or typical neuroimaging findings at presentation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of differentiating SFTS-related meningitis from other causes of encephalitis to avoid inappropriate treatments, such as immunosuppressive therapy, which could worsen viral infections.","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"61-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12042690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143597748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0