Additive manufacturing letters最新文献

{"title":"Non-destructive inspection for additive manufacturing lattice structures using a convolutional neural network and electrical resistance analysis","authors":"Ryota Habuchi,&nbsp;Keisuke Iizuka,&nbsp;Masahito Ueda,&nbsp;Akira Todoroki,&nbsp;Yoshiyasu Hirano,&nbsp;Ryosuke Matsuzaki","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A non-destructive inspection of conductive resin lattice structures fabricated via additive manufacturing was conducted by utilizing changes in electrical resistance. Because of the complex geometry of lattice structures, visually identifying internal damage locations in materials is difficult. In this study, a low-cost and rapid non-destructive inspection method was developed by elucidating the relationship between temperature distribution changes on the surface of a structure when a current is applied and the damage locations. Thermal conduction analysis using the finite-element method was performed to calculate the temperature distribution of multiple lattice-structure models with varying defect locations when a current was applied. The difference in temperature distribution compared with defect-free models was then analyzed to identify temperature variations caused by defect locations. Furthermore, the temperature distribution was measured for lattice structures fabricated using a 3D printer when a current was applied, and the defect locations were identified by comparing these measurements with the analysis results. Additionally, a multi-class classification model using a convolutional neural network was developed. This machine learning model takes the measured temperature-difference distribution maps as input and outputs the probability distribution of defects within the structure. This study demonstrated the feasibility of estimating damage location in conductive resin lattice structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100402"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148523448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy modeling and process mapping for defect-free hot-wire laser deposition of Inconel 718 single beads","authors":"Barkin Aydin,&nbsp;Christophe Tournier","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100401","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100401","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hot-wire laser additive manufacturing (DED-LHW) addresses key limitations of conventional cold-wire processes, where excessive laser energy overheats the melt pool and promotes columnar grain growth, degrading microstructural properties. In addition, a large fraction of the laser power is lost by reflection at the metallic surface, resulting in low overall energy efficiency. DED-LHW introduces electrical current for resistive wire preheating via the Joule effect, complementing laser energy to reduce required laser power and enhance deposition stability. This study develops a critical energy delivery model that quantifies the linear thermal energy supplied to the wire by both laser in a three-beam coaxial configuration and Joule heating. The model precisely predicts and prevents dripping and stubbing defects, as validated experimentally through comprehensive process mapping for Inconel 718. The effects of laser power, current, scanning speed, and wire feeding speed on bead morphology and dilution are extensively investigated. Results confirm that the laser must provide at least half of the total wire energy for optimal stability, with Joule heating as a complementary source. DED-LHW achieves twice the deposition rate at 50% laser power compared to cold-wire deposition, producing smoother beads, more refined contact angle control, and a finer microstructure. This directly reduces energy consumption and production time while eliminating defects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100401"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148523455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reusable supports with water soluble interfaces for resin 3D printing","authors":"Alexander Peraire-Bueno,&nbsp;Laurentin-Wilhelm Ahrend,&nbsp;Nicholas S. Diaco,&nbsp;Derek de Jong,&nbsp;A. John Hart","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Support structures are essential for many vat photopolymerization (VP) additive manufacturing (AM) processes, but require manual removal, compromise surface quality, and generate non-recyclable plastic waste. Existing approaches to address this, such as volumetric printing or multi-material resin systems, impose constraints on hardware, resin formulations, and part geometry. Here, we introduce a top-down resin 3D printing method in which prefabricated support structures are used for repeated print cycles. A water-soluble resin is applied only at the support tips to form an interface between the supports and the subsequently printed part. After the part is printed on the prefabricated supports, sonication in a water bath dissolves the interface, releasing the part with minimal force while leaving the supports intact for reuse. We characterize how the interface geometry is related to the support pillar diameter and offset distance to accommodate the soluble support interface, with the best set of print parameters yielding artifacts comparable in size to manually separable, monolithic supports. A single set of supports is reused with no observable change in the support function