Metals and Materials International最新文献

{"title":"Fabrication, Characterization and Micro-machinability of Stir-Cast Al6061/GNPs + Mg Nanocomposite","authors":"Sunil Rawal, Harsh Prakash, Ajay M. Sidpara","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01780-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01780-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present work deals with the mechanical and microstructural characterization of Al6061/3 wt% Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) fabricated through the bottom pouring stir casting technique. Magnesium (Mg) as a wetting agent (1 wt%) was incorporated to reduce the aggregation and increase the uniform dispersion of GNPs in the matrix. The grain structure, microhardness, tensile strength, and fractured surfaces of Al6061-based nanocomposites were investigated to better understand the effect of GNPs on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the manufactured specimens. The microchannels were machined using a 500 µm TiSiN-coated carbide end mill tool. The machinability analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of micromachining parameters on surface roughness, burr formation, and cutting force during dry machining. An image processing method was used to analyze the slot and burr widths of the fabricated microchannels. The measurements were acquired by a user-defined subroutine using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The SEM micrographs revealed the dendritic microstructures with reduced casting defects. The fabricated nanocomposite showed a 35% and 267% improvement in microhardness and ultimate tensile strength, respectively. SEM fractograph of the nanocomposite revealed a mixed-mode ductile–brittle failure mechanism. The optimum machining condition displayed a 52% and 36% decrease in feed force <span>(left( {F_{y} } right))</span> and surface roughness <span>(left( {R_{a} } right))</span>, respectively, compared to the lowest process parameter. Optimum parameters revealed a 78% decrease in up-milling side burrs and a 54% improvement in slot width compared to the lowest process parameter. ANOVA results revealed feed rate as a significant factor, which contributed 83% and 93% in thrust force <span>(left( {F_{z} } right))</span> and <span>(R_{a})</span>, respectively. Material adhesion and abrasion were identified as the primary tool wear mechanisms.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Zn Content and Homogenization Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of Mg-9Y-xZn Alloys","authors":"Ruizhi Zhang, Xiaojie Zhou, Ming Li, Xianzheng Lu, Xiaomin Chen, Xiaotong Pang, Jiahao Li, Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01781-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01781-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, the effect of Zn content and homogenization treatment on the mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of the Mg-Y-Zn alloys was systematically investigated. When the Zn content in the as-cast alloys is increased to 3%, the Mg₂₄Y₅ eutectic phases disappear and the lamellar LPSO phases increase significantly. In the as-homogenized alloys, the Mg₂₄Y₅ eutectic phases are not detected and a large number of intragranular lamellar LPSO phases appear. The LPSO volume fraction decreases gradually with the extension of homogenization holding time. Numerous lamellar phases are precipitated in the furnace-cooling samples. The alloys with a higher interdendritic LPSO volume fraction (WZ93) or containing fine lamellar LPSO phases (H-6#) exhibit better mechanical properties. The continuous interdendritic secondary phases can act as a corrosion barrier to block the intrusion of corrosive fluid, but the lamellar LPSO phases are conducive to the corrosive fluid into the interior of the substrate. The H-3# alloy with numerous lamellar LPSO phases exhibits the worst corrosion resistance, while the WZ92 alloy with more continuous LPSO phases shows better corrosion resistance. This work indicates that the mechanical and corrosion properties can be improved by modulating the volume fraction and morphology of LPSO phases.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"279 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Different Ultrasonic Power on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ZL205A/TiB2 Composite Materials","authors":"Jingchuan Tang, Mohd Zaidi Omar, Ripeng Jiang, Intan Fadhlina Mohamed, Anqing Li","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01784-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01784-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-energy ultrasound plays an important role in enhancing the uniform distribution of reinforcing particles inside the composites. In this work, the effect of different ultrasonic power (0–1000 W) on the solidification microstructure and mechanical properties of 2.0 wt% ZL205A/TiB₂ composites was investigated. The experimental results show that, within a certain range, the increase of ultrasonic power can refine the grain size, reduce the TiB₂ particle agglomeration, and enhance the mechanical properties of composites. The grain size was reduced from 93 μm (0 W) to 49 μm (800 W), and the tensile strength (UTS) was increased from 186.5 to 230.6 MPa, respectively, a relative increase of 47.3%. However, when the ultrasonic power reaches 1000 W, the microstructure of the composites is deteriorated, the grain size is coarse, and the mechanical properties are reduced. This indicates that high ultrasonic power is not conducive to the further optimization of composite microstructure. Based on the experimental results, the mechanisms of ultrasonic power on the microstructure of the composite materials have been discussed in detail. Furthermore, the quantitative relationships between ultrasonic power and sound pressure (P), the intensity density (I), the acoustic impulse velocity (v), and amplitude (A) was established, which played an important theoretical guidance role for the preparation of metal matrix composite materials during industrial application with ultrasonic treatment.