Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"Machine learning in concrete durability: challenges and pathways identified by RILEM TC 315-DCS towards enhanced predictive models","authors":"Woubishet Zewdu Taffese,&nbsp;Benoît Hilloulin,&nbsp;Yury Villagran Zaccardi,&nbsp;Afshin Marani,&nbsp;Moncef L. Nehdi,&nbsp;Muhammad Usman Hanif,&nbsp;Muralidhar Kamath,&nbsp;Sandra Nunes,&nbsp;Stefanie von Greve-Dierfeld,&nbsp;Antonios Kanellopoulos","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02664-3","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02664-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This review provides an in-depth examination of machine learning applications in assessing concrete durability from 2013 to 2024, with a particular focus on critical degradation mechanisms, including carbonation, chloride-induced deterioration, sulfate attack, frost damage, shrinkage, and corrosion. It underscores the field’s heavy reliance on laboratory-based data and notes the limited use of field data and the scarcity of newly generated datasets. The review reveals that most studies utilize existing literature-based datasets, with few contributing novel data and limited open access to these databases, which hampers broader validation and application. The review classifies the features analyzed in studies into categories such as mixture proportions, engineering properties, exposure conditions, test parameters, and chemical compositions, highlighting a growing emphasis on chemical compositions. Modeling approaches are predominantly standalone, though ensemble and hybrid models are increasingly prevalent, with ensemble models showing particularly strong performance in recent years. High accuracy is observed across studies, with ensemble models, neural networks, and hybrid models leading in performance. Furthermore, the review stresses the growing importance of model explainability, noting that model-agnostic methods like SHAP are frequently used and that the focus on explainability has increased. To propel the field forward, the review advocates for the development of diverse new datasets that include both the chemical and physical properties of various mix ingredients and improved data-sharing practices. It recommends adopting a multi-task learning approach to simultaneously address multiple deterioration mechanisms, which can yield deeper insights and support the creation of more durable concrete structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02664-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metakaolin-based geopolymer matrix formulations for higher strength and thermal stability","authors":"Ruy A. Sa Ribeiro,&nbsp;Marilene G. Sa Ribeiro,&nbsp;Devon M. Samuel,&nbsp;Ali Ozer,&nbsp;Prapassorn Numkiatsakul,&nbsp;Waltraud M. Kriven","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02670-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02670-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The need for sustainable and high-performance construction materials has led to the development of novel geopolymer matrices. This project aims to create an optimized, highly reactive, metakaolin-based geopolymer matrix for sustainable construction materials. The study involved mixing and optimizing commercial alkali silicates and metakaolin to enhance strength, stability, and durability. The goal was to maximize the flexural strength of the geopolymer matrix using one type of commercial metakaolin (MK), seven commercial waterglass formulations with varying water content, and a single, low-energy geopolymer processing method. The findings show that geopolymer matrices with charge-balancing potassium ions and 11 mol of water, and two formulations with charge-balancing sodium ions and 13 mol of water, resulted in the highest strengths (5.9–7.7–8.1 MPa on average), lower porosity, and reduced thermal degradation. These findings have practical applications in reducing the environmental impact of traditional construction materials. By utilizing metakaolin and commercial alkali silicates, the research enhances the mechanical properties of the geopolymer and promotes the use of industrial by-products. The low-energy processing method aligns with sustainability principles by minimizing energy consumption. The resulting geopolymer composites exhibit superior strength, durability, and thermal resistance, making them suitable for sustainable ceramics and construction materials. This research contributes to the development of eco-friendly construction solutions, promoting a sustainable and resilient built environment. Its significance lies in its holistic approach to optimizing geopolymer matrices for enhanced performance and sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02670-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing microstructural properties and chloride resistance of seawater-mixed steel fiber-reinforced mortars through glass powder modification","authors":"Xiaowen Zhang,&nbsp;Jian-Xin Lu,&nbsp;Chi Sun