Metals and Materials International最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of GCr15 Bearing Steel Via Ultrasonic Shot Peening with ZrO2/Si3N4 Hybrid Media for in Situ Formation of Protective Si3N4 Coating and Oxide Layer","authors":"Zhuan Zhao,&nbsp;Anqi Lin,&nbsp;Qiuhao Chen,&nbsp;Yunqi Zhong,&nbsp;Pei He,&nbsp;Wenhao Dou,&nbsp;Jinrui Xiao,&nbsp;Bokai Liao","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02132-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02132-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study employs a hybrid mixture of Si₃N₄ powder and ZrO₂ ceramic spheres in ultrasonic shot peening (USP) to improve corrosion resistance in GCr15 bearing steel. The effects of varying peening durations were systematically evaluated by characterizing surface morphology, microhardness, X-ray diffraction patterns, XPS spectra, grain/dislocation distributions, textural strength, and electrochemical behavior (including OCP, EIS, PDP measurements). Results reveal that the 8-min USP-treated sample exhibits optimal corrosion resistance, demonstrating a polarization resistance (Rp) of 1683.40 Ω·cm²—approximately 214% higher than 536.34 Ω·cm² for the untreated sample. The longer treatment times (e.g., 12 min) reduce the texture intensity and increase the surface roughness, which negatively affect the corrosion resistance. The enhanced corrosion performance is attributed to two key factors: (1) the formation of a protective Si₃N₄ coating and a dense oxide film (comprising Cr₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, and Fe₃O₄) that effectively inhibits corrosive species penetration, and (2) microstructural modifications including grain refinement, elevated dislocation density, and enhanced texture intensity induced by severe plastic deformation during USP. These findings provide insights into how hybrid ceramic media USP can improve the corrosion resistance of bearing steels.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2880 - 2896"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Roller Feed Ratio in Dynamic Deformation and Microstructure Evolution During Multi-pass Shear Spinning of 5083 Aluminum Alloy","authors":"Guang Zeng,&nbsp;Kaixuan Li,&nbsp;Zhengran Wang,&nbsp;Yunfang Liu,&nbsp;Chunjiang Zhao,&nbsp;Yuanpeng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02154-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02154-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, the plastic deformation of aluminum alloy in the process of power spinning is taken as the research object, and the multi-body dynamic finite element model is established and solved based on the dynamic contact relationship between the roller, workpiece, mandrel and the constitutive relationship of the material, the experimental verification is carried out. The hardness test, friction and wear test and surface roughness test of conical spinning parts were carried out to explore the changes of mechanical properties of conical spinning parts. The microstructure evolution of spinning parts was studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The dynamic deformation characteristics and mechanical properties of the workpiece were studied by combining the mechanical property test results and finite element numerical calculation results, which provided a reference for shear spinning of conical parts. The results show that: the optimal processing window is 0.3 ~ 0.4 mm/r, in this process window can obtain stronger mechanical properties while ensuring the forming accuracy and surface finish of the workpiece, and improve the spinning processing efficiency to a certain extent. In the microscopic test results, there are many grains moving inside the spinning parts {111}-&lt;110&gt;. There are smaller recrystallized equiaxed grains at the grain boundary, and the grains are obviously elongated axially under the effect of feed force. The larger the feed ratio, the greater the axial elongation of the grains. At this time, the content of Σ3 grain boundary gradually decreases and Σ5 grain boundary gradually increases, which explains the reason for the decline of wear resistance. The minimum value of KAM (kernel average misorientation) is obtained at 0.3 mm/r, and the peak value of orientation difference appears near 5° and 45</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3005 - 3018"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Correction: Effect of Trace Y and Nd Addition on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Mg-3Sn-2Al-1Zn Alloys","authors":"Shang Xie,&nbsp;Xuancheng He,&nbsp;Yuhang Guo,&nbsp;Ye Cheng,&nbsp;Wenyu Tang,&nbsp;Lei Wang,&nbsp;Qing Dong,&nbsp;Fengjian Shi,&nbsp;Weiguo Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-026-02284-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-026-02284-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 4","pages":"1159 - 1159"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147579315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tensile Fracture Characteristics and a Modified GTN Model Incorporating Deformation Conditions and Stress Triaxiality for a Solution 2219 Al Alloy","authors":"Hui-Jie Zhang,&nbsp;Y. C. Lin,&nbsp;Jin-Chuan Long,&nbsp;Dao-Guang He,&nbsp;Jun-Quan Wang,&nbsp;Song Zhang,&nbsp;Zi-Jian Chen","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02144-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02144-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, notched tensile specimens representing stress triaxialities ranging from 0.51 to 0.38 are tested at temperatures from 100 to 250 °C and strain rates from 0.001 to 1 s⁻¹. Effect of deformation parameters and stress state on microstructure evolution, damage and fracture in 2219 Al alloy during warm deformation are investigated. A modified Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) model is developed, accounting for the effects of deformation parameters and stress triaxiality. Dynamic recovery dominates the softening process, and the grain shape evolves from oblate to equiaxed with increasing temperature or decreasing strain rate. Void nucleation partially inhibits recrystallization. The primary fracture mechanism is transgranular fracture due to void coalescence, with some local cleavage fracture. Fracture surfaces change from bright shear features to fibrous ones as deformation condition varies. The modified GTN model effectively predicts damage progression in 2219 Al alloy during warm deformation.