Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)最新文献

{"title":"Palatal myoclonus in tuberculous meningitis: a case report.","authors":"Harish Nigam, Rajarshi Chakraborty, Rajesh Verma, Ankit Khetan, Anadi Prakash Mishra, Akash Kamble","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00094","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Palatal myoclonus is a clinical manifestation caused by lesions involving the Guillain-Mollaret triangle (dentato-rubro-olivary pathway) and is often associated with hypertrophic olivary degeneration. Reported causes of palatal myoclonus include infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, demyelinating, neoplastic, vascular, and drug-related disorders. We report a case of drug-resistant tuberculous meningitis presenting with palatal myoclonus and describe the patient's clinical course and outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 4","pages":"113-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retraction notice: \"Predictors of poor outcomes in neuroleptospirosis and differentiation from tuberculous meningitis: a cross-sectional analysis\".","authors":"","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00073.r1","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00073.r1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 4","pages":"127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cuprizone-induced demyelination model mice exhibit antisocial maltreating behavior: an experimental animal study.","authors":"Daejong Jeon, Sangwoo Kim, Sang Kun Lee, Kon Chu","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00052","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The structural integrity of white matter in the human brain, including myelination, is important not only for brain pathology but also for cognitive functions, including social behavior. Here, we investigated the relationship between myelination abnormalities and antisocial maltreating behavior in mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The demyelination model was generated by feeding cuprizone to C57BL/6 mice. Luxol fast blue staining was performed to visualize myelin. The demyelination model was subjected to a maltreating behavioral task. Oxytocin (OXY), haloperidol (HAL), and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The demyelination model mice showed a higher number of nose-pokes than the control. OXY or 8-OH-DPAT treatment reduced the high nose-poking number of the demyelination model mice. HAL did not largely affect the number of nose-pokes of the demyelination model mice.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Demyelination appears to be closely related to antisocial maltreating behavior. Our maltreating-behavior assay system is a good animal system for investigating brain disorders involving antisocial or psychotic behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"103-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669865/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148723086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term survival (≥2 years) in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a systematic review of prolonged survivors.","authors":"Ravindra Kumar Garg, Shweta Pandey, Imran Rizvi, Sanjay Singhal","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00108","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive and often fatal disorder with highly variable survival. This systematic review aimed to characterize long-term survival (≥2 years), remission, and stabilization, and identify determinants of favorable outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies including confirmed SSPE cases were considered eligible for inclusion. Individual patient analysis was restricted to cases with ≥2 years of follow-up. Data were extracted at the patient and cohort levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis of 77 patients demonstrated that survival beyond 2 years is achievable but variable. Survival distribution showed 44.2% surviving 2 to &lt;5 years, 28.6% surviving 5 to &lt;10 years, and 27.3% surviving ≥10 years. Although 62.3% initially achieved remission or stabilization, 31.2% later developed progression, severe disability, or death. Reported factors associated with prolonged survival included treatment responsiveness (62.3%), slow disease progression (24.7%), and relapsing-remitting or biphasic patterns (20.8%). Additional contributors were host-related factors (18.2%), adult-onset disease (10.4%), early diagnosis, and electroencephalographic improvement. Across 31 cohort studies, overall survival remained poor. Survival beyond 2 years was inconsistently reported and varied widely. Remission or stabilization was observed in some studies, but disease progression remained the predominant outcome. Mortality ranged from low to very high across cohorts. Reported factors associated with improved survival included slower disease progression, older age at onset, earlier stage at diagnosis, and use of therapies such as inosine pranobex and interferon.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>SSPE survival outcomes show marked heterogeneity. Although prolonged survival occurs in some, most patients have poor outcomes, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and the need for effective therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669863/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148594824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rickettsia rickettsii encephalitis in Brazilian spotted fever: a case report.","authors":"Felipe B Brunheroto, Eduardo Roquim E Silva, Raquel Araujo, Paulo Christo","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00073","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Brazilian spotted fever, caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is a life-threatening tick-borne disease endemic to southeastern Brazil and is associated with high mortality when treatment is delayed. Central nervous system involvement poses a particular diagnostic challenge because of nonspecific early symptoms and frequent misdiagnosis as dengue or leptospirosis. We report a case illustrating characteristic neuroimaging findings and therapeutic considerations in rickettsial encephalitis. We describe the clinical course, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, serologic results, and treatment response in a 23-year-old man who presented with febrile encephalopathy in an endemic region of Brazil. The patient had a five-day history of fever, erythematous macules, and progressive encephalopathy. CSF analysis showed elevated protein and lymphocytic pleocytosis. MRI showed T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities with restricted diffusion involving the bilateral corticospinal tracts and the splenium of the corpus callosum, forming a \"boomerang\" pattern. Clinical improvement followed initiation of empirical doxycycline and pulse methylprednisolone. Serologic testing supported the diagnosis of R. rickettsii infection with a positive immunoglobulin M titer of 1:512. Follow-up MRI showed near-complete lesion resolution at 4 months, with a residual splenial lesion persisting at 18 months. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing characteristic MRI patterns, including the \"starry sky\" and \"boomerang\" signs, as diagnostic clues in rickettsial encephalitis, even when the classic triad is incomplete. Early empirical doxycycline remains critical for neurologic outcomes, and adjunctive corticosteroids may have a role in selected cases when immune-mediated central nervous system injury is suspected.