Metals and Materials International最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Si Content and Alloying Elements on Corrosion Resistance of AlSi Alloys","authors":"Zhihui Sun,&nbsp;Peixuan Ouyang,&nbsp;Tong Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Lu,&nbsp;Jianming Liu,&nbsp;Shuting Zhang,&nbsp;Yingjie Han,&nbsp;Huaixu Guo,&nbsp;Jieren Song","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02133-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02133-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>AlSi-based abradable seal coatings are facing severe corrosion challenges due to increasing demands for marine applications, imposing stringent requirements on the corrosion resistance of AlSi alloy skeleton-phase materials. A systematic comparative study was conducted on the corrosion resistance of AlSi alloys with varying Si contents and alloying-elements-modified Al10Si alloys, employing first-principles calculations, electrochemical testing, immersion corrosion testing, SEM, XRD, XPS, and SKPFM. With increasing Si content, the corrosion rate initially decreases and then increases, reaching an optimum at the Al10Si composition which demonstrates a 29% lower corrosion rate compared to the Al6Si alloy. First-principles calculations reveal that the alloying elements significantly enhance Cl⁻ adsorption energy on the Al10Si alloys, with Ce exhibiting the most pronounced effect. The alloying elements effectively refine the α-Al grains, and modify the eutectic Si morphology from coarse needle-like to fibrous/short rod-like structures, with Ce demonstrating the best refinement effect. Both electrochemical performance and immersion corrosion tests demonstrate enhanced corrosion resistances in the modified alloys relative to the Al10Si alloy. Notably, the Al10Si1Ce alloy exhibits optimal performance, showing a 40% reduction in corrosion rate compared to the Al10Si alloy. This superior corrosion resistance is primarily driven by elevated Cl⁻ adsorption energy, refined α-Al grains, minimal potential difference between the Al₂Si₂Ce phase and the α-Al matrix, and the fibrous morphology of the Al₂Si₂Ce phase.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2763 - 2782"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic and Fatigue Behaviour Analysis of Aluminum Alloy by Combined Shot Peening","authors":"Long Li,&nbsp;Luteng Liu,&nbsp;Shihong Lu,&nbsp;Kefei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02142-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02142-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shot peening is known process for metal strengthening in aviation manufacturing, but the single shot peening process is increasingly unable to meet the strengthening demands, and the combination of two processes for shot peening has become a research hotspot. In this paper, The effects of laser shot peening (LSP), mechanical shot peening (MSP), and combined shot peening (CSP) that combines the advantages of LSP and MSP on the aluminum 6061-T6 alloy microstructure evolution and fatigue behaviour were investigated. The study results show that greater hardness, greater residual compressive stress, thicker residual compressive stress layer and higher density dislocations were formed in the surface layer of the samples by CSP. Compared with no-shot peening (NSP) samples, the cycle life of LSP, MSP and CSP samples increased by 40.1%, 106.6% and 190.2%, respectively, and the fatigue resistance of CSP sample is better. The higher numerical residual compressive stress, thicker residual compressive stress layer and higher dislocation density formed during CSP process are helpful to improve the fatigue resistance of samples. This study will provide insights and guidance for the application of CSP.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"2966 - 2980"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Efficiency of the Use of Chrysopogon Zizanioides (L.) Roberty as a Corrosion Inhibitor of SAE 1020 Carbon Steel Immersed in Acidic Medium","authors":"Ana Carolina Lima de Lucena,&nbsp;Adeildo J. Oliveira,&nbsp;Anniele Sterfany S. Leite,&nbsp;Ana Laís A. Costa,&nbsp;Jeniffer Mclaine D. Freitas,&nbsp;Elvis Max X. Lima,&nbsp;José Guimarães F. de Lima Jr.,&nbsp;Dilton Gonçalves Teixeira,&nbsp;Fabiane Caxico de Abreu,&nbsp;Diógenes Meneses","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02139-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02139-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal alloys are widely used in industries and, over time, may corrode, depending on their use. Carbon steel has a favorable combination of properties and is widely used in structures and equipment. Therefore, its corrosion resistance depends on the exposure conditions. This study aims to develop an analysis of the efficiency of <i>Chrysopogon zizanioides</i> (L.) Roberty extract, aerial parts (AP) and roots parts (RP), as corrosion inhibitor, by means of gravimetric and electrochemical techniques, for SAE 1020 carbon steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) environment. The functional groups were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was also performed. Blank tests and three different concentrations of AP and RP extracts were used: 500, 1500 and 2500 ppm. The extracts exhibited anticorrosive properties and resistance to high temperatures, with better results for RP.