Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Two-terminal photoelectric synapses for attojoule neuromorphic vision.","authors":"Chi Zhang, Haoxuan Sun, Muhammad Danish Danial Bin Zulkifli, Muhammad Nafie Bin Jakariah, Muhammad Fazri Bin Jasmin, Aliff Muhaimin Bin Kamaruzaman, Konstantinos Davazoglou, Anastasia Soultati, Emmanuel Kymakis, Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff, Maria Vasilopoulou, Liang Li","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00528d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00528d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neuromorphic vision is reaching an important transition from proof-of-concept device demonstrations toward quantitative energy benchmarks and scalable hardware integration. Yet, a chemistry-centered understanding of what attojoule-scale neuromorphic vision requires from materials and interfaces remains underdeveloped. Two-terminal (2T) photoelectric synapses are particularly well positioned for this transition by integrating sensing, memory, and computation within compact device architectures, while their performance, stability, scalability, and sustainability are fundamentally governed by materials selection and interfacial chemistry. This review therefore examines 2T photoelectric synapses from a coupled materials-device-system perspective. Starting from biological synapses and the human visual pathway, key biological concepts are translated into measurable device metrics and learning rules, followed by a comparison of the structural and operational characteristics of 2T and three-terminal (3T) architectures. The principal physical mechanisms governing photoelectric synaptic plasticity are then systematically discussed. Building on this mechanistic framework, materials-by-design strategies are examined across oxides, organic semiconductors, halide perovskites, and two-dimensional materials, with particular attention to their roles in device performance, stability, and energy efficiency. Representative neuromorphic vision functions, ranging from retina-inspired preprocessing to image recognition, are further reviewed together with device- and system-level energy considerations. Finally, safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) principles are incorporated to connect materials development with long-term technological and environmental requirements. Overall, this review highlights how coordinated materials, device, and system design can guide the development of energy-efficient, scalable, stable, and sustainable 2T photoelectric synapses for next-generation neuromorphic vision.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"α-Lipoic acid: from a mitochondrial cofactor to a versatile platform for dynamic biomaterials and translational biomedicine.","authors":"Chunyan Cui, Chenxi Zheng, Zhen Liu, Zhen Luo, Ruiqi Sun, Wenguang Liu","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00825a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00825a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>α-Lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally occurring small molecule possessing both endogenous cofactor activity and dynamic covalent polymerization capability. The 1,2-dithiolane ring in its structure enables both redox-responsive biological functions and ring-opening polymerization to yield polylipoic acid (PolyLA) with a dynamic disulfide backbone, bridging small-molecule medicinal chemistry and functional polymeric materials within a single molecular platform. This Review systematically outlines the full landscape of LA research, covering its chemical foundations, biological functions, polymer chemistry, and biomedical applications. We elaborate on the multi-pathway redox and anti-inflammatory network of LA and its reduced form, as well as their vital roles as mitochondrial cofactors in energy metabolism and insulin sensitivity. We then compare the mechanisms and applicable scenarios of various ring-opening strategies, dissect the origin of room-temperature PolyLA depolymerization, and summarize the corresponding stabilization strategies. Further, we propose a three-stage evolutionary framework for LA-based nanoscale delivery systems, ranging from physical encapsulation and chemical conjugation to the therapeutic self-carrier paradigm; we also systematically recapitulate their design rationales and mechanisms in treating tumors, nerve injury, diabetic complications, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. As for dynamic biomaterials, PolyLA-based adhesives and flexible sensors leverage dynamic disulfide bonds and carboxyl groups to achieve universal adhesion, tissue integration, self-healing, and recyclable properties. Finally, we identify the core bottlenecks hindering clinical translation and outline forward-looking outlooks for this field. By establishing an integrated framework that connects molecular structure to multifunctional applications of LA-based biomaterials, this Review highlights how interdisciplinary integration unlocks innovative research avenues and accelerates the clinical translation of LA-derived therapeutics and biomaterials.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward practical all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries: from reaction mechanisms to engineering strategies","authors":"Jinghua Wu,Tianyi Liu,Wenjie Wang,Hongli Wan,Xiayin Yao","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00312e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00312e","url":null,"abstract":"All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) are regarded as a promising high-energy-density energy-storage platform with improved safety potential because the use of solid electrolytes can substantially suppress polysulfide dissolution and shuttle effects commonly encountered in conventional liquid–electrolyte Li–S systems. However, replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes alters sulfur reaction pathways, charge-transport modes, and interfacial physics, introducing additional challenges for achieving high performance. This review first analyzes the critical issues associated with sluggish solid-state sulfur conversion chemistry that limit the practical application of ASSLSBs, including Li2S2 intermediates, reaction overpotentials, and Li2S nucleation and growth behavior. Building on this understanding, we critically discuss how three-phase-boundary-limited charge transfer and mixed ion–electron transport govern sulfur utilization and rate capability. We then systematically review recent advances in cathode architecture, solid electrolyte design, and interfacial engineering, including mixed conductors, catalytic and redox-mediated sulfur conversion, and halide-modified solid electrolytes, with emphasis on their roles in enhancing reaction kinetics, interfacial stability, and chemo-mechanical compatibility. Finally, key engineering challenges toward practical ASSLSBs, such as high sulfur loading, ultrathin solid electrolyte membranes, and low-pressure operation, are evaluated. By integrating reaction mechanisms, interfacial physics, and device-level constraints into a unified framework, this review aims to clarify the governing principles, highlight viable development pathways, and provide guidance for the rational design of next-generation high-energy ASSLSBs.