or release behavior across four print cycles. We demonstrate batch production of several dozen miniature parts released simultaneously, a print-in-place chain assembly, and a model dental aligner on contour-matched supports. Continued development of the reusable, dissolvable interface approach could enable fully automated, zero-touch VP production of complex polymer parts in large quantities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148523449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agentic additive manufacturing alloy evaluation","authors":"Peter Pak ,&nbsp;Achuth Chandrasekhar ,&nbsp;Amir Barati Farimani","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agentic systems enable the intelligent use of research tooling, augmenting a researcher’s ability to investigate and propose novel solutions to existing problems. Within Additive Manufacturing (AM), alloy selection and evaluation remains a complex challenge, often requiring expertise in the various domains of materials science, thermodynamic simulations, and experimental analysis. Large Language Model (LLM) enabled agents can facilitate this endeavor by utilizing their extensive knowledge base to dispatch tool calls via Model Context Protocol (MCP) to perform actions such as thermophysical property diagram calculations and lack of fusion process map generation. In addition, the multi-agent system can effectively reason through complex user prompts and provide analysis on the lack of fusion process window of common alloys such as SS316L and IN718 along with proposed composition variants of known alloys. These agents can dynamically adjust their task trajectory to the outcomes of tool call results, effectively enabling autonomous decision-making in practical environments. This work aims to showcase the benefits of adopting a LLM enabled multi-agent system to automate and accelerate the task of evaluating proposed additive manufacturing alloys, both novel and known.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100355"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Miniature bending test for localized mechanical property assessment of additively manufactured material","authors":"Julia Bodnarova ,&nbsp;Hynek Chlup ,&nbsp;Martina Koukoliková ,&nbsp;Jan Džugan ,&nbsp;Matej Daniel","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100376","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100376","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Characterizing local mechanical properties in additively manufactured (AM) components is critical for design and qualification, yet challenging due to process-induced heterogeneity. A significant gap exists in robust methodologies for local bending assessment, a dominant loading mode in common AM structures like lattices. This study introduces and validates a novel Miniature Bending Test (MBT) utilizing sub-millimeter, C-shaped specimens fabricated from Ti6Al4V via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF). As-built specimens (mean radius <span><math><mrow><mi>r</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>60</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mm</mi></mrow></math></span>, thickness <span><math><mrow><mi>t</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>20</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>mm</mi></mrow></math></span>) were subjected to an opening load using a custom fixture. The method demonstrated excellent repeatability, yielding a highly linear force–displacement response and a compliance-corrected experimental stiffness of <span><math><mrow><mn>23</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>64</mn></mrow></math></span> N/mm. This result showed poor agreement with an analytical model based on design dimensions (12.75 N/mm) but agreed well with predictions using measured as-built dimensions from analytical model based on bending (<span><math><mrow><mn>28</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>39</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>63</mn></mrow></math></span> N/mm), bending, tension and shear (<span><math><mrow><mn>25</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>83</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>58</mn></mrow></math></span> N/mm) and a Finite Element Analysis (24.54 N/mm). The findings underscore the critical impact of manufacturing deviations on mechanical performance at this scale. The MBT has potential to become a robust and sensitive methodology for qualifying local elastic properties, providing a vital tool for the certification of complex AM components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100376"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approximation of absorptivity conditions for Inconel 625 from in situ radiation thermometry measurements in electron beam powder bed fusion","authors":"Shadman Tahsin Nabil ,&nbsp;Alfonso Fernandez ,&nbsp;Francisco Medina ,&nbsp;Ralph Felice ,&nbsp;James P. Carney ,&nbsp;César A. Terrazas-Nájera","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100354","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100354","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly dynamic conditions experienced during metals processing using powder bed fusion (PBF) additive manufacturing (AM) arise from the interaction of multiple process variables. Chiefly amongst them is the energy source-material interaction, which results in abrupt, temporally