Metals and Materials International最新文献

{"title":"Study on the Anisotropic Deformation and Fracture Behaviors of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufactured 316 L Stainless Steel","authors":"Hao Zhang,&nbsp;Shu Yuan,&nbsp;Qinghui Wu,&nbsp;Tianlong Fu,&nbsp;Haipeng Song,&nbsp;Ganyun Huang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02129-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02129-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Additive manufacturing (AM) has become an effective tool to produce components due to the advantages of near-net-shaped part, geometrical flexibility and rapid production. This study investigates the damage and failure behaviors of 316 L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) with different build directions under various loading conditions. The uniaxial tensile, central hole, notched and shear experiments are performed on LPBF 316 L stainless steel, and the damage and crack propagation are analyzed by digital image correlation (DIC) method. The microstructure and fracture characteristics are investigated to provide a more detailed comprehension of mechanical behavior. Significant anisotropy is observed at strength and elongation of LPBF stainless steel while its effect is quite small in shear test. The mode of fracture under tensile loading is dominated by excessive plastic deformation, the fracture strain decreases with increment of stress triaxiality. Building direction and defect have a strong impact on deformation and failure of LPBF 316 L stainless steel. The tensile stress induces the opening and growth of lack of fusion (LoF) defects which could facilitate nucleation and propagation of microcracks.</p><h3>Graphical Absract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2798 - 2806"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Laser Directed Energy Deposition of Aluminium Alloys: Process, Defects, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties","authors":"Sai Kumar Balla,&nbsp;Manjaiah Mallaiah,&nbsp;Selvaraj Nagamuthu,&nbsp;Raj Das","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02120-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02120-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aluminium (Al) alloys are extensively used in critical industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medical, owing to their excellent mechanical properties, low density, and corrosion resistance. However, traditional manufacturing methods like casting and machining face limitations when manufacturing complex components and structures. Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and laser directed energy deposition (LDED), offers a great potential for producing intricate Al alloy components with improved performance characteristics. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the processing of Al alloys using LPBF and LDED. Review begins with a concise description of AM technologies, outlining their benefits and limitations, and then focusses on the fabrication of Al alloys, highlighting the critical challenge of achieving defect-free components. Various Al alloys, including Al2024, AlSi10Mg, AlSi12, Al6061, and Al7075, are discussed in terms of their processing using these techniques and their characterization. The review highlights the defect related challenges in fabricating Al alloys through LPBF and LDED and discusses strategies to minimize or eliminate them. It further examines the resulting microstructural and mechanical properties, including porosity, hardness, tensile strength, elongation and fatigue strength. Lastly, the review elucidates future research directions and identifies key research gaps in Al alloy fabrication employing additive manufacturing processes.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2584 - 2623"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148365998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and Mechanical Response of Additively Manufactured Maraging Steel Modified by Heat Treatment","authors":"Van Loi Tran,&nbsp;Jeong-Rim Lee,&nbsp;Sang-Hun Lee,&nbsp;Dong-Hyun Kim,&nbsp;Sua Hong,&nbsp;Youngkyun Son,&nbsp;Jihwan Choi,&nbsp;Dong-Hyun Kim","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02125-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02125-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the effects of processing parameters and heat treatment on the densification, mechanical properties, and microstructure of maraging steel 1.2709 fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (PBF). A 5 × 5 matrix of process conditions was examined with laser power ranging from 180 to 220 W and scan speed from 700 to 1100 mm/s. The optimal condition was identified at 200 W and 700 mm/s, corresponding to an energy density of 79.4 J/mm³, which yielded a near-full density of 99.91% and superior tensile properties (UTS 1218.5 MPa, elongation 17.6%). Process parameter optimization improved densification by reducing porosity, thereby enhancing tensile strength and ductility. Notably, the fully martensitic structure of the as-built sample largely reverts to austenite, with only a trace amount (~ 30%) of BCC phase remaining, at a heat treatment temperature of 650 °C, leading to a significant strain-induced phase transformation of austenite (TRIP effect). Furthermore, furnace cooling produces relatively more stable reverted austenite, which suppresses immediate transformation at the onset of strain and thereby delays the TRIP effect, enabling extended work hardening and improved ductility of up to 24.3% while maintaining tensile strength above 1150 MPa compared to air cooling. These findings highlight a combined strategy of optimizing PBF parameters and tailoring intercritical heat treatment to control the TRIP effect, offering practical guidelines for the fabrication and commercialization of maraging steel 1.2709 with improved processability and mechanical performance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2683 - 2702"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Functionally Graded Aluminum Sheets with a Gradient of Grain Size Through the Efficient Combination of Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques","authors":"Fatemeh Zamani,&nbsp;Morteza Alizadeh,&nbsp;Ali Mirzaei,&nbsp;Beom Tak Na,&nbsp;Hyoun Woo Kim,&nbsp;Sang Sub Kim,&nbsp;Mamdouh I. Elamy","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02114-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02114-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this research, a novel single-phase functionally graded material based on 1050 aluminum was fabricated through an innovative approach using accumulative roll bonding. Unlike conventional FGM manufacturing techniques that often involve multi-phase compositions or complex processing routes, the proposed method introduces a unique microstructural gradient along the transverse direction solely by controlled ARB passes. This strategy enables the creation of a continuous grain size gradient without the addition of reinforcements or secondary phases, ensuring both structural integrity and cost-effectiveness. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were utilized for structural and microstructural studies, respectively. The XRD results indicated that as the number of rolling cycles through the thickness of the functionally graded sample increases, the crystallite size decreases and dislocation density increases. Also, the EBSD maps confirmed a gradient in grain size across the functionally graded sample’s thickness from 1060 nm to 290 nm. The resulting FGM exhibited improved mechanical performance, with yield and tensile strengths of 167 MPa and 246 MPa, respectively. This study introduces a simple, cost-effective route for producing aluminum-based FGMs with tailored microstructural gradients.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 7","pages":"2496 - 2512"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148268643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on the Formation Efficiency of Anodic Oxide Films on AA2024 in Sulfuric Acid and Oxalic Acid Solutions","authors":"Hien Van Pham,&nbsp;Juseok Kim,&nbsp;Duyoung Kwon,&nbsp;Cheolnam Yang,&nbsp;Heon-Cheol Shin,&nbsp;Sungmo Moon","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02117-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02117-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study investigates the formation efficiency of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) films on AA2024 alloy in 15 vol% sulfuric acid (15SA) and 6 wt% oxalic acid (6OA) solutions. Thickness measurements indicated that the AAO growth rate in the 6OA solution was only 38% of that in the 15SA solution. Gravimetric measurements suggested that the mass of AAO films formed in the 6OA solution was approximately 40% of that in the 15SA solution. Gravimetric analysis also revealed that the fraction of anodic charge consumed for AAO film formation was 17.8% in the 6OA solution and 44.5% in the 15SA solution, confirming lower film formation efficiency in oxalic acid than in sulfuric acid. On the other hand, charge loss due to O₂ evolution was significantly higher in the 6OA solution (66.1%) than in the 15SA solution (11.2%), whereas the fraction of anodic charge consumed by anodic dissolution was 16.1% in the 6OA solution and 44.3% in the 15SA solution. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations further revealed that second-phase particles dissolved much more slowly in the 6OA solution than in the 15SA solution. The experimental results revealed that the slower dissolution of particles in the 6OA solution led to rapid O₂ evolution, thereby causing very low AAO film formation efficiency. In contrast, the faster particle dissolution in the 15SA solution suppressed O₂ evolution and resulted in an AAO film formation efficiency about 2.5 times higher than that in the 6OA solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 7","pages":"2407 - 2418"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148268724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Metastable β-Titanium Alloy with Enhanced Multifunctional Performance for Biomedical Implants Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion","authors":"Yue Li,&nbsp;Liuyong Wang,&nbsp;Haoyue Wu,&nbsp;Feng Ding,&nbsp;Ruijie Hao,&nbsp;Min Lei,&nbsp;Jin Yang,&nbsp;J. P. Oliveira,&nbsp;Ming Yan,&nbsp;Wei Guo,&nbsp;Jian