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3><p>The main objective of this work is to explore the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZL205A/TiB₂ composite materials under the influence of different ultrasonic powers. The lattice matching relationship between TiB₂ reinforcement particles and the aluminum matrix is revealed, and the changes in acoustic energy density, sound pressure intensity, and ultrasonic amplitude under different ultrasonic powers are quantitatively analyzed.</p>\u0000","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Single Aging Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ultra-Thin 18Ni-300 Maraging Steel","authors":"Kanghyun Park, Byungchan Cho, Jaiyoung Cho, Kang Il Oh, Sung Yong Ha, Sung Hwan Hong, Byeongdeok Lee, Chanho Lee, Gian Song","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01782-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01782-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to improve the performance of snow tires for automobiles, it is important to develop Kerf with an ultra-thin thickness under 0.4 mm. However, the reduced thickness requires further improved mechanical properties, such as strength, ductility and toughness. Therefore, we investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties by adjusting aging treatment conditions regarding 18Ni-300 maraging steel samples with an ultra-thin thickness of 0.4 mm, which were fabricated using the additive manufacturing technique, powder bed fusion (PBF) method. The microstructural analysis was performed using scanning-electron-microscope (SEM), electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD) and transmission-electron-microscope (TEM). The mechanical properties were evaluated using the universal testing machine (UTM) with a strain rate of 1 × 10^− 3 s^− 1. It was found that after a single aging treatment without solution treatment, the microstructural evolutions, such as the formation of nano-precipitate and variation of volume fraction of reverted austenite were observed, which affect the strength and ductility, respectively. More specifically, the highest tensile strength of 1933.9 MPa was achieved in the sample aged at 480 ℃ for 3 h, whereas the maximum strain of 7.53% was obtained in the sample aged at 560 ℃ for 6 h. As a result, we report the aging treatment strategy to control the microstructure which can optimize the mechanical properties in the ultra-thin samples.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Microdefect on Mechanical Behaviors of CX Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting","authors":"Xiaojie Zhao, Kai Zhao, Yang Gao, Dongdong Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01740-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01740-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a high-strength maraging stainless steel (CX stainless steel) was prepared using selective laser melting (SLM) technology. Solution aging was employed to enhance the microstructure and mechanical properties of the printed part. The heterogeneous microstructures of CX steel were studied, which mainly consisted of martensitic laths with high-density dislocations and numerous cellular substructures. Precipitation of NiAl with an average particle size of 12 nm and the occurrence of alumina inclusions with an average size of about 70 nm were observed. A high ultimate tensile strength of 1647 MPa, micro-hardness of 520 HV_0.2 and a good elongation of 8.9% was achieved for CX stainless steel. Moreover, the strengthening mechanism and crack propagation law are analyzed from the perspective of microdefects, such as fine grains, high density dislocations, cellular structure, nano-precipitates and inclusions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphic abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling Thermal and Athermal Effects in Strain Hardening Removal of A6061 Aluminum Alloy","authors":"Xiaoming Yu, Shaojie Gu, Guodong Wang, Yasuhiro Kimura, Yang Ju, Yuhki Toku","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01778-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01778-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explored the application of a high-density pulsed electric current (HDPEC) to mitigate strain hardening in a cold-rolled A6061 aluminum alloy while examining the simultaneous application of HDPEC with furnace heating to reveal the contributions of thermal and athermal effects. The results showed that significant strain-hardening relief was achieved through the HDPEC treatment, particularly at 300 A/mm² for 260 ms, resulting in a 23% reduction in strength and an 86% increase in ductility. Microstructural analysis revealed a shift to fine and equiaxed grains with reduced dislocation density, which was primarily attributed to thermal effects. HDPEC annealing exhibits superior efficiency compared to the conventional annealing treatment, offering cost and time advantages. In addition, this study validated the synergistic impact of HDPEC and furnace heating, with furnace heating supplementing energy requirements, facilitating practical HDPEC implementation. These findings suggest that the HDPEC method and the combined method with conventional heating are promising alternatives for strain-hardening alleviation in A6061 aluminum alloy manufacturing, supporting the development of an eco-friendly and efficient process.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First-Principles Study on H Traps at the Interface Between Carbides and α-Fe with Alloy Elements","authors":"Tianlun Tan, Lei Sun, Yingjin Cheng, Jianxin Huang, Hao Wang","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01769-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01769-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The trapping behavior of hydrogen atoms at the interfaces between different precipitated carbides (TiC, VC and NbC) and ferrite matrix under alloying elements (Mn, Cr, Mo, Cu, Ni and Si) are studied by first-principles method. The trapping ability of different interface traps are quantitatively compared by analyzing the segregation energies of hydrogen atoms. The trapping ability of mismatched dislocation cores and their intersections is stronger than that of coherent interfaces. The orders of H trapping ability of the carbides in different interface traps are discussed. It is found that the addition of alloy elements leads to an increasement in the segregation energy relative to their corresponding sites in the clean interface, except for Cu addition in VC/Fe and TiC/Fe and Ni in VC/Fe Fe-on-C configurations.