Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)最新文献

{"title":"Anti-aging chitosan/gelatin film crosslinked by<i>α</i>-arbutin for bone regeneration by free radical scavenging to prevent osteoblast senescence.","authors":"Guojie Xu, Lian Xi, Xiaohan Huang, Qingtiao Xie, Jinmin Zhao, Xianfang Jiang, Zhenhui Lu, Li Zheng","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adae6d","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adae6d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoblasts play a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis. Senescence causes by free radical-mediated oxidative stress may affect the viability and osteogenic differentiation potential of osteoblast during bone formation. To eliminate the impacts of senescent cells by free radical scavenging is an optimal option for bone regeneration in age-related bone disease, such as osteoporosis (OP) and periodontitis. In this study, we fabricated an antioxidant film (CG-ARB) by crosslinking chitosan (C) and gelatin (G) using<i>α</i>-Arbutin (ARB) as a crosslinker. The morphological, physicochemical, and radical scavenging characteristics of the films were investigated. Its antioxidative ability to prevent osteoblast senescence for restoration of osteogenic differentiation was analyzed<i>in vitro</i>. A Sprague-Dawley rat model with critical size calvarial defect was used to evaluate the bone regeneration and biosafety<i>in vivo</i>. The results demonstrated that CG-ARB formed a dense fiber membrane, allowing for the gradual and sustained release of ARB for at least 10 d. ARB exerted antioxidant effect that prevented osteoblast senescence<i>in vitro</i>and promote bone healing<i>in vivo</i>. Furthermore, CG-ARB did not cause hemolysis or organ toxicity, and was therefore, considered biosafe. These results indicated that CG-ARB film could be an ideal drug delivery system for sustained released of ARB in bone defect repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143043820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferritin nanoparticles: new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases.","authors":"Tao Guo, Muhammad Abid Hayat, Jiabo Hu","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adab5a","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adab5a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferritin nanoparticles, which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), have gained significant research interest for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including gliomas, Alzheimer's disease, and brain metastases. In recent years, ferritin has been proved as a candidate to cross the BBB using receptor-mediated transport (RMT) mechanism through transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) which is overexpressed in the cells of the BBB. Various types of cargo molecules, including therapeutics, imaging agents, nucleic acids, and metal nanoparticles, have been incorporated into ferritin nanocages for the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases. In particular, low immunogenicity of ferritin implies safety for its usage in clinical practices, and high biocompatibility add to the perspectives of its applications. Furthermore, contemporary strides in molecular biology have enabled some alteration in the configuration of the ferritin outer layers and surface characters so as to enhance the drug encapsulation capacity and conjugation affinity. Such modifications not only enhance the property of ferritin in crossing the BBB, but also enhance its efficacy when applied to CNS diseases. In summary, ferritin, as a drug delivery system, shows great potential for the treatment and diagnosis of CNS diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143016335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum: Decellularization of precision-cut kidney slices-application of physical and chemical methods (2023<i>Biomed. Mater.</i>18 025004).","authors":"Haitham Salti, Lea Kramer, Sophie-Charlotte Nelz, Mathias Lorenz, Anne Breitrück, Jacqueline Hofrichter, Marcus Frank, Karoline Schulz, Steffen Mitzner, Reinhold Wasserkort","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adae47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adae47","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143191285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In situ</i>swelling of low-friction, high load-bearing self-bending bilayer hydrogels inspired by articular cartilage.","authors":"Jianfeng Chen, Chuan Li, Xiaoxiao Chen, Kui Zhou, Hanjing Li, Kai Peng, Yinong Yang, Yichuan Dai, Ben Huang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ada7b4","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ada7b4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The articular cartilage is characterized by its gradient hierarchical structure, which exhibits excellent lubrication and robust load-bearing properties. However, its inherent difficulty in self-repair after damage presents numerous formidable challenges for cartilage repair. Inspired by the unique structure of articular cartilage, a biomimetic bilayer hydrogel composed