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149067427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interfacial adhesive materials and chemistry in extreme/complex environments","authors":"Xizi Wan,Jingwei Lu,Feilong Zhang,Jingxin Meng,Ye Tian,Yong Chen,Shao-Fei Zheng,Yongyang Song,Xiao-Dong Wang,Shutao Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00765a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00765a","url":null,"abstract":"Extreme and complex environments, ranging from deep sea, polar, and aerospace settings to salt-lake chemical processes, and physiological conditions, demand adhesives with exceptional tolerance and stability. Traditional adhesive materials are prone to interfacial failure, material embrittlement, or chemical decomposition, which severely restricts their practical applications under extreme and complex conditions. In this tutorial review, we focus on four representative extreme conditions: high temperature, low temperature, high salinity, and physiological media. We first briefly outline the evolution of both traditional and bioinspired adhesives, alongside their limitations in extreme settings. We then elucidate the dominant failure mechanisms of adhesives in these environments and summarize state-of-the-art material design strategies to circumvent these issues. Finally, we highlight the critical bottlenecks in current research and propose future directions. This review intends to offer theoretical guidance and design insights for the development of high-performance adhesives suitable for extreme and complex conditions.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing crown ethers in separation membranes toward energy and environmental sustainability","authors":"Yuanyuan Guo,Huan Yu,Heng Dong,Yanan Guo,Gongping Liu,Wanqin Jin","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00409a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00409a","url":null,"abstract":"Membrane separation technology, as a green and efficient separation method, has been widely applied in chemical industry, energy conversion, water purification, environmental and other fields. The core challenge of precise membrane separation lies in developing membrane materials with high selectivity, high permeability and long-term stability. Crown ethers, as typical macrocyclic compounds with unique cyclic cavity structures, exhibit remarkable potential in precise separation owing to their molecular recognition capability, structural tunability, and chemical stability. Nevertheless, crown ethers suffer from inherent structural limitations that hinder their standalone membrane-forming capability, thus restricting their practical applications in membrane processes. In recent years, researchers have made breakthroughs by incorporating crown ethers into polymers, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), and two-dimensional (2D) materials to construct hybrid membranes. This strategy not only compensates for the deficiencies of pure crown ether membranes, but also couples selective molecular recognition with efficient transport pathways, offering a general supramolecular approach to alleviate the permeability–selectivity trade-off in membrane technology. This review summarizes recent advances in crown ether-based membranes for precise membrane separation, focusing on four aspects: the intrinsic advantages of crown ethers for separation, the membrane fabrication strategies, underlying separation mechanisms, and their typical application scenarios. Finally, the challenges and future development trends in this field are prospected, aiming to provide insights for the further advancement and implementation of crown ethers in precise membrane separation.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149019744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-atom catalysts boost radical-mediated organic synthesis.","authors":"Meiqi Zhu, Dingyi Wang, Zezhao Li, Yuqing Liu, Xin-Yu Wang, Tianyou Zhao, Chang-Jie Yang, Jiarui Yang, Xinqiang Wang, Wen-Gang Cui, Hongge Pan, Dingsheng Wang, Wen-Hao Li","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01354b","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5cs01354b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radical-mediated organic synthesis offers mild and sustainable routes to complex molecules, but conventional metal catalysts often suffer from limited activity, selectivity and recyclability. Single-atom catalysts, featuring atomically dispersed metal centres and well-defined coordination environments, provide an efficient platform for single-electron transfer, radical generation and intermediate stabilisation. This review summarises recent advances in single-atom-catalysed radical transformations, with emphasis on catalyst design, characterisation and mechanistic insight, and outlines key challenges and opportunities for developing sustainable radical methodologies based on single-atom catalysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9614-9651"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyoxometalate-hybridized metal nanoparticles in catalysis.","authors":"Kang Xia, Rui Xi, Kosuke Suzuki","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00024j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00024j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polyoxometalates (POMs), a versatile class of molecular metal oxides with well-defined structures and tunable physicochemical properties, have recently emerged as powerful platforms for the precise design of metal nanoparticles. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview and a critical perspective on POM-hybridized metal nanoparticles, highlighting key milestones and recent advances in this rapidly evolving field of catalysis. We classify their synthetic approaches into four representative categories-precursor transformation, direct reduction, hydrothermal synthesis, and general complexation-and summarize characterization strategies from five complementary perspectives to elucidate their complex structures and functions. Beyond a descriptive survey, we establish a unified framework for understanding how POMs orchestrate catalytic behavior through four principal roles: electrosteric stabilization, electronic ligand effects, geometric and interfacial control, and synergistic catalysis. These features enable POMs to bridge the gap between conventional ligand-protected and metal-oxide-supported nanoparticle systems, offering unique opportunities for achieving high activity, stability, and selectivity. Finally, we discuss emerging directions and critical challenges, including <i>operando</i> characterization, the limits of atomic precision, and practical implementation, and provide our perspectives on extending POM-based design principles to broader applications in energy conversion, functional materials, and advanced device applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9546-9586"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148756794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting toll-like receptors in the immunotherapy era: the chemistry behind TLR modulators.","authors":"Marina Mínguez-Toral, Gema Fernández-Vasco, Ameerah B Furjun, Alejandra Matamoros-Recio, Olmo Martín-Cámara, Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00494f","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00494f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a family of transmembrane pattern-recognition receptors that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby orchestrating innate immune responses. Over the past decade, TLRs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for infectious, inflammatory, autoimmune, and oncological diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of TLR agonists and antagonists reported in the last ten years, highlighting an exceptional range of chemical classes, including peptides, nucleic acids, glycolipids, lipopeptides, and small molecules. We discuss the structural determinants underlying receptor selectivity, the design strategies enabling functional modulation, and the progress in preclinical and clinical development. We also address emerging trends, remaining challenges, and opportunities for the rational design of next-generation TLR modulators with improved selectivity and therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9587-9613"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148785515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Narrow-spectrum and strong-absorptive fluorescent dyes: molecular design strategy and electroluminescence applications.","authors":"Wenle Tan, Xinyu Wang, Donghao Wen, Yue Yu, Yuguang Ma","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00570e","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00570e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Narrow-spectrum, strong-absorptive fluorescent dyes are effectively meeting the requirements of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for colour purity and exciton energy utilisation, showing considerable potential for future display applications. As typified by cyanine dyes, the absorption and emission spectral behaviors are strongly correlated with their intrinsic electronic structural features: homogeneous bond lengths and alternating atomic charges. Further studies reveal that these electronic structural features arise from the resonance balance of two ground-state resonance forms, and this balance can be modulated by donor-acceptor substituents. On this basis, this review comprehensively summarizes the molecular design strategies of fluorescent dyes for OLEDs, followed by a systematic overview of their inherent advantages, remaining challenges, and future application prospects in electroluminescent devices.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9391-9414"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Open-chain and cyclic nitrenium ions: generation, characterization, structure and (bio)chemical reactivity.","authors":"Nabajyoti Patra, Astha Gupta, Prasad V Bharatam","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00605h","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5cs00605h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitrenium ions (NIs) are divalent nitrogen species with an N^⊕ centre; many of them are reactive intermediates, and the number of identified stable, catalytic NIs has been surging. Open-chain nitrenium ions (ONIs) generally have very short half-lives and are non-isolable. Therefore, they can only be generated and characterized under suitable reaction conditions. Only a few ONIs have been isolated and structurally characterized. Many ONIs exhibit carcinogenic properties under biological conditions. A few ONIs are therapeutically important. On the other hand, cyclic nitrenium ions (CNIs) are bench-stable and are available in various ring sizes. Several CNIs have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electronic structure analyses. A few CNIs were reported to exhibit catalytic properties (Lewis acid catalysis, phase-transfer catalysis and photocatalysis), and they are also valuable cationic species in biomedical applications. A few biocatalytic CNIs are recognised, and their analogues are designed as useful organocatalysts. Some CNIs participate as reactive intermediates in various biochemical reactions. CNIs are isoelectronic to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), but their chemical characteristics are distinct. This review provides a comprehensive account of NIs, whose importance in chemical research is proliferating across all branches of chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9493-9545"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148756769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}