Materials and Structures最新文献

{"title":"The use of ZnO for the stabilisation of C3S polymorphs","authors":"Luciana Queiroz,&nbsp;Waleska Barbosa,&nbsp;Ana Paula Kirchheim,&nbsp;Carlos Bergmann","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02675-0","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02675-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The doping technique is widely used to stabilise C₃S polymorphs, combined with synthesis temperature and cooling techniques. This work studied the doping technique using ZnO as a dopant at contents of 1.5, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 10.0wt% and evaluated its effect on the polymorphism and reactivity of C₃S. The characterisation of the phases in the anhydrous state was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the effect of doping on chemical bonds and displacements in the crystalline structure was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN). Hydration was assessed using isothermal calorimetry and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The results show a delay in the hydration process in all the doped pastes, a reduction in the average crystallite size with increasing dopant content, and changes in the displacements and symmetry of the polymorphs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The heterogeneous characteristics of the microstructure in cement stone under the effect of self-weight segregation","authors":"Zhiheng Wang,&nbsp;Xiuhao Li,&nbsp;Meng Wang,&nbsp;Yu’an Gong,&nbsp;Rentai Liu,&nbsp;Bingchuan Cheng,&nbsp;Jiwen Bai,&nbsp;Zhijing Zhu","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02627-8","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02627-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Under the influence of self-weight segregation, the microstructure of cement stone exhibits significant heterogeneous characteristics, but the mechanisms of these variations have not been revealed. In this study, the pore size distribution and porosity of the cement stone with various water-to-cement (w/c) ratios and the initial height were measured using NMR methods. The relationships between cement stone porosity and height position were fitted using a simplified self-weight consolidation finite model and a small strain model. The results show that under the same w/c ratios, the density and porosity of the stones formed at the bottom of cement grout columns with different initial heights are essentially consistent. As the height increases, the amount of ettringite increases while the formation of C-S-H gels decreases, leading to a higher content of transitional and capillary pores, which primarily contributes to the overall increase in the porosity of the cement stone. The variation trend in the porosity of cement stone with a lower w/c ratio, such as 0.8, aligns with the predictions of the finite strain model. As the w/c ratio increases, like 1.0 or 1.2, the reduction in effective stress between particles delays the self-weight consolidation process, enhancing the influence of cement hydration. This ultimately makes the porosity change more consistent with the small strain model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microwave heating-induced self-healing of steel slag asphalt concrete: 3D mesoscopic simulations and experimental insights","authors":"Bin Li,&nbsp;Junrui Chai,&nbsp;Zengguang Xu,&nbsp;Yunhe Liu,&nbsp;Kaiqiang Geng,&nbsp;Han Fu,&nbsp;Junrui Wang,&nbsp;Xiangjie Liu","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02671-4","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02671-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microwave heating (MH) is a sophisticated technique for asphalt facility maintenance, effectively enhancing the self-healing (S-H) of cracks in asphalt concrete (AC). This study selects steel slag (SS) to enhance MH performance in AC, and proposes an innovative theoretical framework that integrates numerical simulations, theoretical analyses, and experimental research to address the challenge of uneven MH. A randomized aggregate placement algorithm was employed to simulate the mesostructure of AC, enabling the precise optimization of MH technology and the creation of an energy-based performance evaluation method that addresses the limitations of traditional surface temperature-based assessments. Key findings demonstrate that the standing wave field, determined by the cavity frequency, governs the internal temperature distribution. Optimization of SS content and distribution significantly improves S-H performance, with the AS60 mixture achieving a healing efficiency of 79.62% at 2.45 GHz. These findings provide robust theoretical support and practical guidelines for MH applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergy of tests and finite element analysis for predicting axial structural behavior of CFRP-confined activated red mud-based geopolymer composites","authors":"Ali Raza,&nbsp;Abdellatif Selmi,&nbsp;Yasser Alashker,&nbsp;Nejib Ghazouani","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02676-z","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02676-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As sustainability gains prominence, the demand for eco-friendly materials is increasing, particularly those with minimal carbon footprints. Geopolymer concrete (GC), utilizing waste materials and by-products, is emerging as a promising low-carbon alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. Despite its potential, GC’s long-term compressive strength (CS) remains relatively low, necessitating ongoing research to enhance its mechanical properties. While substantial research has explored the mechanical behavior of unconfined GC, there is a notable gap in understanding the structural performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)-confined GC, crucial for material selection and application. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of CFRP sheet confinement on the axial performance of activated red mud-based geopolymer concrete composite (RMGCC). A total of 36 cylindrical RMGCC samples, with strengths of 15 MPa and 30 MPa, were tested, using either one or two layers of CFRP sheets. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to predict the structural behavior of CFRP-confined RMGCC samples under axial compression, utilizing an enhanced concrete damaged plasticity model. A detailed parametric study was also performed using proposed FEA model to investigate the effect of various parameters of confined concrete. The study also included a theoretical assessment of compressive strength using various existing models and proposed a new theoretical equation for more accurate prediction of axial strength in CFRP-confined RMGCC. The results demonstrated significant improvements in strength with CFRP confinement. For 15 MPa RMGCC, single and double CFRP layers increased compressive strength by 90.96% and 151.89%, respectively. For 30 MPa RMGCC, the enhancements were 51.37% and 98.78% with single and double CFRP layers, respectively. CFRP confinement proved more effective in enhancing the strength, strain, and ductility of low-strength (15 MPa) RMGCC compared to higher-strength (30 MPa) samples. The average discrepancies between the experimental and FEM results for the axial compressive strength and corresding strains were 9.1% and 6.6%, respectively. The newly proposed theoretical model achieved a close match with the experimental results of compressive strength for low-strength FRP-confined RMGCC samples, demonstrating a high correlation with an <i>R</i>² value of 0.96%. The model showed a minor deviation of just 4.45% from the observed outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of the manufacturing process and properties of natural hydraulic limes","authors":"Anna Arizzi,&nbsp;Clara Parra-Fernández","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02656-3","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02656-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Within the sub-group of hydraulic limes, natural hydraulic limes (NHL) are obtained by calcining limestone containing silica and alumina at temperatures of less than 1250 °C. The content of hydraulic phases generated at these temperatures depends on the raw material, the firing and cooling conditions inside the kiln, and the slaking method, giving rise to natural hydraulic limes with different hydraulic features. Despite these differences, the European standards classify NHL limes above all based on their free lime content and the compressive strength of the mortar after 28 days of curing. This means that there are natural hydraulic limes on the market today which despite having the same index number (NHL2, NHL3.5 or NHL5) have very different compositional and textural characteristics. The variations in the limes can in turn lead to mortars with different properties in both the fresh and hardened states. Although the standard establishes ranges for the compressive strength values for the different index numbers, these ranges overlap, so giving rise to ambiguities in the classification of these limes. This review paper aims to extend our knowledge as to how different aspects of the manufacturing process of NHLs influence their final properties, with the ultimate objective of achieving a more rigorous classification of these limes. If hydraulic limes with more precisely controlled compositional and textural characteristics were available on the market, this would have a positive impact, especially on architectural heritage conservation, as more suitable, more clearly defined and more compatible hydraulic mortars would be available to restorers.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02656-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143938703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the gluing and interlocking of asphalt on concrete","authors":"Moritz Middendorf,&nbsp;Jia Liu,&nbsp;Eduardus A. B. Koenders","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02677-y","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02677-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Paving asphalt on existing concrete is very common for mass transit roads, bridges, and highway constructions. For this, detailed knowledge of material behavior and bond interactions is vital for understanding the adhesion mechanism of these construction methods. A thorough comprehension of the bond mechanism is highly significant for assessing the service life of such traffic pavements. In this study, the influence of gluing and interlocking on the bond layer was examined through a close-range measurement method consisting of photogrammetry evaluated by a digital image correlation method. This testing method allowed a detailed detection of local failure points at the bond layer between asphalt and concrete. Tests were carried out on different asphalt-concrete combinations where the combination with a milled base showed the largest strain absorption at failure. Test specimens with bitumen emulsion exhibit higher strains at the boundary layer before failure than those without bitumen emulsion. In addition, the test specimens with a milled grounded substrate achieved higher shear values than those with a smooth substrate. Based on these experimental findings a finite element model was developed to show the effects of the local stress distribution and degree of gluing on the layer bond behavior, which opens possibilities for material optimization.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02677-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Darmstadt scuffing device for ravelling resistance in porous asphalt used in Italian motorways","authors":"Andrea Scarponi,&nbsp;Andrea Graziani,&nbsp;Massimiliano Ramunno,&nbsp;Francesco Canestrari","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02673-2","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02673-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Porous asphalt (PA), widely used in wearing courses of Italian motorways, continues to gain attention for its ability to enhance rainwater drainage and improve road friction under adverse weather conditions. However, PA is susceptible to ravelling, a degradation process primarily caused by tire/pavement interaction during vehicle manoeuvres. This study investigates the ravelling resistance of PA under both dry and wet conditions using the conventional Cantabro test and the innovative Darmstadt Scuffing Device (DSD) which simulates the tire movements during steering, acceleration, and braking. PA mixtures from ten different asphalt plants, produced according to Italian technical specifications for motorways, were tested. Results show that the DSD is effective in measuring ravelling resistance. Comparison