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3060 - 3075"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Improvement Effect of Magnetic Field on Microstructure and Properties of the Al-Si Coated Steel Laser Weld","authors":"Fei Teng,&nbsp;Hongshuang Di,&nbsp;Yuyang Liu,&nbsp;Sitong Li,&nbsp;Pengcheng Huan,&nbsp;Qiyuan Chen,&nbsp;Xiaonan Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02134-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02134-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the precipitation of δ ferrite at the fusion line (FL), the tensile strength of the laser weld of Al-Si coated 22MnB5 steel fails to reach the level of the base material (BM). A method for improving the tensile strength at a low cost is introduced in this paper. The external magnetic field-assisted welding technology was adopted to prepare tailor welded blanks (TWB) of Al-Si coated steel. A numerical simulation model was established to study the changes in the flow field of the molten pool and the distribution of coating elements. Under the magnetic field, thermoelectric currents and induced currents generate Lorentz forces, which alter the molten pool flow field by deflecting liquid metal flow and creating vortices. This enhanced flow accelerates fluid velocity at the molten pool periphery, thereby promoting Al element diffusion while preventing Al element aggregation at the FL. Ultimately, a homogeneous Al distribution is achieved throughout the fusion zone (FZ). The δ-ferrite in the FZ is eliminated, and the microstructure transforms into fully lath martensite (LM). The average hardness increased from 442.8 HV to 487.3 HV. The tensile strength increased from 1209 MPa to 1568 MPa, and the fracture mechanism transitioned from a combination of ductile and brittle fracture to predominantly ductile fracture. The tensile strength is increased to the level of the base material without removing the coating or adding alloying elements.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2862 - 2869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148365841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards Understanding the Influence of Non-basal Texture on Microstructure and Deformation in Cold-Drawn Magnesium Alloy Cups","authors":"Jingjing Gao,&nbsp;Yunxiang You,&nbsp;Li Tan,&nbsp;Tao Zhou,&nbsp;Renju Cheng,&nbsp;Jian Tu,&nbsp;Hao Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02181-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02181-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the cold deep drawing of AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets, the wall region is the primary site of failure, which restricts its widespread application. Therefore, by combining multi-scale characterization techniques with crystal plasticity finite element simulations, we systematically investigated the microstructure evolution and plastic deformation mechanisms. These investigations focused on three distinct regions: the straight wall region (Wall A), the die radius region (Wall B), and the blank holder region (Wall C). The results reveal that twinning in this region primarily consists of <span>( left{ {10bar{1}2} right} )</span> extension twins (ETs), <span>( { 10bar{1}1} )</span> contraction twins, and double twins, including <span>({ 10bar{1}2} - { 01bar{1}2})</span> and <span>( { 10bar{1}1} -{10bar{1}2})</span> double twins. From Wall A to Wall C, the number of <span>({ 10bar{1}2})</span> ETs gradually decreases, while the number of other twins increases. Texture analysis demonstrates significant crystallographic reorientation, with a newly developed texture component emerging in Wall A, where grains exhibit c-axis orientation tilted from the normal direction towards the transverse direction (TD), eventually aligning parallel to TD. During cold drawing, the texture evolution induces distinct activation behaviors between basal and prismatic &lt; a &gt; slip systems, while plastic deformation accommodation occurs mainly through pyramidal &lt; c &gt; and &lt; c + a &gt; dislocations. Notably, the rapid texture evolution may contribute to localized failure.