changing thermal conditions at the melt-pool. The absorption of the energy from the source by the powder bed is complicated complex because this interaction is highly dynamic and occluded by process emissions including the plasma plume and spatter. Typical approaches for measuring absorption conditions have relied on intricate <em>ex situ</em> setups requiring extensive sample preparation. This work involved approximating the absorptivity for a nickel-base material from in situ observations made using a multi-wavelength (MW) pyrometry sensor, while processing using electron-beam based powder bed fusion (PBF-EB/M). The prediction step involved fitting the spectral data captured by the MW sensor to then extrapolate values to shorter wavelengths. The approximation was done for wavelengths that are relevant for the PBF-LB/M process, where absorptivity of the laser energy is paramount. The results obtained provide a window into the behavior of this material as it transitions from powder to molten state, showing that the absorptivity substantially decreases (∼60% reduction) as the powder material changes phase induced by incipient melting. While this work focuses on a single material, the approach presented can help characterize the absorptivity of other materials employed in PBF. This work helps support both experimental and modeling efforts that are helpful to increase our understanding and practice of fusion-based AM processes, and other manufacturing techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145929169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive-binder-aggregate mixing (ABAM): Concept for extrusion-based multi-material 3D concrete printing","authors":"Christian Maximilian Hechtl ,&nbsp;Maximilian Dahlenburg ,&nbsp;Freek Bos ,&nbsp;Thomas Kränkel ,&nbsp;Christoph Gehlen","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>3D concrete printing (3DCP) enables layerwise fabrication with digital control, offering geometric freedom and material efficiency. However, conventional pump-based 3DCP is constrained by conflicting material requirements, namely sufficient workability for pumping and extrusion versus sufficient resistance to flow and early-age structural build-up for buildability after deposition. This paper introduces Adaptive-Binder-Aggregate Mixing (ABAM), a process concept that avoids long-distance pumping of an aggregate-rich printable cementitious composite (PCC), which can be critical for porous lightweight aggregates and can limit feasible aggregate size and volume fraction. Instead, a pumpable cementitious compound (CC) without aggregates is prepared in the stationary environment and conveyed to the end-effector, where aggregates are stored and incorporated near the nozzle to form the PCC shortly before deposition. The process enables functional material gradation by switching aggregate type during printing, allowing spatial property tailoring within a monolithic element. A prototype implementation is presented together with an initial feasibility demonstration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100353"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146023765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroslag additive manufacturing: A pathway for high throughput near net shape production","authors":"Adam G. Stevens ,&nbsp;Vanshika Singh ,&nbsp;Rangasayee Kannan ,&nbsp;David Hebble ,&nbsp;Sarah Graham ,&nbsp;Paritosh Mhatre ,&nbsp;Kevin Zinn ,&nbsp;Christopher Masuo ,&nbsp;William Carter ,&nbsp;Jesse Heineman ,&nbsp;Andres Marquez Rossy ,&nbsp;Alexandra B. Shanafield ,&nbsp;Charles Savage ,&nbsp;Alex Roschli ,&nbsp;Brian Hicks ,&nbsp;Peeyush Nandwana ,&nbsp;S.S. Babu ,&nbsp;Brian K. Post","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2025.100343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electroslag Additive Manufacturing (ESAM), a new high-throughput additive manufacturing (AM) method that combines Electroslag Strip Cladding (ESC) and wire arc AM (WAAM) is introduced. This combination enables the high deposition rate of ESC (more than 20 kg/h with a 60 mm strip electrode) to benefit from the precise geometric control of WAAM. As a precursor to ESAM, the ESC process is investigated in an AM context independently by evaluating both direct and staggered bead-stacking strategies and analyzing the microstructural and mechanical properties of each. This is followed by an ESAM demonstration producing an annular geometry by pairing ESC with gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), wherein GTAW is utilized to construct annular walls that are subsequently infilled via ESC. The microstructure and mechanical properties of ESC-only AM are compared with that of the ESAM method and it is shown that printed integral retaining walls do not impact the resulting mechanical properties of ESAM. Furthermore, results indicate that ESAM-produced Alloy 625 parts exhibit tensile properties on par with cast counterparts, supporting the method’s scalability to components exceeding one metric ton, and possibly making ESAM a viable future manufacturing approach for competitive production of large-scale components currently manufactured by casting and forging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100343"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145898130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Buckingham-Pi dimensionless analysis for melt pool stability and defect prediction in