of PAM (polyacrylamide) and PAM/SA (sodium alginate) is prepared using a two-step<i>in-situ</i>swelling method. The bilayer hydrogel demonstrates exceptional structural stability due to the interlayer<i>in-situ</i>chemical cross-linking. Compared to monolayer hydrogels, the PAM-PAM/SA bilayer hydrogel demonstrates superior mechanical attributes, exhibiting a compressive strength of 1 MPa and a compressive modulus of 0.22 MPa. Furthermore, exploration of the tribological performance of the PAM-PAM/SA bilayer hydrogel have revealed its low-friction performance under high loads, with a coefficient of friction as low as 0.032. Finally, leveraging the differential swelling properties between the distinct layers of the PAM-PAM/SA bilayer hydrogel, a self-bending biomimetic cartilage capable of conforming to complex joint surfaces is fabricated. This highly lubricating, mechanically robust, and conformal biomimetic cartilage provides an effective means for addressing cartilage defects and joint diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and optimization of physical, mechanical, and biological characteristics of 3D printed Whitlockite/calcium silicate composite scaffold for bone tissue regeneration using response surface methodology.","authors":"Mahendran Thangavel, Renold Elsen S","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adad27","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adad27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcium phosphate-based bioscaffolds are used for bone tissue regeneration because of their physical and chemical resemblance to human bone. Calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and silicon are important components of human bone. The successful biomimicking of human bone characteristics involves incorporating all the human bone elements into the scaffold material. In this work, Mg-Whitlockite (WH) and Calcium Silicate (CS) were selected as matrix and reinforcement respectively, because of their desirable elemental composition and regenerative properties. The magnesium in WH increases mineralization in bone, and the silicon ions in CS support vascularization. The Mg-WH was synthesized using the wet chemical method, and powder characterization tests were performed. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used to design the experiments with a combination of material compositions, infill ratios (IFs), and sintering temperatures (STs). The WH/CS bioceramic composite is 3D printed in three different compositions: 100/0, 75/25, and 50/50 wt%, with IFs of 50%, 75%, and 100%. The physical and mechanical characterization study of printed samples is conducted and the result is optimized using RSM. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is used to establish the relationship between input parameters and responses. The optimized input parameters were the WH/CS composition of 50/50 wt%, IF of 50%, and ST of 1150 °C, which bring out the best possible combination of physical and mechanical characteristics. The RSM optimized response was a density of 2.27 g cm^-3, porosity of 36.74%, wettability of 45.79%, shrinkage of 25.13%, compressive strength of 12 MPa, and compressive modulus of 208.49 MPa with 92% desirability. The biological characterization studies were conducted for the scaffold samples prepared with optimized input parameters. The biological studies confirmed the capabilities of the WH/CS composite scaffolds in bone regenerative applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143026024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D printed skin dressings manufactured with spongin-like collagen from marine sponges: physicochemical properties and<i>in vitro</i>biological analysis.","authors":"Amanda de Souza, Gustavo Oliva Amaral, Giovanna do Espirito Santo, Karolyne Dos Santos Jorge Sousa, Cintia Cristina Santi Martignago, Lais Caroline Souza E Silva, Lindiane Eloisa de Lima, Daniel Vitor de Souza, Matheus Almeida Cruz, Daniel Araki Ribeiro, Renata Neves Granito, Ana Claudia Muniz Renno","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adad29","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adad29","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The search for innovative materials for manufacturing skin dressings is constant and high demand. In this context, the present study investigated the effects of a 3D printed skin dressing made of spongin-like collagen (SC) extract from marine sponge (<i>Chondrilla caribensis</i>), used in 3 concentrations of SC and alginate (C1, C2, C3). For this proposal, the physicochemical, morphological and<i>in vitro</i>biological results were investigated. The results demonstrated that, after immersion, C2 presented a higher mass loss and C3 present a higher pH in experimental periods. Also, a higher porosity was observed for C1 and C2 skin dressings, with a higher swelling ratio for C2. For Fourier transform infrared, peaks of Amide A, -CH2, -COOH and C-O-C were seen. Moreover, the macroscopic image demonstrated a skin dressing with rough surface and grayish color that is naturally observed in<i>Chondrilla caribensis</i>. For scanning electron microscopy analysis the presence of pores could be observed for all skin dressings, with fibers disposed in layers. The<i>in vitro</i>analyses demonstrated the viability of HFF-1 and L929 cell lines 70% of the values found for cell proliferation compared to Control Group. Furthermore, the cell adhesion analysis demonstrated that both cell lines adhered to the 3 different skin dressings and non-cytotoxicity was observed. Taking together, all the results suggest that the skin dressings are biocompatible and present non-cytotoxicity in the<i>in vitro</i>studies, being considered a suitable material for tissue engineering proposals.