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 10","pages":"3564 - 3578"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Cobalt on the Microstructure and Creep Rupture Life of 10 wt% Cr Ferritic/Martensitic Heat-Resistant Steel","authors":"Bong Cheon Park,&nbsp;Woo Young Seok,&nbsp;Sung-Dae Kim,&nbsp;Ihho Park,&nbsp;Jong-Ho Shin,&nbsp;Jae Hoon Jang,&nbsp;Namhyun Kang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02173-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02173-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effect of cobalt content on the microstructure and creep rupture life of 10 wt% Cr ferritic/martensitic heat-resistant steels. Two alloys were fabricated with different cobalt contents (3.7 wt% and 2.7 wt%), while maintaining similar concentrations of other alloying elements. Microstructural characterization revealed that the Low-Co alloy exhibited finer prior austenite grains and a higher density of M₂₃C₆ and Laves precipitates compared to the High-Co alloy. Creep tests conducted at 650 °C under 145 MPa demonstrated that the Low-Co alloy achieved a superior creep life (4518 h) than the High-Co alloy (3846 h). The improved creep performance was attributed to enhanced microstructural stability in the Low-Co alloy, including greater pinning of dislocations and suppression of subgrain coarsening. These results suggest that optimizing cobalt content is crucial for balancing beneficial effects on microstructure and long-term creep resistance in advanced heat-resistant steels.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 10","pages":"3440 - 3446"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Interdiffusion and Multilayer Formation at Ti-6Al-4V/Ni Coating Interface Induced by Laser Shock Peening and Vacuum Heat Treatment","authors":"Cheng Gu,&nbsp;Zenghui Tian,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhao,&nbsp;Yajun Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02050-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02050-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study elucidates the laser shock peening (LSP)-induced enhancement of interfacial interdiffusion and the formation of a distinct multilayer structure at the Ti-6Al-4V/Ni coating interface. Following LSP and subsequent vacuum diffusion treatments, a reaction layer comprising five distinct zones with varying thicknesses formed: residual Ni, Ni solid solution, Ni₃Ti, NiTi, and NiTi₂. Beyond the NiTi₂ layer towards the Ti substrate, three characteristic regions were identified: flake distribution, mesh distribution, and substrate. Crucially, LSP significantly enhanced the interdiffusion of elements. The diffusion distance of Ni was greater in β-Ti than in α-Ti, with Ni content in β-Ti exhibiting a characteristic rapid-slow-rapid-slow decreasing trend. Notably, LSP promoted the diffusion of Ni into both α-Ti and β-Ti, and critically, also accelerated the diffusion of Ti towards the Ni side. This enhanced bidirectional diffusion resulted in increased growth rates and thicknesses of the NiTi and NiTi₂ layers. With the increase of laser power, the diffusion coefficient of Ni in β-Ti also increases and the diffusion coefficient is in 10^− 13 m²s^− 1 level. The promotion of interdiffusion by LSP is attributed to the introduction of lattice distortion, elevated dislocation density, grain refinement, and residual compressive stress at the interface. These findings provide significant insights for enhancing the performance of Ti-6Al-4V/Ni coatings in demanding applications and contribute to the design of more durable and efficient material systems for aerospace and automotive industries.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 4","pages":"1338 - 1354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serrated Shear Flow in AA5083 Alloy Refined by Dual Equal Channel Lateral Extrusion Process","authors":"M. Sabbaghian,&nbsp;N. Fakhar,&nbsp;J. Mola,&nbsp;R. Mahmudi,&nbsp;J. J. Sidor,&nbsp;K. Mukhtarova,&nbsp;J. Gubicza","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02113-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02113-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of 3 passes of dual equal channel lateral extrusion (DECLE) as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) method on the microstructural evolution and shear mechanical properties of an AA5083 aluminum alloy was investigated at room temperature (RT) and 75 °C. The initial grain size of 20.4 µm in the as-received sample was reduced to 11.6 µm in the DECLE-processed sample due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and recovery processes. Furthermore, the X-ray line profile analysis revealed a diffraction domain size of 130 nm and a dislocation density of 0.4 × 10¹⁴ m^–2 in the DECLE-processed condition. Shear punch test (SPT) was used for evaluating the shear deformation behavior of the alloy at both temperatures across a range of strain rates. Consistent with microstructural observations, SPT results indicated a higher shear strength in the DECLE-processed condition compared to the annealed material. Serrated