Metals and Materials International最新文献

{"title":"Fundamentals and Applications of High Angular Resolution EBSD in Metallic Materials","authors":"Sumaira Sadiq,&nbsp;Dain Choi,&nbsp;Tae-Yang Kwak,&nbsp;Tae-Jin Lee,&nbsp;Tea-Sung Jun","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02187-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02187-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) represents a significant advancement over conventional EBSD, offering two orders of magnitude greater precision in measuring lattice strain and rotation. By replacing the Hough transform with a robust cross-correlation analysis of Kikuchi diffraction patterns, HR-EBSD achieves an angular resolution of approximately 0.0001 radians. This enhanced sensitivity enables the direct quantification of the elastic deformation gradient tensor, which can be decomposed to map residual stress fields with a precision of ~ 20 MPa and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) densities with a noise floor as low as 10¹²/m². This article reviews the fundamental principles of HR-EBSD, highlighting its key distinctions from conventional EBSD. It further explores its primary applications in metallic materials, including the detailed characterization of GND structures, the measurement of micro-scale residual stresses for fracture mechanics. Practical challenges and the theoretical underpinnings of strain and dislocation analysis are also discussed, establishing HR-EBSD as an indispensable tool for linking microstructural features to macroscopic mechanical behavior.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3639 - 3657"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Temperature Flow Behavior of Sub and Super Solvus Heterogenized Medium Alloyed Nickel Base Superalloy","authors":"P. Mahesh,&nbsp;S. S. Satheesh Kumar,&nbsp;I. Balasundar,&nbsp;C. Vanitha","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02179-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02179-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Medium alloyed nickel-base superalloy DMR SN 742 was subjected to heterogenization in the sub- and super-solvus region. Microstructural characterization on the heterogenized material revealed the presence of multimodal distribution of γ′ precipitates in both cases however, substantially coarser and widely distributed γ′ precipitates was found in super-solvus heterogenized material. The hot-deformation behavior of both heterogenized materials was evaluated by employing isothermal hot compression experiments in sub-solvus regime at various temperatures (900 ℃–1075 °C) and strain rates (0.001–1/s). Super-solvus heterogenized material exhibited relatively lower resistance to deformation relative to sub-solvus heterogenized material. Based on the flow curves, a mechanistic state diagram correlating temperature-compensated strain rate ‘Z’ against salient strain components (critical strain (ε_c), peak strain (ε_p), etc.) has been established to clearly demarcate different regimes of metallurgical phenomena taking place which can be used to design suitable thermomechanical processing schemes. Microstructural investigations on the compressed sub-solvus heterogenized material revealed a number of defects, including shear bands, cavities and wedge cracks along with a few fine dynamic recrystallized (DRX) grains, while the deformation of super-solvus heterogenized was defect free with higher amount of recrystallized grains for similar processing conditions. The apparent activation energy for deformation and the critical strain required for DRX initiation were observed to be less in super-solvus heterogenized material. The differences in the deformation behavior of the heterogenized materials were correlated to the difference in the microstructural features especially the γ′ precipitate size, volume fraction and their distribution which control Zener drag and DRX kinetics. Microstructural evidence identified a wide stable domain for the super-solvus condition and a narrower one for the sub-solvus condition, defining an optimum processing window with direct industrial forging relevance. Post-deformation analysis showed that the γ′ phase remains thermally stable in the super-solvus heterogenized material, while deformation-assisted secondary γ′ formation was observed in sub-solvus heterogenized material, affecting DRX behavior.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3850 - 3872"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Off-Stoichiometric (Ni39.6Co29.3Cr10Al15.8Ta3.3Nb2)98.5B1.5 Chemically Complex Intermetallic Alloy","authors":"Ahmad Ostovari Moghaddam,&nbsp;Seyedsaeed Mehrabi-Kalajahi,&nbsp;Ibrokhimi Ashurali Solizoda,&nbsp;Morteza Alizadeh,&nbsp;Alexei Vagov","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02184-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02184-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Off-stoichiometric boron-doped chemically complex intermetallic alloys (CCIMAs) have recently emerged as a new avenue for overcoming the low temperature brittleness of ordered superlattices. However, their behavior at high temperatures remains unexplored. In this study, a novel (Ni_39.6Co_29.3Cr₁₀Al_15.8Ta_3.3Nb₂)_98.5B_1.5 CCIMA was prepared and its oxidation resistance over a wide temperature range (500 ℃ –950 °C) was studied. The sample exhibited a dual-phase microstructure consisting of ordered L1₂ grains and a disordered Cr-rich BCC phase at the grain boundaries. The CCIMA sample demonstrated outstanding oxidation resistance at 500 °C, 750 °C, and 950 °C, showing no signs of pest oxidation and exhibiting low mass gain rates of 8.05 × 10^− 5 mg²cm^− 4h^− 1, 8.97 × 10^− 5 mg²cm^− 4h^− 1 and 5.39 × 10^− 4 mg²cm^− 4h^− 1, respectively. At temperatures above 700 °C, Al₂O₃ and CrTaO₄ oxide layers formed on the surface, significantly hindering further oxidation of the sample. This study demonstrates how chemical composition can be exploited to synergistically develop protective oxide layers on the surface of CCIMAs.