Cao,&nbsp;Yulong Li","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02122-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02122-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of novel titanium implant materials with enhanced wear and corrosion resistance and a low elastic modulus is fundamental nowadays. In this work, the microstructure, wear resistance, corrosion behavior, and biocompatibility of Ti-14Nb-6Zr-3Fe (wt%) alloys fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) with two different scanning strategies (None scan (NS) and Chess scan (CS)) were systematically investigated. Both samples consisted of a β phase matrix with nanoscale ω precipitates. Due to the higher and more homogeneous temperature field during LPBF, more ω phase precipitation in the CS sample resulted in higher hardness (4.06 GPa) and elastic modulus (75.5 GPa). In simulated body fluid (SBF), both NS and CS samples showed better wear resistance than Ti-6Al-4V, with the CS sample achieving a 24% lower wear rate. The CS sample also demonstrated improved corrosion resistance, with a corrosion current density of 0.98 μA·cm² and a polarization resistance of 81.52 kΩ·cm². Moreover, both CS and NS samples supported greater cell adhesion and proliferation compared to Ti-6Al-4V, confirming their good biocompatibility. These results highlight that the Ti-14Nb-6Zr-3Fe alloy possesses a lower elastic modulus, better wear resistance, enhanced corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility compared to commercial Ti-6Al-4V, emphasizing its potential as a candidate for biomedical implants.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2918 - 2933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated Analysis of Temperature, Vibration, and Metallurgical Characteristics in Ultrasonic Welding of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy","authors":"Byeong-Jin Kim,&nbsp;Young-Min Kim,&nbsp;Insung Hwang,&nbsp;Young-Beom Kim,&nbsp;Seung Hwan Lee","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02123-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02123-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the ultrasonic welding (UW) of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to analyze the interrelation between thermal input, vibration behavior, and metallurgical characteristics under varying welding conditions. Real-time measurements of heat generation and upper sheet displacement were obtained using a non-contact infrared temperature and laser displacement sensors. The sensor data were correlated with tensile-shear testing and hardness measurements, and microstructural analysis conducted through optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).</p><p>The results demonstrated that increasing welding time led to greater heat generation and more pronounced plastic flow at the weld interface, while excessive applied pressure reduced material displacement and frictional heating, thereby suppressing plastic deformation. Despite reduced microstructural flow at high pressures, improved mechanical strength was observed, indicating that bonding strength is governed by both frictional plastic flow and pressure-induced compaction. Furthermore, EBSD analysis revealed that fine recrystallized grains were more widely distributed with increased weld time, particularly in the upper sheet, due to localized thermal effects. In addition, vibration amplitude measurements of the upper sheet showed that displacement decreased from approximately 60 μm at 2 bar to 36 μm at 3 bar, suggesting that higher pressure restricted ultrasonic energy transmission and reduced material flow.</p><p>Temperature and vibration trends measured during welding provided reflected interfacial bonding behavior, suggesting its potential for in-line weld quality prediction. This integrated approach offers a comprehensive understanding of ultrasonic welding mechanisms and presents a framework for sensor-based monitoring and optimization of weld quality in aluminum alloy applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2818 - 2838"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of NiCrMoTi Coatings with Boron Addition Fabricated by Non-vacuum Electron Beam Cladding","authors":"Yuliya N. Malyutina,&nbsp;Alexey A. Ruktuev,&nbsp;Kemal I. Emurlaev,&nbsp;Polina M. Petukhova,&nbsp;Maxim A. Panafidin,&nbsp;Vladimir A. Bataev,&nbsp;Anna A. Losinskaya","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02136-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02136-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a novel approach to enhance the corrosion resistance of 40Cr steel by applying boron-modified NiCrMoTi coatings fabricated by non-vacuum electron beam cladding. Single-layer (S1) and double-layer (S2, S3) coatings were produced, with the S3 coating containing boron and chromium in the second layer. Microstructural analysis revealed a γ-(Fe, Ni) solid solution matrix in all coatings, while the S3 coating additionally exhibited hard (Fe, Cr)₂B boride phases. The hardness values of analyzed samples were as follows: 238 ± 10 HV for 40Cr steel substrate, 285 ± 15 HV for S1 coating, 355 ± 25 HV and 275 ± 15 HV for the first and second layers of S2 