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143025988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material and technique fundamentals of nano-hydroxyapatite coatings towards biofunctionalization: a review.","authors":"Durgesh Phogat, Shikha Awasthi","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adac97","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/adac97","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocoatings on titanium alloys (e.g. Ti6Al4V) have been used for prosthetic orthopaedic implants in recent decades because of their osseointegration, bioactivity, and biocompatibility. HAp is brittle with low mechanical strength and poor adhesion to metallic surfaces, which limits its durability and bioactivity. Surface modification techniques have alleviated the imperfections in biomaterials by coating the substrate. Several methods for improving the characteristics of implants, such as physical vapour deposition, the thermal spray method, the sol-gel method, microarc oxidation, and electrochemical deposition methods, have been discussed in this review. These processes provide mechanical strength without sacrificing biocompatibility and may lead to the development of new ideas for future research. This review discusses various selective additives, including carbon allotropes, ceramic materials, metallic materials, and multiple materials, to enhance tribological characteristics, biocompatibility, wear resistance, and mechanical strength. This review focuses on the fabrication of nano-HAps as coatings using selective deposition methods with controlled deposition parameters, paying special attention to recent developments in bone tissue engineering. This report is organized in such a way that it may inspire further research on surface modifications during medical treatment. The present review may help prospective investigators understand the importance of surface modifications for obtaining excellent implantation performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A BMP-2 sustained-release scaffold accelerated bone regeneration in rats via the BMP-2 consistent activation maintained by a non-sulfate polysaccharide.","authors":"Jinghe Sun, Rongchun Gao, Ningbo Qin, Jingfeng Yang","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/adad28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/adad28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and a polysaccharide (SUP) were embedded in the calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold, and the bone repair ability was evaluated. The new scaffolds were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform-infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold promoted the BMP-2 release by 1.21 folds of the CPC-BMP2 scaffold on day 3. SUP sustained the release of BMP-2 within 21 d. It enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity by 25.9% in comparison to the CPC scaffold. These results suggest that the SUP consistently activated and sustained BMP-2 release<i>in vitro</i>. Furthermore, the CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold activated the BMP-2/Smads and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2) pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells to up-regulate the levels of osteogenic relative genes (BMP-2, bone sialoprotein, collagen 1, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and Runx-2). The<i>in vivo</i>result showed that the bone defect area in the CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold-treated Sprague-Dawley rats lessened significantly compared with the CPC group after 4 weeks. CPC-BNP2-SUPH scaffold also improved collagen regeneration in bone. The bone surface and bone volume in the CPC-BMP2-SUPH group improved by 3.68 and 2.17-fold compared with the CPC group, respectively. In conclusion, the CPC-BMP2-SUPH scaffold represents a novel biomaterial capable of accelerating osteoblast differentiation and promoting bone injury repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143069998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold nanocages co-assembled with<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>extract combined photothermal/photodynamic therapy in 4T1 breast cancer cell line.","authors":"Dheeraj Dehariya, Anindita Tarafdar, Monika Pebam, Sri Amruthaa Sankaranarayanan, Sajmina Khatun, Aravind Kumar Rengan","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ada83e","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ada83e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been