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3767 - 3775"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Second Nearest-Neighbor Modified Embedded-Atom Method Interatomic Potentials for Pt/Pd-Based Ternary Systems","authors":"Donghyuk Seol,&nbsp;Byeong-Joo Lee","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02188-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02188-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alloying noble metals such as Pt and Pd with transition metals is a widely employed strategy for enhancing the performance and stability of nanoparticle catalysts. To establish a computational framework for systematically examining those alloying effects, interatomic potentials were developed for the Al–Cu binary system and for Pt- and Pd-based ternary systems (Pt–M₁–M₂ or Pd–M₁–M₂, M = Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, Ti, V) within the second-nearest-neighbor modified embedded-atom method formalism. The Al–Cu potential was optimized against DFT-predicted formation energies, lattice parameters, and bulk moduli, in addition to experimentally measured solid-solution lattice parameters and liquid enthalpies of mixing. The ternary potentials were constructed using a similarity-based averaging scheme and validated against DFT calculations. Using the developed potentials, off-lattice kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were performed to compare the degradation behavior of PtNi and Pt₂NiCu nanoparticles. The results show that Pt₂NiCu nanoparticles dissolve substantially more slowly than PtNi, primarily due to Cu’s higher oxidation resistance and its ability to suppress interlayer diffusion. Beyond this case study, the developed potentials can be broadly applied to investigate the durability and atomic-scale degradation behavior of a wide range of multicomponent Pt- and Pd-based alloys. </p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3802 - 3813"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving excellent combination of tensile ductility, stretch formability, and creep property in AZ31 Mg sheet via twin-roll casting","authors":"Chun Xi,&nbsp;Sijia Hu,&nbsp;Wanshun Zhang,&nbsp;Lifei Wang,&nbsp;Liuwei Zheng,&nbsp;Qinghuan Huo","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02160-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02160-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>It is a long-term contradiction for room-temperature ductility/formability and high-temperature creep strength in Mg alloys. For the sake of solving this problem without adding high-cost rare-earth elements, this study proposes using twin-roll casting (TRC) method for preparing commercial AZ31 Mg alloy. Common hot-rolling (HR) and recently popular cross-rolling (CR) methods are also performed for comparisons. The results reveal that the TRC sample owns the best synergy of room-temperature plasticity and high-temperature strength. Specifically, the weak rolling texture increases the Schmid factors for basal slip and promotes the ductility/formability of TRC sample. Meanwhile, the obvious solute segregation strengthens the grain boundaries and enhances the creep strength of TRC sample. Inversely, the strong rolling texture induces the poor ductility/formability of HR sample and the lack of solute segregation fails in enhancing the creep strength of CR sample. Therefore, the weak texture and the solute segregation are unveiled to be the two important factors for tailoring the room-temperature ductility/formability and high-temperature creep strength in the TRC-processed Mg alloys. The TRC method is expected to be widely utilized in producing Mg sheets with excellent comprehensive mechanical properties.