additive manufacturing","authors":"Mahdi Alishavandi,&nbsp;Rahmi Ünal,&nbsp;Metin U. Salamci","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Melt pool instabilities limit the reliability of additive manufacturing. Here, we demonstrate that a minimal Buckingham-<span><math><mi>π</mi></math></span> framework, supplemented by a normalized enthalpy (NE) metric, consolidates process outcomes across heat source settings (power, speed, spot) and material properties. IN738LC was processed on an EOS M290; single-track and bulk responses, melt pool geometric features, part relative density (<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span>), and areal roughness parameters <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, were quantified and subsequently mapped onto compact NE-dimensionless number spaces after the normalized-enthalpy metric had been calibrated using an effective absorptivity inferred from the measured melt pool depth. The recoil number cleanly delineates modes: <span><math><mrow><mi>Recoil</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>≲</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>2</mn></mrow></math></span> (conduction<span><math><mo>→</mo></math></span>stable keyhole) maintains <span><math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>ρ</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup><mspace></mspace><mo>≳</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>99</mn><mtext>%</mtext></mrow></math></span> with low <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, whereas <span><math><mrow><mi>Recoil</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>≳</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span>–5 marks an unstable keyhole with spatter and porosity. Within this map, favorable transport balances are <span><math><mrow><mi>Re</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>≲</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>100</mn></mrow></math></span>, <span><math><mrow><mi>We</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>&lt;</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>, small <span><math><mi>Ca</mi></math></span> and not-too-small <span><math><mi>Oh</mi></math></span>, and <span><math><mrow><mi>Fo</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>&gt;</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>; external convection remains negligible (<span><math><mrow><mi>Nu</mi><mspace></mspace><mo>≪</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>). Rather than VED, we advocate working directly in <span><math><mi>Π</mi></math></span>-space <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>NE</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Recoil</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Re</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>We</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Ca</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Oh</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Fo</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Nu</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>—to define, compare, and transfer qualifiable process windows across machines and alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100366"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147384995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold spray additively manufactured pure iron for magnetic applications","authors":"Abhinav Anand ,&nbsp;Ondřej Kovářík ,&nbsp;Pavel Ctibor ,&nbsp;Zahra Arabgol ,&nbsp;Levke Wiehler ,&nbsp;Frank Gärtner ,&nbsp;Thomas Klassen ,&nbsp;Jan Cizek","doi":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.addlet.2026.100363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pure iron powder combines excellent plastic deformability under a high-velocity impact with high magnetizability and permeability, making it an economical candidate for cold spray additive manufacturing (CSAM) and repairs in magnetic applications. This work explores the fracture mechanics and electromagnetic (EM) properties of CSAM pure iron deposited using cheaper nitrogen as the process gas at temperatures of 900 °C and 1000 °C, achieving relative densities of 97.3 % and 98.0 %, respectively. The deposits exhibited an ultimate tensile strength greater than 250 MPa and elongation to fracture of less than 0.3 %, a behavior consistent with the characteristic results of as-sprayed CSAM deposits. The fatigue crack growth rate analyses showed the propagation being faster than in wrought iron through different mechanisms: trans-particle crack propagation near the threshold stress intensity factor, and inter-particle decohesion at higher loads. The EM testing indicated that CSAM pure iron saturated at a lower induction and had lower permeability than wrought low-carbon steel, while its coercivity and hysteresis losses were higher, and electrical resistivity was similar. Despite the lower mechanical and magnetic performance, CSAM pure iron or similarly deformable ferritic alloys can meet the requirements for low-field, low-frequency, or direct-current applications, and provide a route for direct near-net-shape additive manufacturing or in-situ repair of magnetic components without scraping existing parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":72068,"journal":{"name":"Additive manufacturing letters","volume":"17 ","pages":"Article 100363"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}