of the DSD and Cantabro test results revealed poor correlation, likely due to differences in testing temperatures and the DSD’s more realistic loading conditions. Two limits for the DSD test results were established to assess the PA ravelling performance. Finally, the repeatability of the DSD test was preliminarily assessed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02673-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the synergy of textiles, fibers and high-performance inorganic matrices on the mechanical performance of TRC composites","authors":"Lidor Yosef,&nbsp;Roei Biton,&nbsp;Yiska Goldfeld","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02657-2","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02657-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The synergy between textile and fibers reinforcement systems and high strength cementitious matrices offers the development of advanced and sustainable thin concrete structures. The focus has been on the effect of the properties of the textile, fibers, or the concrete on the structural mechanism of the elements. This study aims to enhance the understanding of the unique mechanisms of these composites by exploring the mutual effects of the reinforcement systems (textiles and/or fibers) and the matrix compositions (Portland cement—PC or Magnesium Phosphate cement—MPC) on the mechanical behavior. The study involves micro- and macro-scale experimental investigations. Nine different compositions are investigated under uniaxial and flexural loading setups. The study demonstrated that by adequate composition of fibers, textile, and advanced cementitious technologies and, especially, by leveraging synergies between them, an enhanced composite can be achieved. Due to the improved rheological and strength properties, MPC is a preferable matrix in case of TRC elements. The effectiveness of the reinforcement system is governed by a tradeoff mechanism between the elastic modulus and the compactness of the yarns. Textiles that consist of both AR-glass and carbon yarns can benefit from the advantages of the two mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02657-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and experimental validation of carbonation mechanism of ye’elimite-gypsum-water system","authors":"Yangyang Zhang,&nbsp;Qunli Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Chang,&nbsp;Hang Yang,&nbsp;Siqi Ding,&nbsp;Xiaozhou Liu,&nbsp;Kai Wu,&nbsp;Qingxin Zhao","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02662-5","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02662-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcium sulfoaluminate cement is a promising low-carbon alternative to Portland cement, and the carbonation of its hydration products influences its mechanical performance. However, a comprehensive theoretical model describing its carbonation mechanism remains elusive. This paper established a theoretical reaction range, including different zones and boundaries for ye’elimite (C₄A₃S̅)-gypsum (CS̅H₂)-water (H₂O)-carbon dioxide (CO₂) system via priority-based theoretical calculations of chemical reactions. The reactions and product evolution within each boundary and zone were summarized. A theoretical database was obtained, including the change of Gibbs energy and enthalpy, solid volume and chemical volume, and the theoretical carbon absorption. Calculation results reveal that the reactions of each zone and boundary occur spontaneously and exothermically. The solid volume increases, while the chemical volume decreases conversely. The maximum carbon absorption of 1 mol C₄A₃S̅ is 3 mol theoretically regardless of the amount of gypsum. The modeling obtained by Gibbs Energy Minimization software (GEMS-PSI) and experimental verification were carried out to validate the fidelity of the established theoretical reaction range, which demonstrate that the evolution of carbonation products in each zone and boundary was in line with the theoretical calculations. Compared with GEMS modeling, the theoretical reaction range can distinguish the source of ettringite in detail, and provide a more direct and insightful representation of carbonation process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1617/s11527-025-02662-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143919053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hardened properties of 3D printable mortars with full replacement of natural sand by recycled sand","authors":"Raghed Al Thib,&nbsp;Maria Taleb,&nbsp;Naima Belayachi,&nbsp;David Bulteel,&nbsp;Sébastien Rémond","doi":"10.1617/s11527-025-02658-1","DOIUrl":"10.1617/s11527-025-02658-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using recycled aggregates in concrete and mortar reduces environmental impact by minimizing both natural aggregate consumption and construction waste disposal. 3D printing offers innovative, cost-efficient construction methods, but it heavily relies on cement and sand. This research aims to investigate the hard properties of 3D printing mortars made with 100% substitution of natural sand by recycled sand. The effects of sand substitution and 3D printing process on the hard properties of printable mortars are studied. The mechanical strength of moulded and printed specimens of printable mortars based on recycled sand were studied and compared with those made from a reference printable mortar based on natural sand. Additionally, the microstructure of mortars, namely the density of the interfacial transition zone in these specimens was analysed to understand the mechanical strength results. The results showed that both the incorporation of recycled sand and the 3D printing process had little effect on the mechanical strength. This could be attributed to the decrease in the density of the interfacial transition zone caused by both the incorporation of recycled sand and the mortar printing process. Furthermore, the study investigated also the effect of incorporating recycled sand on autogenous, drying, and total shrinkage. It was observed that this incorporation reduces the autogenous shrinkage at an early age, while it increases both dry and total shrinkage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":691,"journal":{"name":"Materials and Structures","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143913813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}