Poon","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02669-y","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02669-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates how glass powder modification enhances steel fiber-reinforced mortar (SFRM) performance in marine environments, with focus on microstructural properties and chloride resistance. We developed a customized image segmentation technique that combines K-means clustering with concentric strip analysis to characterize the fiber–matrix interface. Results showed that replacing 25% of cement with glass powder reduced the interfacial transition zone thickness from 45 to 35 μm and decreased surface porosity from 95 to 85% after 28-d curing. The pozzolanic reactions generated additional C–S–H phases and modified phase assemblages, enhancing chloride resistance and increasing interfacial microhardness by 183.3 MPa. During wet–dry testing, glass powder-modified specimens showed 15–25% lower chloride concentrations and delayed corrosion initiation by 3–6 cycles in seawater-mixed specimens. This work provides both a testing methodology for fiber–matrix interface analysis and practical guidelines for improving SFRM durability in marine construction through waste glass utilization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02669-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of colloidal aggregate structure in asphalt using dissipative particle dynamics","authors":"Dong Tang,&nbsp;Yongli Zhao,&nbsp;Jin Ran,&nbsp;Liting Yu,&nbsp;Long Cheng,&nbsp;Naitian Zhang","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02672-3","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02672-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The colloidal structure of asphalt plays a crucial role in determining mechanical and rheological properties, with asphaltene aggregation significantly affecting stability and performance. This study utilizes dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations to explore the effects of the chemical composition and content of the four main components—saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA)—on the aggregation behavior of asphaltenes, offering a novel approach to understanding microstructural regulation in asphalt systems. Coarse-grained models were constructed, and aggregation metrics, including the degree of aggregation (<i>A</i>_degree) and aggregate composition, were analyzed. The results show a strong positive correlation between asphaltene content and <i>A</i>_degree, while resins act as stabilizers, reducing aggregation. Variations in the chemical composition of asphaltenes reveal that asphaltene-phenol promotes aggregation, whereas asphaltene-pyrrole disperses it. Resin molecules such as trimethylbenzeneoxane and benzobisbenzothiophe exhibit contrasting effects on aggregation due to differences in self-interaction and adsorption capacities. Although aromatics and saturates have a minimal influence on <i>A</i>_degree, they significantly regulate aggregate composition, especially in promoting medium and large aggregates. These findings provide new insights into the molecular interactions governing the colloidal stability of asphalt, offering theoretical guidance for optimizing the composition of SARA fractions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of alkali-silica reaction within large-scale concrete by ultrasound non-collinear wave mixing","authors":"Devin Kumar,&nbsp;Jin-Yeon Kim,&nbsp;Caroline Fjeran,&nbsp;Lauren Stewart,&nbsp;Kimberly E. Kurtis,&nbsp;Laurence J. Jacobs","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02652-7","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02652-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Early detection of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) with nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is important for the monitoring of damage and assessment of repair performance, while effective NDE in large-scale reinforced concrete elements remains challenging. Nonlinear acoustic methods have shown promise for this application due to their sensitivity to the microscale damage characteristic of early-stage ASR. The objective of this investigation is to examine if a recently introduced NDE method employing ultrasonic non-collinear wave mixing may be used to detect and quantify internal ASR damage in large-scale reinforced concrete elements. Measured nonlinearity parameters from an undamaged concrete column are compared with those from reinforced and unreinforced concrete columns both experiencing ASR damage. This study incorporates corrections for attenuation and diffraction in the measured amplitudes of the mixed wave signals to allow for direct comparisons among the three columns, and at two different depths. The nonlinearity parameters measured for the undamaged and ASR-affected columns show clear differences, which are independently validated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultrasonic second harmonic wave generation (SHG) testing on an extracted core. While severities of damage at two depths were not clearly discernible by SEM, the nonlinearity metrics from both wave mixing and SHG measurements exhibit similar trends of higher nonlinearity at greater depths. These experimental results demonstrate that the non-collinear wave mixing technique is a promising NDE method for detecting and quantifying internal microscale damage in large-scale concrete members.