Investigation on Anisotropic Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti–6Al–4V Based on Cellular Automaton and CPFEM

IF 4 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Metals and Materials International Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI:10.1007/s12540-025-01902-1

Xingyu Chen, Jiwang Zhang, Liukui Hu, Dongdong Ji

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Abstract

To investigate the anisotropic behavior of Ti–6Al–4V alloys generated by Laser Engineering Net Shaping (LENS), a simulation process based on cellular automaton and crystal plasticity finite elements was established. The accuracy of the microstructural simulation based on Cellular Automaton was validated by Electron Backscatter Diffraction technology. Crystal orientation parameters were extracted from cellular automaton model simulations and a representative volume element (RVE) was constructed. Based on the experimentally observed α + β dual-phase microstructure, the α + β morphology was generated in the RVE (Representative Volume Element) using the Burgers Orientation Relationship. The mechanical behavior and properties of RVE were predicted using the crystal plasticity finite element model, and the accuracy of the simulation process was verified through experiments. RVE with different α phase volume fractions and equiaxed grains were established for crystal plasticity finite element simulations. The results indicate that the Ti–6Al–4V alloy produced by LENS exhibits anisotropic behavior and properties. Higher tensile strength and elastic modulus are demonstrated by the alloy at a 45°direction. The tensile strength of the sample along the build direction is the lowest, yet exhibits the highest ductility. The alloy's plasticity is reduced when subjected to loading perpendicular to the direction of the columnar grains. Additionally, stress concentration along the grain boundaries is increased, leading to easier nucleation and propagation of cracks near these boundaries. A linear increase in tensile strength with α phase volume fraction is demonstrated.

Graphical Abstract

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基于元胞自动机和CPFEM的增材制造Ti-6Al-4V各向异性行为研究

为了研究激光工程网络成形（LENS）制备Ti-6Al-4V合金的各向异性行为，建立了基于元胞自动机和晶体塑性有限元的模拟过程。利用电子后向散射衍射技术验证了基于元胞自动机的微结构模拟的准确性。从元胞自动机模型仿真中提取晶体取向参数，构建具有代表性的体积元。基于实验观察到的α + β双相微观结构，利用Burgers取向关系在RVE （Representative Volume Element）中生成α + β形态。利用晶体塑性有限元模型对RVE的力学行为和性能进行了预测，并通过实验验证了仿真过程的准确性。建立了具有不同α相体积分数和等轴晶的RVE，进行了晶体塑性有限元模拟。结果表明：LENS制备的Ti-6Al-4V合金表现出各向异性行为和性能。合金在45°方向上具有较高的抗拉强度和弹性模量。试样沿构建方向的抗拉强度最低，但具有最高的延性。在垂直于柱状晶粒方向的载荷作用下，合金的塑性降低。此外，沿晶界的应力集中增加，导致裂纹在晶界附近更容易形核和扩展。拉伸强度随α相体积分数的增加呈线性增长。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Metals and Materials International 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

8.60%

发文量

197

审稿时长

3.7 months

期刊介绍： Metals and Materials International publishes original papers and occasional critical reviews on all aspects of research and technology in materials engineering: physical metallurgy, materials science, and processing of metals and other materials. Emphasis is placed on those aspects of the science of materials that are concerned with the relationships among the processing, structure and properties (mechanical, chemical, electrical, electrochemical, magnetic and optical) of materials. Aspects of processing include the melting, casting, and fabrication with the thermodynamics, kinetics and modeling.