Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of field measured long-term prestressing force loss to design code equations for PSC girder","authors":"Jang-Ho Jay Kim,&nbsp;Hyeon-Chan Park,&nbsp;Jin-Su Kim,&nbsp;Woo-Ri Kwon","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02783-x","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02783-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prestressed concrete (PSC) is a structural system in which compressive forces are intentionally applied through high-strength tendons to counteract tensile stresses and prevent cracking. Although PSC has been widely adopted in large-scale constructions such as bridges, buildings, and tanks due to its long service life, the accurate long-term prediction of prestress (PS) losses remains a critical issue, as time-dependent reductions in prestressing force—caused by concrete creep, drying shrinkage, anchorage slip, and steel relaxation—can compromise structural integrity and durability. Despite its importance, most previous studies have relied on short-term laboratory tests or numerical simulations, and long-term field data—especially for ultra-high-strength tendons—remain extremely limited. In this study, PS losses were monitored continuously over approximately 10 years in post-tensioned PSC beams embedded with steel tendons of three different tensile strengths: 1860 MPa, 2160 MPa, and 2400 MPa. The measured strain data were compared against prediction equations provided in major design codes to assess their applicability to modern high-strength tendons. The experimental results demonstrated that tendons with higher tensile strengths (2160 MPa and 2400 MPa) exhibited distinct long-term PS loss characteristics, including smaller loss rates and different seasonal and spatial variation patterns, compared to lower-strength tendons. The existing code-based prediction equations, originally developed for 1860 MPa tendons, significantly underestimated the long-term losses in high-strength tendons, highlighting the need for model refinement. Based on the long-term measurements, the study proposes modified PS loss prediction equations that better reflect the time-dependent behavior of ultra-high-strength tendons. These findings not only offer rare empirical data for validation but also provide critical insight for improving code-based PS loss predictions, with the potential to influence future revisions of design provisions for PSC structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated non-destructive assessment of 3D printed UHPC microstructure using X-ray computed tomography and ultrasonic waves","authors":"Meiyan Bai,&nbsp;Jianzhuang Xiao,&nbsp;Tao Ding,&nbsp;Weihua Chen","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02776-w","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02776-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>3D printed ultra-high performance concrete (3DP-UHPC) has gained significant attention for its unique fiber distribution and superior mechanical performance characteristics. This study employed X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) imaging and ultrasonic techniques to quantitatively analyze the internal pore structure and fiber distribution of 3DP-UHPC. The findings revealed that the compressive strength of 3DP-UHPC exhibited anisotropy, following the order Z &gt; X &gt; Y. The pore volume distribution showed substantial variability, with the projected pore lengths along the X, Y and Z axes following the trend X &gt; Y &gt; Z. This uneven distribution contributed to reduced mechanical performance. Steel fibers exhibited a distinct 'cross-like' alignment within the 3D printed plane. Additionally, variations in amplitude, compressive strength, and average wave velocity showed consistent trends, all of which were positively correlated with wave velocity. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for improving non-destructive evaluation techniques and optimizing the performance of 3DP-UHPC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of alkali-silica reaction in alkali activated cements by thermodynamic modelling","authors":"Haoliang Jin,&nbsp;Sam Ghazizadeh,&nbsp;John L. Provis","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02781-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02781-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The likelihood and consequences of the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in mortars and concretes based on alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are still under discussion, due largely to the characteristically high alkali levels of this class of cements. In this study, applying thermodynamic modelling to the study of ASR provides a new insight into ASR mechanisms as a function of binder chemistry. By considering different activators (NaOH, Na₂SO₄, Na₂CO₃, Na₂O.<i>n</i>SiO₂ with various values of the modulus <i>n</i>) at different dosages, the volume of shlykovite-type ASR products that can potentially form in AAMs with partially reactive siliceous aggregates was calculated. The solution chemistry and phase assemblage after hydration provide further information to aid in explaining the observed trends. Although high concentrations of Na-bearing activators were used in the AAM formulations, much less Na-shlykovite and no K-shlykovite are formed, compared to Portland cement. The volume of Na-shlykovite formed decreases with an increase in the dosage of activators (for all activators tested), and with a decrease in the modulus of sodium silicate when this is the activator used. A high concentration of Ca after hydration, rather than the concentration of alkalis in the pore solution, is the controlling factor in shlykovite formation, which represents ASR in these simulations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02781-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145078894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonation-induced corrosion of steel in sodium carbonate alkali-activated slag","authors":"Patrick Azar,&nbsp;Gabriel Samson,&nbsp;Cédric Patapy,&nbsp;François Cussigh,&nbsp;Laurent Frouin,&nbsp;Martin Cyr","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02696-9","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02696-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The carbonation-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement embedded in sodium carbonate alkali-activated slag (AAS) and a CEM III/B reference binder were investigated. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of both natural and accelerated carbonation (1% CO₂) on reinforcement corrosion. Reinforced cylindrical mortars specimens with a low cover (8.5 mm) were cast and subjected to exposure under natural and accelerated carbonation conditions. The initial weights of the rebar were recorded with high precision prior to casting. Throughout one year of exposure, the corrosion potential and linear polarization resistance of the rebars were systematically monitored. Upon completion of the exposure period, the specimens were split to enable visual inspection of corrosion and to determine corrosion-induced mass loss. The applicability of the Stern-Geary equation to carbonated AAS systems was confirmed by comparing the corrosion current densities estimated from this equation (using a B-value of 26 mV) with the values calculated from the actual mass loss of the reinforcement, as determined by Faraday’s law. Although accelerated carbonation at 1% CO₂ induces differences in pH stabilization and carbonation product formation compared to natural carbonation, it was found to be representative method for quantifying reinforcement corrosion in AAS systems. Overall, AAS exhibited superior resistance to steel reinforcement corrosion compared to CEM III/B reference binder, which was attributed to the more stable and higher pH environment maintained within the AAS matrix.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02696-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145073838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on void transformation behavior of asphalt mixture based on pore network model and skeletonization","authors":"Cheng Zhong,&nbsp;Xiangbing Gong,&nbsp;Guoping Qian,&nbsp;Jiao Jin,&nbsp;Cai Jun,&nbsp;Jinguo Ge,&nbsp;Jintao Ma","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02773-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02773-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Voids are closely related to the compaction state and macroscopic properties of asphalt mixtures. This research employed progressive gyratory compaction and X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning to obtain meso-structural images of asphalt mixtures under different compaction states. By utilizing digital image processing and Three-Dimensional (3D) reconstruction, Pore Network Model (PNM) and topological skeleton of voids were constructed. Quantitative indicators for the size, morphology, and distribution characteristics of various void types were proposed. A thorough analysis was conducted on the void transformation pathways and spatial distribution behaviors under different compaction states. The results revealed that during compaction, both AC-13 and SMA-13 exhibit a transformation sequence from connected voids to semi-connected voids and subsequently to isolated voids, while OGFC-13 maintains a void connectivity rate consistently above 99%. Compaction simplifies and linearizes the connected void network in AC-13 and SMA-13, whereas OGFC-13 retains relatively high network complexity. When the compaction degree reached 96%, the meso-structure of AC-13 and SMA-13 achieved reliable stability. Furthermore, compaction facilitates a more uniform distribution of isolated voids, particularly in SMA-13. These findings offered theoretical references for the design and compaction control of asphalt mixtures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanical and time-dependent behavior of seawater concrete under different curing conditions","authors":"Eduarda Nepomuceno,&nbsp;José Sena-Cruz,&nbsp;Lúcio Lourenço,&nbsp;Eduardo Pereira","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02770-2","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02770-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing scarcity of freshwater, intensified by climate change, pollution, and rapid urbanization, demands for sustainable alternatives in the construction industry, such as the use of seawater for concrete production. In this framework, this study addresses the investigation of compressive and tensile behaviors, and shrinkage and creep responses, of concrete produced with seawater and freshwater over time, while submitted to different curing conditions. Additionally, the study assesses the accuracy of existing analytical models that correlate concrete compressive strength with other mechanical properties, and existing formulations for modeling shrinkage and creep strains over time. The quasi-static properties of seawater concrete (SWC) and freshwater concrete (FWC) were analyzed after 28 days of air curing and during 2.5 years of seawater immersion at room temperature (RT, ~ 23 °C), 40 °C, and 60 °C. Shrinkage and creep deformations were assessed using specimens tested under constant temperature of 20 °C and relative humidity of 60%. The results showed that the use of seawater slightly reduced mechanical performance at an early age (up to 15% for compressive strength and 34% for tensile strength), with differences diminishing over time. Regarding shrinkage and creep, SWC exhibited reduced shrinkage but experienced higher creep strains than FWC. Furthermore, the ACI formulations demonstrated adequate accuracy in predicting shrinkage for both SWC and FWC compositions. These findings suggest that seawater can be used as mixing water in concrete without long-term detrimental effects. Therefore, seawater-mixed concrete may represent a feasible and resource-conscious alternative for construction in coastal and marine environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145021738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure mechanisms in CLT shearwalls with cut-out openings","authors":"Mohammadreza Khajehpour,&nbsp;Ghasan Doudak,&nbsp;Riccardo Fanti,&nbsp;Daniele Casagrande","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02761-3","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02761-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Review of the existing literature on monolithic CLT shear walls with openings reveals that a notable gap in knowledge on the panel failure modes still exists. A very limited