coating, respectively. The introduction of boron and chromium resulted in significant grain refinement and increased microhardness. The maximum hardness value of the S3 coating reached 1637 HV, while an average microhardness in the second layer was 1010 ± 260 HV. Electrochemical tests in 10% HNO₃ solution showed that all coatings significantly improved the corrosion resistance compared to the uncoated 40Cr steel. The single-layer S1 (I_corr = 0.046 mA/cm², E_corr = + 0.224 V) and the double-layer S3 (I_corr = 2.526 mA/cm², E_corr = − 0.124 V) coatings showed intermediate corrosion properties, while the double-layer S2 coating demonstrated optimal corrosion performance with the lowest corrosion current density (I_corr = 0.003 mA/cm²) and the highest corrosion potential (E_corr = + 0.468 V). The superior corrosion resistance of the S2 coating is attributed to its elevated Ni (45 wt%) and Cr (15.8 wt%) content, which stabilized the passive film. In contrast, the heterogeneous microstructure of S3 coating caused selective matrix dissolution, despite the strengthening effect of boride phase. The results highlight that corrosion mechanisms are strongly influenced by microstructural features, with selective dissolution occurring along phase boundaries in heterogeneous coatings.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2783 - 2797"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro Ring-core FIB-DIC Milling in Residual Stress Analysis: Advances, Applications, and Emerging Prospects","authors":"Doan Hung Vo,&nbsp;Cam-Tu Hoang-Ngoc,&nbsp;Sang Moon Kim,&nbsp;Hyungbum Park,&nbsp;Tea-Sung Jun","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02118-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02118-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The precise evaluation of residual stresses at the microscale is increasingly recognized as pivotal for enhancing the performance and reliability of advanced engineering materials. This review provides a critical and comprehensive synthesis of recent progress in the application of Focused Ion Beam-Digital Image Correlation (FIB-DIC) methodologies for microscale residual stress characterization across diverse scenarios, including material classes, complex structures, heterogeneous phases, and manufacturing processes. By systematically categorizing the literature according to material classes and application scenarios, this review elucidates key technological advancements and methodological innovations that have enabled sub-micron spatial resolution in stress mapping. Particular attention is given to recent developments in micro ring-core milling strategies, stress gradient profiling, and depth-resolved analysis. Persistent challenges, including ion beam-induced damage, inaccurate DIC tracking, and sample preparation effects, are critically examined. Finally, the review outlines prospective research directions aimed at further improving measurement accuracy and expanding the applicability of FIB-DIC techniques to complex geometries and emerging materials.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2563 - 2583"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148365840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Design and Discovery of High-Entropy Alloys: A Critical Review of Recent Advances and Future Perspectives","authors":"Mohammad Javad Akbari","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02116-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02116-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer a vast compositional space for designing next-generation materials, but their complexity presents significant challenges for traditional discovery methods. While machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool to navigate this space, existing reviews often provide a broad survey of ML applications without a critical assessment of their practical trade-offs and limitations. This review provides a critical synthesis of the state-of-the-art, moving beyond a simple catalogue of methods to offer a comparative analysis of their real-world utility in HEA research. We critically evaluate the performance, interpretability, and scalability of different model classes, from traditional supervised learning to advanced graph neural networks (GNNs) and physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). Crucially, we address the persistent gap in processing-structure-property relationships by proposing concrete strategies for integrating process variables and microstructural features into ML frameworks. Furthermore, we provide a grounded perspective on emerging technologies like autonomous discovery platforms and foundation models, assessing their true technology readiness level for the HEA field. By benchmarking different approaches and identifying key unresolved challenges, such as dataset bias and model extrapolation failures, this review provides a pragmatic roadmap for researchers aiming to leverage ML for the accelerated and intelligent design of high-entropy alloys.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 7","pages":"2258 - 2276"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148268754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}