{"title":"91级钢和蒙奈尔400双金属构件的焊丝电弧添加剂的显微组织表征、残余应力评估和变形行为","authors":"Sivakumar Munusamy, Jerald J","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical behavior of bimetallic components made from Grade 91 steel and Monel 400, fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The analysis revealed a tempered lath martensite structure in Grade 91 steel, enhanced by fine M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> carbides and MX-type precipitates, contributing to its high strength. Monel 400 exhibited uniform equiaxed grains, indicating good mechanical stability. At the bimetallic interface, a distinct boundary without defects was observed, suggesting a robust metallurgical bond. Residual stress analysis showed tensile stresses in Grade 91 steel and compressive stresses in Monel 400 due to their differing thermal properties. Tensile tests combined with Digital Image Correlation indicated that both materials retained their intrinsic ductility and strength, with localized strain leading to necking and ductile fracture. The bimetallic interface demonstrated improved mechanical properties and good bonding strength, validating WAAM’s efficacy in producing bimetallic structures. The study confirms that WAAM effectively produces bimetallic structures with enhanced mechanical properties, suitable for high-performance industrial applications such as heat exchangers and petrochemical, marine, and automotive industries.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"31 8","pages":"2396 - 2416"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Microstructural Characterization, Residual Stress Evaluation and Deformation Behaviour of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Grade 91 Steel and Monel 400 Bimetallic Components\",\"authors\":\"Sivakumar Munusamy, Jerald J\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical behavior of bimetallic components made from Grade 91 steel and Monel 400, fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The analysis revealed a tempered lath martensite structure in Grade 91 steel, enhanced by fine M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> carbides and MX-type precipitates, contributing to its high strength. Monel 400 exhibited uniform equiaxed grains, indicating good mechanical stability. At the bimetallic interface, a distinct boundary without defects was observed, suggesting a robust metallurgical bond. Residual stress analysis showed tensile stresses in Grade 91 steel and compressive stresses in Monel 400 due to their differing thermal properties. Tensile tests combined with Digital Image Correlation indicated that both materials retained their intrinsic ductility and strength, with localized strain leading to necking and ductile fracture. The bimetallic interface demonstrated improved mechanical properties and good bonding strength, validating WAAM’s efficacy in producing bimetallic structures. The study confirms that WAAM effectively produces bimetallic structures with enhanced mechanical properties, suitable for high-performance industrial applications such as heat exchangers and petrochemical, marine, and automotive industries.</p><h3>Graphic Abstract</h3>\\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":703,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Metals and Materials International\",\"volume\":\"31 8\",\"pages\":\"2396 - 2416\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-02-09\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Metals and Materials International\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Metals and Materials International","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12540-025-01890-2","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Microstructural Characterization, Residual Stress Evaluation and Deformation Behaviour of Wire Arc Additive Manufactured Grade 91 Steel and Monel 400 Bimetallic Components
This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical behavior of bimetallic components made from Grade 91 steel and Monel 400, fabricated using Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). The analysis revealed a tempered lath martensite structure in Grade 91 steel, enhanced by fine M23C6 carbides and MX-type precipitates, contributing to its high strength. Monel 400 exhibited uniform equiaxed grains, indicating good mechanical stability. At the bimetallic interface, a distinct boundary without defects was observed, suggesting a robust metallurgical bond. Residual stress analysis showed tensile stresses in Grade 91 steel and compressive stresses in Monel 400 due to their differing thermal properties. Tensile tests combined with Digital Image Correlation indicated that both materials retained their intrinsic ductility and strength, with localized strain leading to necking and ductile fracture. The bimetallic interface demonstrated improved mechanical properties and good bonding strength, validating WAAM’s efficacy in producing bimetallic structures. The study confirms that WAAM effectively produces bimetallic structures with enhanced mechanical properties, suitable for high-performance industrial applications such as heat exchangers and petrochemical, marine, and automotive industries.
期刊介绍：
Metals and Materials International publishes original papers and occasional critical reviews on all aspects of research and technology in materials engineering: physical metallurgy, materials science, and processing of metals and other materials. Emphasis is placed on those aspects of the science of materials that are concerned with the relationships among the processing, structure and properties (mechanical, chemical, electrical, electrochemical, magnetic and optical) of materials. Aspects of processing include the melting, casting, and fabrication with the thermodynamics, kinetics and modeling.
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