number of shearwall specimens involved failure in the CLT panel, and understanding of how such failure mechanism can impact the overall behaviour of shearwalls is yet to be fully established. This study presents an experimental investigation on 12 monolithic CLT shearwalls with a single opening (e.g. door or window opening) designed to reach failure in the CLT panel. The test results were predicted by means of numerical models. All shearwalls tested exhibited crack initiation in the lintel or parapet as an initial failure while the ultimate failure occurred in the hold-down. Two different scenarios for crack propagation were observed with significant impact on the behaviour of the wall. The numerical prediction was reasonable in terms of the overall wall behaviour and load–displacement curves, as well as the opening and propagation of cracks in the CLT panels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145011966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of relative humidity and carbonation on the mechanical behavior of compacted fine recycled aggregates","authors":"Alessia Cuccurullo,&nbsp;Yunlu Hou,&nbsp;Pierre-Yvex Mahieux,&nbsp;Celine Perlot,&nbsp;Abdelkarim Aït-Mokhtar,&nbsp;Jérôme Lux,&nbsp;Philippe Turcry,&nbsp;Domenico Gallipoli","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02748-0","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02748-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recycled aggregates are primarily composed of concrete, natural stones, and bricks obtained through sorting, crushing, and sieving of construction and demolition waste. They offer a promising route toward reducing the consumption of natural resources and minimizing landfill use in civil engineering, thus supporting circular economy and contributing to more sustainable construction practices. This study specifically investigates the mechanical behavior of compacted fine recycled aggregates for road pavement base layers, with a focus on the effects of relative humidity and carbonation. Cylindrical samples with a compactness of 0.69 were subjected to controlled curing conditions over 30 and 100 days. Three relative humidity levels (53%, 65%, and 95%) and two carbon dioxide concentrations (0.05% representing natural conditions and 3% for accelerated carbonation) were also investigated. Additional samples were oven-dried to establish baseline mechanical properties under zero moisture content. All specimens were tested in a triaxial apparatus under confining pressures of 0, 100, 250, and 400 kPa to assess their shear strength and deformation behavior. The results indicate that higher CO₂ concentrations lead to a reduction in strength, contrary to expectations. Additionally, increased relative humidity correlates with lower peak strength and higher ductility. These findings underscore the critical influence of environmental curing conditions on the long-term performance of recycled aggregates in pavement applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145007933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture resistance of sulfoaluminate cementious paste with silane coupling agents: synergistic mechanism of chemical transformations and microstructure shaping","authors":"Junzu Ma,&nbsp;Weiji Sun,&nbsp;Jiaxu Jin,&nbsp;Shaohua Li,&nbsp;Mingxu Li,&nbsp;Meng Dong","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02772-0","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02772-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While silane coupling agents (SCAs) are widely used to modify the hydrophobicity of cementitious materials, it’s influence on the mixed-mode fracture resistance of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) systems is still unclear. Hence, the mixed-mode fracture performance of CSA by methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) is studied from the chemical transformations and microstructure shaping perspective. The results show that, in the case of sample without MTMS, the needle-like morphology of AFt is prominent and the AH₃ gel can fill the internal pores, while, with increasing MTMS content, AFt formation is suppressed, AH₃ gel becomes porous and reduced. At 2 and 5% MTMS dosage, internal defects in the CSA cement paste induce stress concentration, thereby reducing its tensile fracture resistance. Nonetheless, a 3% MTMS content promotes the formation of a dense pore structure within the paste, thereby increasing tensile fracture performance. The formation of Si–O–T and O–Na–O rock bridges contributes to improved shear fracture resistance of the paste. Furthermore, an extended curing age has a consistently positive impact on the tensile fracture of the pastes across all MTMS contents, with a particularly significant enhancement in shear performance observed at 2 and 5% dosages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of autogenous and drying shrinkage in paste, mortar, and concrete with the plastic-sleeve test method","authors":"A. Zieliński,&nbsp;A. K. Schindler","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02752-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02752-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Autogenous and drying shrinkage are the two components of total shrinkage of cementitious materials. So far, no effective method has been developed that can measure autogenous and drying shrinkage of paste, mortar, and concrete samples. The Plastic-Sleeve Test (PST) method is introduced in this paper and consists of molding a specimen in a plastic sleeve, which enables the measurement of autogenous shrinkage strains. After removal of the plastic sleeve, drying shrinkage can also be measured. The PST method can be used for paste, mortar, and concrete of various consistencies. The proposed method allows the measurement of early-age strains immediately following final setting, which is important to accurately measure autogenous shrinkage. Since the PST method measures both autogenous and drying shrinkage strains, it automatically captures total shrinkage and solves the problem where the early part of autogenous shrinkage is not captured when traditional drying shrinkage tests are used and no autogenous shrinkage testing is performed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02752-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}