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3169 - 3191"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation of Porosity, Neck Thickness, and Mechanical Properties in Ti6Al4V Alloy Foams Fabricated by the Space Holder Method","authors":"Sungjin Kim,&nbsp;Seunghyeok Choi,&nbsp;Tae-Young Ahn,&nbsp;Yu-Song Choi,&nbsp;Jae-Gil Jung,&nbsp;Seung Bae Son,&nbsp;Seok-Jae Lee","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02140-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02140-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, NaCl was used as a space-holder to produce a Ti6Al4V alloy foam with various porosities (40%–80%) through spark plasma sintering and tube furnace sintering. The microstructure of the manufactured foam exhibited a mixed structure consisting of α and β phases, and micro-CT analysis revealed that, under all conditions, the pore size was in the range of 230–280 μm. In addition, it was observed that as the pore size increased, the neck thickness between the particles forming the cell wall decreased. Compression test results showed a three-step behavior, including the linear elastic stage, the plateau stage, and the densification stage. As porosity increased, both the compressive strength and the elastic modulus decreased due to the reduction in cell wall and neck thickness. The neck thickness between the particles forming the cell wall is associated with the relative density. With increasing porosity, the number of particles forming the cell wall decreases, and the particle–particle area where the neck between particles is formed and the compressive force between particles decreases, which is unfavorable for neck growth. Based on the observed data, a high correlation between the neck thickness and compressive strength was also derived, suggesting that neck thickness plays an important role in withstanding compressive stress.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3281 - 3291"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Properties of HVOF Coatings Using Microwave Post-treatment","authors":"A. Mohanty,&nbsp;S. K. Panigrahi","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02145-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02145-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the present study, a Co-based surfacing alloy (Co–Ni–Cr–W–C) was thermally deposited (HVOF) on Inconel-718 substrate. HVOF-sprayed coatings have inhomogeneity (porosity, unmelted particles) and are mechanically bonded to the substrate. Therefore, a novel susceptor assisted microwave-hybrid heating process was suggested through this investigation as an effective post-treatment technique to enhance the properties of thermally sprayed coatings in an energy efficient manner. The study highlights the importance of microwave post-treatment parameters, particularly temperature, in controlling coating properties such as morphology, porosity, carbide formation, microhardness, abrasive wear and corrosion behaviour for the first time. The coatings were subjected to microwave post-treatments at five different temperatures (500, 700, 900, 1100 and 1300 °C). Microwave post-treatment at higher temperatures (1300 °C) resulted in significant increase in the microhardness (by 66%), adhesion strength (85%), abrasion wear (by 49%) and corrosion resistance (by 62.5%) compared to HVOF coating. This improvement in properties can be attributed to the densification and formation of essential carbides (Cr₂₃C₆ and WC) after microwave post-treatment at higher temperatures (1300 °C). The intrinsic mechanism of microwave post-treatment and its improved properties have been discussed. Overall, the study emphasizes the significance of microwave post-treatment in optimising the properties of Co-based HVOF coatings on Inconel-718, by presenting promising possibilities for its application in various fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3106 - 3131"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Texture in Electropulsing Anisotropy of AZ31 Mg Alloy Rolled Sheet","authors":"Seho Cheon,&nbsp;Jinyeong Yu,&nbsp;Seong Ho Lee,&nbsp;Jeonghoon Lee,&nbsp;Sung Hyuk Park,&nbsp;Taekyung Lee","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02186-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02186-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite increased interest in electropulsing treatment (EPT), several of its fundamental principles remain unclear. This study investigated the profound effect of crystallographic texture on EPT-induced microstructural evolution. A hot-rolled AZ31 Mg alloy sheet was designed to have twin-free equiaxed grains, thereby isolating the texture as the sole variable. The results revealed significant electropulsing anisotropy in the alloy. EPT along the rolling direction (RD) remarkably accelerated grain growth and recovery, whereas EPT along the normal direction (ND) suppressed these changes, even under identical current densities. This anisotropy was clarified by separately investigating the thermal and athermal effects. Shifting the electropulsing direction from ND to RD increased the electrical resistivity of the material, producing a more pronounced thermal response (i.e., Joule heating). Furthermore, this directional shift increased the athermal contribution of EPT. It offset a significant current density difference of up to 6 A·mm^− 2 while maintaining similar microstructural evolution. Thus, both the thermal and athermal contributions of the EPT were anisotropic, consistently changing in the order RD &gt; diagonal direction &gt; ND. This study provides critical insights into the interplay between the texture and EPT mechanisms, which is crucial for optimizing the process and developing advanced metallic materials with precisely tailored microstructures.