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02652-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143896795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking clay’s potential: a comparative analysis of activation techniques for enhanced reactivity in SCMs","authors":"Isabel Pol Segura,&nbsp;Peter A. Jensen,&nbsp;Kiranmai Sanagavarapu,&nbsp;Wilson R. Leal da Silva","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02663-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02663-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Clays’ reactivity can be improved through different treatments that transform their crystalline structure into an amorphous state. This study compares thermal, mechanical, and chemical activation on three laboratory grade clays (kaolinite, halloysite and montmorillonite), investigating changes in particle morphology, composition, and evaluating their reactivity as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in composite cement through compressive strength tests. Across all activation methods, harsher conditions (higher temperatures, grinding times or acid contents) resulted in larger particle sizes and lower specific surface areas, reducing the clays’ degree of mineral amorphization and pozzolanic activity. All activated clays were tested with a 20% replacement of CEM I, a water-to-binder ratio of 0.5, and compared against a baseline of 100% CEM I mortar. Our findings indicate that thermal activation, particularly at 750 °C, is most effective for kaolinites and halloysites, resulting in an average 28-day compressive strength increase of 40% and 30%, respectively. For montmorillonite, mechanical activation with a ball-to-powder ratio of 10 and a duration of 75 min works best, yielding a 23% increase in the 28-day strength. While chemical activation of montmorillonite led to a 15% 28-day strength gain, thermal activation had no significant impact on its performance compared to 100% CEM I baseline. However, challenges related to the scalability and safety of chemical activation hinder its industrial application. Overall, this study provides new insights into optimizing activation methods based on clay mineralogy to improve strength performance as SCMs in composite cement, while promoting the utilization of clays that are currently deemed unsuitable for composite cement production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the range of texture parameters and design indicators of aggregates morphology in the wearing layer","authors":"Xiyin Liu,&nbsp;Tianxiang Bu,&nbsp;Siyu Chen,&nbsp;Tao Ma,&nbsp;Dong Yin,&nbsp;Xiaoming Huang,&nbsp;Hong Lin","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02654-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02654-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To investigate the range of texture parameters in the wearing layer and determine the morphological characteristics of aggregates, accelerated abrasion and angularity tests were conducted. Based on the texture parameters and skid resistance at different wearing degree, recommended values for optimal texture were identified. By analyzing the angular indices and texture parameters, the design parameters of aggregates were established. The results indicate that the texture depth of the spreading type wearing layer can be increased by up to 50% compared to the mixing type wearing layer. Greater texture depth or peak density is correlated with improved skid resistance. Kurtosis has the best predictive ability for the British Pendulum Number, with recommended values ranging from 2.26 to 3.74. The angularity and angle of repose were found to be reliable predictors of texture parameters, with recommended ranges of 0.91 to 0.93 for angularity, and 29.29° to 31.80° for angle of repose.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the hydration of clinker-reduced cementitious binders by 1H NMR relaxometry","authors":"Sarah Munsch,&nbsp;Wolfram Schmidt,&nbsp;Renata Lorenzoni,&nbsp;Melissa Telong,&nbsp;Lili Grobla,&nbsp;Robert Lauinger,&nbsp;Sabine Kruschwitz","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02632-x","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02632-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this paper, we demonstrate the value of <span>(^{1})</span>H NMR relaxometry for studying the hydration of clinker-reduced, climate-friendly cementitious binders. Our study includes white cement (WC), ordinary Portland cement (OPC), and samples incorporating reactive agro-waste based ashes and non-reactive biochars as supplementary cementitous materials (SCM). NMR measurements were performed over a period of up to 120 h during hydration with an echo time of 50 <span>(upmu)</span>s and a relatively large sample size of 20 mL. The results were compared to heat flow calorimetry (HFC) data, and a detailed comparison with literature data was performed for pure OPC and WC. The results show that time-resolved NMR measurements, especially the analysis of individual NMR signal components assigned to defined <span>(^{1})</span>H reservoirs, are effective for studying hydration processes. They offer insights into the evolution of the microstrucure and specific chemical phases. NMR provides valuable information and serves as a good complement to HFC. The comparison with data obtained with shorter echo times (40 <span>(upmu)</span>s or around 15–45 <span>(upmu)</span>s with solid echo sequence) on much smaller samples showed almost identical developments with respect to the <span>(hbox {T}_2)</span> distributions. For the SCM samples, NMR results indicated partially accelerated hydration processes compared to classical OPC hydration. One SCM sample acted as a highly reactive pozzolan, showing a similar hydration process to OPC with the strongest effect observed when superplasticizer was added. Adding biochar delayed C-S-H gel pore formation but significantly increased capillary pores and even free water, likely due to the sponge-like structure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02632-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of monopotassium phosphate fineness on properties and micro-characteristics of magnesium potassium phosphate cements","authors":"Yizhou Zhao,&nbsp;Biwan Xu","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02646-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02646-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hydration of magnesium potassium phosphate (MKP) cements is a dissolution–precipitation process. Compared to magnesia, the dissolution effect of monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) has been gained less attention and remains unclear. In this study influence of two KH₂PO₄ materials with different fineness on properties and micro-characteristics of the MKP cement pastes at Mg/PO₄ molar ratio of 4 and 8 was investigated. Compared with the pastes without boric acid, the effect of KH₂PO₄ fineness was more obvious with the presence of boric acid due to the slowed-down reactions. The combined use of boric acid and the coarse KH₂PO₄ better slowed down the reactions, thus led to longer setting time but to reduced flowability, higher shrinkages and great strength losses. In contrast, the combined use of boric acid and the fine KH₂PO₄ facilitated a better dissolution and consumption of KH₂PO₄ and formations of robust K-struvite hydrates, resulting in less detrimental capillary pores, lower shrinkages and higher strengths, although the reaction could be faster. To guarantee a full consumption of KH₂PO₄ and mitigate strength loss over long-term, Mg/PO₄ molar ratio &gt; 4 and fine KH₂PO₄ are commended for those pure MKP cements.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of single and hybrid fiber incorporation on the toughness, mechanical properties and microstructure of fiber-reinforced mortar","authors":"Xuesong Zhang,&nbsp;Yanrong Zhang,&nbsp;Kai Wu,&nbsp;Baoyuan Yang","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02645-6","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02645-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to study the influence of fiber types and their <i>ℓ</i>/<i>d</i> ratios on the mechanical and microstructural properties of fiber reinforced mortar (FRM), four-point bending test and compressive test were carried out on FRM prisms to study their flexural toughness and mechanical strength at the ages of 3 and 28 days. Additionally, mercury intrusion porosimetry and electron scanning microscopy were applied to study the mechanisms responsible for the mechanical performance and mesoscopic failure modes of two types of polypropylene (PP) fiber, termed PP1 and PP2, and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, and their hybrids, used as mortar reinforcement. The results indicated that the improvement in the mortar's equivalent flexural toughness due to fiber incorporation followed the order: PP1 &gt; PP2 &gt; PVA, that in the equivalent flexural strength followed the order: PVA &gt; PP2 &gt; PP1. The PP1 fibers loosened the fiber-matrix interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and weakened the bond, resulting in easy fiber pull out. The ITZ of hydrophilic PVA fiber was relatively dense. The moduli, fracture elongations, and surface properties of PVA and PP1 fibers differed, resulting in a lack of synchronization in limiting FRM crack propagation at 3 days, as each fiber contributed to stress resistance at different stages. However, they exhibited complementary characteristics. PVA fibers restricted the initiation and development of early cracks, encouraging the formation of multiple cracks, while PP1 fibers prevented unstable crack growth in the strain-softening stage of FRM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}