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 10","pages":"3364 - 3378"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of C and Ti Additions on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CrMnFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloy","authors":"Sunghyuk Jang,&nbsp;Sang-Hwa Lee,&nbsp;Seonghyun Park,&nbsp;Jae-Gil Jung","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02175-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02175-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of the addition of C and Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy. As-cast CrMnFeCoNi alloys with and without C/Ti exhibit a face-centered cubic (FCC) single-phase microstructure with coarse grains and elemental segregation. The addition of C and Ti reduces the secondary dendrite arm spacing in the as-cast alloy. The as-cast CrMnFeCoNi alloy contains Mn or Mn/Cr oxide inclusions, whereas the C/Ti-added alloy contains Ti oxide inclusions. The addition of C and Ti induced the formation of TiC precipitates during solidification, thereby increasing the hardness of the as-cast alloy. Annealing the C/Ti-added alloy at 800 °C resulted in the formation of Cr₂₃C₆ and TiC precipitates at various locations such as grain boundaries, inclusion interfaces, and the FCC matrix. Crystallographic analysis shows that rectangular Cr₂₃C₆ precipitates with {220} facets exhibit a cube-on-cube orientation relationship (OR) with the FCC matrix. The plate-shaped TiC precipitates on {200} habit planes exhibit specific ORs with coherent and semicoherent interfaces in the FCC matrix. The hardness and compressive yield strength of the C/Ti-added alloy improved significantly after annealing, which is primarily due to the precipitation strengthening of the plate-shaped TiC precipitates.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3752 - 3766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Deformation Behavior of Lightweight Stainless Steels: Role of Al and Solution Treatment","authors":"Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Guanghui Chen,&nbsp;Nuoteng Xu,&nbsp;Guang Xu,&nbsp;Xiangliang Wan,&nbsp;Fuqiang Lv,&nbsp;Guoqing Luan,&nbsp;Junyu Tian","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02190-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02190-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the effects of Al addition and solution treatment at 1180 °C on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-12Cr-5Ni-0.4 C-6Mn -(0,4)Al economical stainless steel. In both experimental steels, a reticulated carbide network was initially present. After solution treatment, the carbides were completely dissolved and austenite grains were obviously coarser. However, the addition of Al refined the austenite grains and promoted the transformation from a fully austenitic microstructure to an austenite-ferrite duplex structure. Additionally, the ferrite fraction decreased after solution treatment. In Al-free steel, the primary deformation mechanism was identified as deformation-induced α’-martensitic transformation, which became partially suppressed after solution treatment. In contrast, Al addition increased the stacking fault energy (SFE), shifting the dominant deformation mechanism to mechanical twinning. The elongation of Al-added steel was significantly enhanced due to the increased formation of mechanical twins after 30 min of solution treatment. Furthermore, in the as-forged condition, the presence of pre-existing carbides in Al-free steel resulted in lower Charpy impact absorbed energy, whereas Al-added steel exhibited even lower impact energy due to the presence of ferrite. Nevertheless, after solution treatment at 1180 °C, the formation of α’-martensite in Al-free steel and mechanical twins in Al-added steel improved crack propagation resistance, thereby enhancing the toughness of both steels.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3672 - 3686"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-shot Peening Performance of Flexspline Steel Specimens Using Novel Tungsten Alloy Micro-particles: Comparative Analysis with Traditional Media","authors":"Jiansheng Liu,&nbsp;Kunlun Ni,&nbsp;Feifei Zhang,&nbsp;Kai He,&nbsp;Hui Xu","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02170-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02170-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study utilized novel tungsten alloy micro-particles fabricated via the cost-effective Blasting Erosion Arc Machining (BEAM) technology to perform micro-shot peening on flexspline steel specimens. A systematic comparison was conducted with traditional atomized cast steel and ceramic micro-particles, evaluating key performance indicators such as surface topography, roughness, micro-hardness distribution, residual stress fields, X-ray diffraction phase analysis, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micro-structural characterization. The influence of peening intensity on surface strengthening was also investigated. The results indicate that tungsten alloy micro-shot peening achieves a surface roughness of <i>Ra</i> 1.216 μm, a maximum residual compressive stress of  −733 MPa and a compressive stress depth of 110 μm. It also yields a superior surface hardness of 471.2 HV and a hardened layer depth of 135 μm, while maintaining excellent surface integrity. Microstructural analysis reveals refined subsurface grains with an average size of 0.4 μm, a high dislocation density of 3.756×10¹⁵ m⁻², and a kernel average misorientation (KAM) of 0.73°, significantly exceeding the results obtained with both comparative media. TEM observations further confirm the formation of nanograins in the top surface layer. Gradient experiments on peening intensity demonstrate a systematic enhanement in strengthening effects across both mechanical properties and micro-structural characteristics with increasing intensity, offering practical insights for optimizing process parameters. These findings collectively