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 4","pages":"116-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome associated with anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a case report.","authors":"Guemjoo Lee, Sangkyoo Han, Sorae Lee, Jun-Sang Sunwoo","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00192","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00192","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinicoradiological syndrome characterized by vasogenic edema, predominantly involving the posterior regions of the brain, and can be triggered by various conditions. PRES has rarely been reported in patients with autoimmune encephalitis, and no cases have been reported in anti-N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis before the initiation of immunotherapy. We report a case of a 36-year-old woman who presented with recurrent seizures and severe hypertension, with brain magnetic resonance imaging showing subcortical fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities in both occipital regions, consistent with PRES. Blood pressure control and antiseizure medication therapy markedly reduced seizure frequency and resulted in near-complete resolution of the occipital lesions; however, occasional brief seizures continued, and psychomotor slowing and gait disturbance persisted despite sustained blood pressure control. Further evaluation revealed anti-NMDAR antibodies in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid and a small mature teratoma in the right ovary. She received corticosteroid immunotherapy, followed by laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy, and achieved complete neurological recovery. Notably, brain lesions consistent with PRES were present at disease onset, excluding immunotherapy as a potential cause. Severe hypertension likely played a major role in the development of PRES, and autonomic instability associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis may have contributed to blood pressure dysregulation. Immune-mediated endothelial dysfunction and recurrent seizures may also have contributed to the development of the occipital lesions. This case expands the radiological spectrum of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and highlights the importance of considering autoimmune encephalitis in patients with PRES, particularly when there is no apparent precipitating factor or the clinical course is atypical.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 4","pages":"121-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculous meningitis diagnosed on repeat cerebrospinal fluid analysis after unremarkable initial findings: a case report.","authors":"Yoonjeong Na, Jung-Ju Lee, Byung-Kun Kim, Namoh Kim, Michelle Sojung Youn","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00115","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe and often fatal form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. We describe a case in which the initial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis showed no specific abnormalities, but a diagnosis was established after repeat CSF evaluation. A 41-year-old female presented with a 10-day history of persistent fever and headache. Initial CSF analysis demonstrated an opening pressure of 150 mmH2O, a white blood cell (WBC) count of 10/μL, a glucose level of 50 mg/dL, and a protein level of 31.4 mg/dL. Despite treatment with an antiviral agent and doxycycline, her symptoms did not improve. A repeat CSF analysis demonstrated an opening pressure of 120 mmH2O, an elevated WBC count of 140/μL (55% lymphocytes), a glucose level of 52 mg/dL, and an elevated protein level of 201.6 mg/dL, which was highly suggestive of TBM. This case highlights the importance of repeat CSF analysis based on clinical judgment when diagnosing TBM.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 4","pages":"109-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13669848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in COVID 19-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a case report.","authors":"Francisco Jover-Diaz, Elisabet Delgado-Sánchez, Antonio Martinez-Caballero","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00136","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated encephalitis is a rare but severe neurological complication. Conventional diagnostic tools, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies, may yield normal results despite significant functional brain impairment. Brain positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) has emerged as a valuable adjunctive imaging modality in such cases. We report the case of a 54-year-old woman with COVID-19 who presented with anosmia, ageusia, and altered behavior. Neurological examination revealed cognitive deficits, including bradyphrenia and mixed aphasia. Routine MRI and CSF analyses were unremarkable. However, brain 18F-FDG PET/CT revealed cortical hypometabolism in frontal and temporal lobes and cerebellar changes, consistent with immune-mediated encephalitis. The patient received immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin, leading to gradual clinical improvement and complete recovery at 3 months. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge of COVID-19-associated encephalitis when routine studies are inconclusive. PET/CT functional imaging can detect metabolic brain changes not apparent on structural imaging, supporting immune-mediated pathogenesis. Early recognition and immunotherapy may improve neurological outcomes. To conclude, brain 18F-FDG PET/CT is a useful diagnostic adjunct in COVID-19-related encephalitis with normal MRI and negative CSF, aiding timely diagnosis and treatment monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":" ","pages":"75-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13368396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147984599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting the dots between <i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i> encephalitis (MPE) and encephalitis lethargica: a case report and presentation of a diagnostic tool for MPE.","authors":"Matthias Endmann, Khaled Elsayed","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00143","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2025.00143","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since its initial discovery in the 1940s, Mycoplasma pneumoniae has emerged as a commonly diagnosed bacterium, gaining recognition as a global cause of primary atypical pneumonia. M. pneumoniae is a significant cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections worldwide, predominantly among children. Encephalitis is one of its most severe extrapulmonary manifestations and may result in significant neurological sequelae. We present a case of M. pneumoniae encephalitis and introduce a diagnostic tool to support its diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 3","pages":"85-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13368390/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148426811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis meningoencephalitis mimicking lung cancer with metastasis: a case report.","authors":"Seolah Lee","doi":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00024","DOIUrl":"10.47936/encephalitis.2026.00024","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes a 73-year-old male with gait disturbance and headache, presenting with widespread necrotic and contrast-enhancing brain lesions alongside lung nodules. Initial differential diagnosis strongly favored lung cancer metastasis due to these findings. Despite largely negative cerebrospinal fluid and molecular tests, systemic evaluation with positron emission tomography-computed tomography showed increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in both lung and lymph nodes, further suggesting malignancy. However, a crucial neck lymph node biopsy ruled out cancer. Empirical antituberculosis therapy led to significant clinical improvement, though subsequent brain imaging revealed a paradoxical reaction. This case provides a striking example of the diagnostic dilemma of differentiating tuberculous meningoencephalitis from metastatic lung cancer, emphasizing the critical roles of clinical suspicion, biopsy, and understanding paradoxical responses in challenging presentations.</p>","PeriodicalId":72904,"journal":{"name":"Encephalitis (Seoul, Korea)","volume":"6 3","pages":"80-84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13368395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148426836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}