</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 10","pages":"3610 - 3619"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using Plasma-Spheroidized and Gas-Atomized Powders","authors":"Yunfei Liu,&nbsp;Zhenhua Hao,&nbsp;Rulong Ma,&nbsp;Yongchun Shu,&nbsp;Jilin He","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02131-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02131-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study systematically compares laser powder bed fusion processing of plasma-spheroidized (PS) and gas-atomized (GA) Ti-6Al-4V powders. Results demonstrate that the GA powder achieves the highest relative density of 99.14% at a volumetric energy density of 55.56 J/mm³ while PS powder requires a higher energy input of 59.26 J/mm³ to obtain the highest relative density of 98.83% due to enhanced laser absorptivity of surface nanoparticles, which contribute to spattering and porosity defects. Microstructural analysis reveals that LPBF-ed PS samples develop coarser grains, a higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, and stronger α′-phase texture along the &lt; 11–20 &gt; direction compared to LPBF-ed GA samples. Mechanically, the LPBF-ed PS samples show a highest ultimate tensile strength of 1202.7 MPa, outperforming 1121.9 MPa of the gas-atomized samples. However, it exhibits only 4.51% elongation due to higher oxygen content and dislocation entanglement, a value markedly lower than the 15.96% in LPBF-ed GA samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 8","pages":"2703 - 2713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Friendly Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic KH550–Myristic Acid Coating on AZ31 Alloy with Corrosion Resistance and Self-Cleaning Ability","authors":"Zainab Sabah Abbas,&nbsp;Nabil Kadhim Taieh,&nbsp;Hassan Abdulrssoul Abdulhadi,&nbsp;Ying li,&nbsp;Hanaa Soliman,&nbsp;Xian Jian,&nbsp;Guangjun Gou,&nbsp;Xiaoli Xie,&nbsp;Xi Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02147-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02147-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>AZ31 magnesium alloys are lightweight substitutes for aluminum and steel, but they are prone to rapid corrosion in a chloride environment, which lowers their service life and increases their overall maintenance requirements. This study presents a cost-effective method for preparing a corrosion-resistant superhydrophobic (SHP) composite coating using a green two-step hydrothermal method and subsequent immersion surface modification. The coating consists of Mg(OH)₂, KH550, and myristic acid. It exhibited strong superhydrophobic properties, with a high-water contact angle (CA) of 163.9° ± 2.2° and a low sliding angle (SA) of 5.1° ± 1.1°. The corrosion current density (i_corr) decreased from 3.05 × 10^–5 to 1.54 × 10^–8 /cm², representing a three-order reduction. The pitting corrosion area was reduced by 99.7% and charge transfer resistance (R_ct) increased to 1.59 × 10⁵ Ω cm². The coating exhibited hydrophobicity after 1100 mm of abrasion and after 20 days of water immersion, indicating that the coating had high mechanical and chemical stability. This suggests that the coating has a stable, long-term corrosion protection ability suitable for use on marine structures, automotive, and aerospace components that will be exposed to severe environments.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3076 - 3105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Cold Working Effects on the Micro-galvanic Corrosion Behavior of 2101 Lean Duplex Stainless Steel in Aggressive Food Industry Environments","authors":"Mohammadreza Mokhtare,&nbsp;Mazdak Izadi,&nbsp;Saeid Karimi","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02138-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02138-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, for the first time, the simultaneous effect of cold working and chloride concentration on micro-galvanic corrosion of 2101 lean duplex steel (LDX) in citric acid environment (the most important industrial simulator in the food industry) was comprehensively studied. Using electrochemical tests (CV, PDP and EIS) along with detailed microstructural analysis, a two-phase γ/α structure showed different corrosion behavior while α acted as the weaker phase, also the precipitation of Cr₂N and M₂₃C₆ at grain and phase boundaries made sensitive areas to pitting corrosion. Cold working first deformed the γ phase and increased the hardness of both phases to 54.7% (γ) and 11% (α), respectively, by inducing strain-induced martensite (SIM) in γ and increased dislocation density. The main innovation of this work is in demonstrating the positive effect of cold working on strengthening the surface passive layer, while chloride significantly accelerates the corrosion rate, the application of 15% and 30% strain causes a 23.5% and 46.7% reduction in the corrosion current density (i_corr) and at 45% strain, a completely passive behavior dominates. The main mechanism of controlled pitting reduction is the homogenization of the surface energy of the phases and the disappearance of the galvanic potential difference between γ and α. These findings provide precise guidance for optimizing post-processing and improving the durability of steel parts in corrosive food environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 9","pages":"3037 - 3059"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148661949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}