underscore the superiority of tungsten alloy micro-particles over cast steel and ceramic micro-particles in enhancing surface mechanical properties and micro-structural refinement. Consequently, BEAM-fabricated tungsten-alloy micro-particles combine economical production with high performance, demonstrating significant promise for industrial surface enhancement applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><picture><source><img></source></picture><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 10","pages":"3487 - 3510"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid Surface Composites of WE43 Magnesium Alloy Reinforced with TiB2 and Graphene Nanoplatelets via Friction Stir Processing","authors":"Ufuk Taşcı,&nbsp;Taha Alper Yılmaz,&nbsp;Halil Karakoç,&nbsp;Hanifi Çinici,&nbsp;Bülent Bostan","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02177-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02177-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents the fabrication and comprehensive characterization of WE43 magnesium alloy-based hybrid surface composites reinforced with titanium diboride (TiB₂) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) through friction stir processing (FSP). Microstructural examinations revealed pronounced grain refinement and homogeneous dispersion of reinforcements within the stir zone. Among the fabricated systems, the composite containing 8 wt% TiB₂ and 2 wt% GNP exhibited the most superior performance, achieving a ~ 65% increase in microhardness and a ~ 22% improvement in strain energy absorption compared with the base alloy. Tribological evaluation demonstrated a substantial reduction in wear volume (from ~ 1300 to ~ 750 mm³) and a decrease in the coefficient of friction (from 0.45 to 0.26). SEM/EDS analyses further indicated a transition from severe delamination- and abrasion-dominated wear in the base alloy to predominantly mild oxidative wear in the hybrid composites. These findings confirm the synergistic strengthening and lubricating contributions of ceramic and carbonaceous nanofillers, establishing hybrid reinforcement via FSP as an effective strategy to simultaneously enhance the mechanical robustness and tribological stability of rare-earth Mg alloys. The developed WE43-based hybrid composites are thus promising candidates for aerospace, automotive, and biomedical applications where lightweight yet wear-resistant materials are essential.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 11","pages":"3955 - 3978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149176574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hot Corrosion Behavior and Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Haynes 230 Weldments in a Mixed Molten Salt Environment","authors":"Zizhen Yang,&nbsp;Siyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Lingling Fan,&nbsp;Yanyan Huang,&nbsp;Qiang Xiao,&nbsp;Qiquan Cheng,&nbsp;Tao Huang,&nbsp;Xiaowu Luo,&nbsp;Qinghua Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s12540-025-02172-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12540-025-02172-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The hot corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloy Haynes 230 welded joints exposed to a molten salt environment of 75 wt% Na₂SO₄ + 25 wt% NaCl under 850 °C is investigated, with analyses on microstructural evolution and local mechanical properties under different corrosion durations. The results indicate that surface corrosion intensifies with increasing corrosion time, characterised by pronounced delamination, exfoliation, cracks, and pores. The measured corrosion depth in the base metal (BM) increases from 20.6 μm at 1 h to 52.5 μm at 50 h, before decreasing to 33.8 μm at 150 h, while in the weld metal (WM) it increases from 16.5 μm to 35.0 μm and then decreases to 28.6 μm. The primary corrosion products include Fe₂O₃, Cr₂O_3, NiO, CrS, and NiCr₂O₄. The corrosion in the base metal propagates along equiaxed grain boundaries, while in the weld metal it extends in a columnar form along dendritic boundaries. The hot corrosion process is driven by a synergistic interaction of oxidation, sulphidation, and chlorination, exhibiting characteristics of intense corrosion evolution in the early stage and continuous corrosion evolution in the later stage. Prolonged exposure leads to the formation of a double-layer oxide scale with a certain thickness and protective function. Microhardness tests show that near-surface hardness dropped by over 20% after 150 h, from 186.9 to 143.4 HV in BM and from 192.6 to 125.1 HV in WM, while the internal matrix remained stable (187.1 HV for BM and 197.5 HV for WM), indicating a corrosion penetration depth of about 70 μm. Nanoscratch tests further reveal that corrosion reduced resistance to plastic deformation, with scratch depths increasing from about 2000 nm in uncorroded samples to 4400 nm after 150 h, accompanied by a transition of wear mechanism from cutting to ploughing.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":703,"journal":{"name":"Metals and Materials International","volume":"32 10","pages":"3511 - 3533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148950445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}