emerging as potential alternatives to conventional cancer treatment modalities. Gold nanoparticles, owing to their surface plasmon resonance properties, have been promising in cancer phototherapies, and extracts from potent medicinal plants are commonly employed for the green synthesis of various nanoparticles. Some researchers have used photosensitizers like chlorophyll to promote reactive oxygen species generation. In this research, the photothermal ability of gold and the photon-absorbing capability of chlorophyll derived from<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>(<i>S. oleracea</i>) are combined to achieve the optimum results. Herein, we have synthesized the gold nanocages(AuNCs) co-assembled with<i>S. oleracea</i>extract (SPAuNCs; 70 ± 10 nm) to be employed as a PTT and PDT agent to treat triple-negative breast cancer. This study found that SPAuNCs are promising PTT and PDT agents against breast cancer cell line.</p>","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomic-layer-deposition application for antibacterial coating of biomedical materials: surgical sutures.","authors":"Ilmutdin M Abdulagatov, Visampasha Yu Khanaliev, Razin M Ragimov, Abai M Maksumova, Мagomed А Khamidov, Naida M Abdullaeva, Naida R Mollaeva","doi":"10.1088/1748-605X/ada841","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1748-605X/ada841","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Suture-associated surgical site infection (SSI) causes bacterial pathogens to colonize on the suture surface that are highly resistant to antibiotic treatment. Conventional suture materials used in surgical practice are causing complications such as infection and chronic inflammation. Surgical suture materials with antibacterial coatings are widely used in surgical practice. However, all the widely used antibacterial agents are not permanent (limited lasting) due to their instability and release depending on environmental conditions (pH or temperature, for example). Therefore, more long-lasting (low-dose) and effective antibacterial function materials are required. In the present work, we proposed a new material and method of antibacterial coating the surgical sutures based on the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to enhance its antibacterial activity for treatment of the SSI. We have proposed applying a vanadium-doped TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;nanofilm (hybrid nanomaterial, TiVO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) with 27.5 nm thickness to enhance the antibacterial property of surgical sutures using the ALD technique. We have illustrated that a base coating of Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;(seed layer) applied to the suture surface, which directly contacts the polypropylene (PP) suture, improves the adhesion of the deposited antibacterial material TiVO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;. This provides a long-lasting antibacterial effect on the suture (a prolonged antibacterial effect of the coating material), i.e. increases the stability of the deposition (stable in water, air, in the human body, in different pH mediums, and at temperatures up to 70 °C). The sutures did not deteriorate after several wash cycles with sterilizing solvents. Also, the antibacterial agent (TiVO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;) is nontoxic. The concentration of vanadium in the film is below the toxicity limits due to the low diffusivity of vanadium and high adhesion with the base coating material (Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;). Sutures coated with V-doped TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;were characterized using scanning electron microscopy images, and elemental analysis was performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy Spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of TiVO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;coated sutures against two types of microorganisms,&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;and Proteus vulgaris (&lt;i&gt;Pr. Vulgaris&lt;/i&gt;) was compared to that of noncoated sutures. The quantitative assessment of antibacterial activity of suture materials with and without ALD nanocoating TiVO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;against&lt;i&gt;E. coli&lt;/i&gt;and&lt;i&gt;Pr. Vulgaris&lt;/i&gt;has been performed. No growth of bacteria around the suture material with antibacterial TiVO&lt;i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/i&gt;ALD nanocoating throughout the entire observation period of 48 and 72 h was observed. However, after 48 h, the concentration of bacteria of the&lt;i&gt;E. Coli&lt;/i&gt;around the suture material without ALD TiVO&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;nanocoating on nutrient agar was 5.5 ± 0.3 Log CFU cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, and after 72 h it was 8.0 ± 0.5 Log CFU cm&lt;sup&gt;-3","PeriodicalId":72389,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical materials (Bristol, England)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}