flow, attributed to dynamic strain aging (DSA), was observed in both material conditions, with the serrations being more pronounced at 75 °C than at RT. As the shear strain rate increased, the serrations gradually disappeared. Moreover, the strength of the samples decreased at higher strain rates, indicating negative strain rate sensitivity. Despite the notable differences in microstructure between the annealed and DECLE-processed conditions, the serrated flow behavior inferred from SPT showed only marginal differences. Despite the small sample size in the SPT, the method proves to be efficient in analyzing the DSA behavior. The results enable us to identify prior processing conditions associated with serrated flow, which can potentially compromise the surface quality of sheet products after metal forming operations. The insights from the present work on the DSA behavior of AA5083 Al alloy and the closely related occurrence of localized deformation within Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) bands are of practical significance for sheet forming operations involving the use of partially recrystallized feedstock.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 7","pages":"2343 - 2356"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148268663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving T6-Strength Via Dislocation-Assisted Precipitation: Solution-Free Aging of an Al-4.6 Mg-4.6Zn-0.1Mn Crossover Alloy","authors":"Hengpan Yuan,&nbsp;Xianwei Ren,&nbsp;Yong Xue,&nbsp;Zhimin Zhang,&nbsp;Tao Ma,&nbsp;Ya Cui","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02143-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02143-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study demonstrates a solution-free T5 aging pathway to achieve mechanical parity with conventional T6 treatment in a novel Al-4.6 Mg-4.6Zn-0.1Mn crossover alloy, overcoming the energy-intensive limitations of solution treatment. Systematic investigations reveal that direct aging of extruded-water-quenched material at 140℃/23 h delivers competitive properties (ultimate tensile strength (UTS) 528.5 MPa, yield strength (YS) 469.0 MPa, elongation (EL) 8%) versus T6 processing (UTS 519.2 MPa, YS 467.7 MPa, EL 9%). Crucially, dislocation-assisted precipitation is identified as the enabling mechanism. Nanoscale T-Mg₃₂(Al,Zn)₄₉ precipitates (5.2–6.5 nm) nucleate preferentially on dislocations in as-extruded material, reducing activation energy versus T6. Moreover, a graded PFZ-η-T grain boundary structure in T6 specimens compensates for the theoretical 27.9 MPa strength deficit from reduced dislocation and grain boundary hardening. Superior ductility (8% EL) in finer-grained T5 alloy (6.35 µm vs. 23.49 µm) arises from exceptional microstructural homogeneity and crack-branching at discontinuous grain boundary precipitates. This work establishes dislocation-mediated precipitation as a microstructure design lever to bypass solution treatment, enabling energy-efficient manufacturing of high mechanical properties Al–Mg-Zn alloys. The strategy unlocks precise property control in large-scale complex components of aluminum alloy, significantly broadening the industrial applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3149 - 3168"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making Lamellar Structures of Dissimilar Titanium Alloys Ductile by Strain Partitioning and Heterogeneous Dimples","authors":"Guochao Li,&nbsp;Xin Chen,&nbsp;Sujung Son,&nbsp;Do Won Lee,&nbsp;Jiaji Wang,&nbsp;Shi Woo Lee,&nbsp;Tianle Li","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02112-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02112-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study on the mechanical performance of lamellar structures of dissimilar titanium alloys at high temperatures is limited. In this work, lamellar structures of dissimilar titanium alloys were produced by the accumulated roll process and used to study the mechanical properties and damage behaviors. The lamellar structures achieved an excellent ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1182 MPa and a total elongation (TE) of 13.4% at 500 °C, and a UTS of 653 MPa and a TE of 129% at 600 °C, respectively. The Ti–15Mo–2.7Nb–3Al–0.2Si alloy layers, with a high density of dislocations and fine α precipitates, act as hard zones, undertaking high stress and restricting plastic strain. The gradient dimple size from the surface to the center affects the uneven distribution of stress and strain in the dissimilar layers. Notably, the formation of heterogeneous dimples across the joints can release the stress concentration and absorb energy, contributing to excellent ductility.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 7","pages":"2334 - 2342"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148268755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}