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Cr and Mn in High Temperature Oxidation of Cantor Alloy","authors":"Ranjit Kumar Dehury, Abhay Gautam, Nisha Hiralal Makani, Rupak Banerjee","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01770-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01770-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High entropy alloys have emerged recently as promising candidates for high-temperature applications. This study explores the detailed oxidation behavior of CoCrFeMnNi alloy by using a combination of in-situ, short-duration and long-duration high-temperature exposure up to 1000 ^⁰C. The study reveals Cr and Mn played a significant role in the oxidation/passivation of the alloy. It was found that Cr enhanced the oxidation resistance, especially by limiting oxygen diffusion and was quite effective up to 600 ^⁰C. However, at higher temperatures, Mn continuously diffuses towards the surface and forms a poorly adherering oxide scale. Study on CoCrFeNi and CoFeMnNi alloys to investigate the roles of Cr and Mn individually revealed that under similar conditions, CoCrFeNi had a relatively continuous and less spalled oxide layer with better adherence to the alloy compared to cantor alloy. However, compared to Cr-containing alloys, the CoFeMnNi alloy did not have a continuous, well-adhering, non-protective oxide layer making the alloy prone to severe and faster oxidation. Same was apparent from significant internal oxidation, the appearance of massive cracks, and voids. Before and after the oxidation, CoCrFeMnNi and CoCrFeNi were single-phase fcc structures while CoFeMnNi decomposed into a two-phase alloy due to significant uptake of oxygen. Prolonged oxidation and molten-state studies revealed that the oxidation behaviour of HEAs is a thermodynamic-driven process, and CoCrFeMnNi is expected to gradually lose Mn to surface oxide followed by migration of Co, Ni and Fe, which otherwise hardly migrated or participated in the oxidation process. High-temperature heat treatment in vacuum confirmed that the migration to the surface was driven by its oxidation at the surface.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Energy State and Plasticity of Relaxed Cu49Hf42Al9 Bulk Metallic Glass by Rejuvenation","authors":"P. Jia, J. Q. Liu, J. Z. Wang, E. G. Wang, W. H. Zhou, Y. Li","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01765-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01765-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rejuvenation has been considered to be an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of metallic glass. Herein, the effect of two rejuvenation methods, by enthalpy relaxation and through cryogenic thermal cycling (CTC) treatment, on the mechanical properties and energy state of a relaxed Cu₄₉Hf₄₂Al₉ bulk metallic glass (BMG) is investigated. It is revealed that the method of rejuvenation by enthalpy relaxation is applicable to the present relaxed metallic glass system, where the energy state is lifted to a higher one from the relaxed state and the compressive plasticity surpasses that of the as-cast MG after rejuvenation. The CTC treatment can also recover the compressive plasticity of the relaxed MG even though only with a slight increase in the energy state. The combination of the above two methods, however, shows an unexpectedly stronger rejuvenation effect in the relaxed Cu₄₉Hf₄₂Al₉ BMG, where the energy state of the optimally rejuvenated sample is comparable to that of the as-cast sample and the compressive plasticity of the optimally rejuvenated sample is more than twice and six times that of the as-cast sample and the relaxed sample, respectively. Our results show that a significant rejuvenation effect can be achieved by combining two or more rejuvenation methods, which opens a new route to tailor the properties of MGs.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heated-Stage Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering for Quantification of Precipitate Fields and Their Evolution During Process Simulation of AA7050","authors":"Alyssa Stubbers, Thomas John Balk","doi":"10.1007/s12540-024-01763-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-024-01763-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optimization of properties in certain metallic materials relies on the ability to leverage precipitation strengthening effects via application of appropriate processing techniques, including heat treatment, to control precipitate morphologies. Traditional methods to monitor precipitate growth during heat treatment employ post-quench microscopy and hardness measurement, but these have limited ability to monitor small-scale or incremental changes in precipitate morphology that are relevant to material property profiles. Laboratory-scale small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques in combination with heated-stage capability represent a novel approach for improved understanding of microstructural evolution and design of heat treatment schedules, by enabling analysis with high spatial resolution and time-dependent information. In the current study, heated-stage SAXS experiments were used to recreate four heat treatments on AA7050-T7451 alloys and successfully monitor precipitate growth over a temperature range of 160–220 ℃, with hold times of 0–120 min. SAXS measurements indicated precipitate diameters ranging from 7.1 to 9.8 nm, with increased precipitate growth corresponding to higher temperatures and longer hold times. Precipitate volume fraction and calculated hardness values ranged from 1.3 to 2.9% and 78–94 HRB. Results from this work indicate that laboratory-based SAXS is a highly accurate method for measurements at the nanometer length scale, as well as high temporal resolution, and this approach lends itself to both room temperature and high-temperature precipitate quantification, potentially eliminating the need for time- and resource-intensive synchrotron-based SAXS for precipitate analysis. Additionally, laboratory-based SAXS can facilitate a more accessible and economical investigation that is particularly beneficial for process design and analysis where higher-volume testing is required.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142213659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}