Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Solar vapor generation technologies: fundamentals, innovations and applications","authors":"Chuxin Lei,Weixin Guan,An Hoai Vu,Guihua Yu","doi":"10.1039/d6cs01124a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs01124a","url":null,"abstract":"Growing water scarcity is increasing the need for sustainable water-production technologies that can operate with limited dependence on centralized energy and infrastructure. Solar-driven interfacial vapor generation (SVG) provides a promising pathway for decentralized water production by directly utilizing solar energy to drive water evaporation. Its performance is governed by several closely coupled processes, including solar harvesting, thermal management, water transport, and water activation, which are regulated by material chemistry and structures across multiple scales. We first introduce the fundamental working principles and evaluation metrics of SVG, and then discuss the materials and structural design strategies for controlling solar harvesting, thermal transport, water supply, and water activation. Particular attention is given to the physical basis of these processes and the relationships between material properties, multiscale structures, and evaporation performance. Emerging viewpoints on water activation and the corresponding materials chemistries are also discussed. We further consider the translation of these principles to water purification, agriculture, resource recovery, and energy or functional cogeneration. This Tutorial Review aims to equip researchers in the field of SVG with a thorough understanding of the fundamental evaporation processes, materials design principles, and key factors essential for advancing this technology toward sustainable water production.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"573 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Starting material syntheses for non-aqueous molecular uranium chemistry.","authors":"León Hillers, Rupesh, Lisa Vondung","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00827e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00827e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Starting materials for non-aqueous uranium chemistry usually must be synthesised in-house, as they are rarely available commercially. Various routes to uranium precursors in oxidation states +III to +VI have been reported and developed further according to the availability of uranium compounds. This tutorial review discusses wet-chemical and selected solid-state routes to anhydrous uranium halide, amide and borohydride starting materials in oxidation states +III to +VI suitable for research laboratories. Oxidative, reductive, as well as halide interconversion routes are discussed to give a comprehensive overview on synthetically established routes and promising directions for future development.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149222881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of bio-based flame-retardant polyurethane","authors":"Anthony C. Y. Yuen,Daniel J. Davidson,Ho-Yin Tse,Huaimin Wang,Di Wu,Raffel Dharma Patria,Yongxin Chen,Yunkai Tan,Miķelis Kirpļuks,Shao-Yuan Leu,Chunbao Xu,Liang Dong,Ning Yan,Carol S. K. Lin,Song Cheng","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00748a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00748a","url":null,"abstract":"Polyurethane (PU) is a ubiquitous polymer in modern life across the world yet its inherent flammability and the severe toxicological impacts of traditional halogenated flame retardants (FRs) present critical safety and environmental challenges. This review comprehensively examines the framework shift from petrochemical-based, additive-reliant PUs toward inherently flame-retardant, bio-based polyurethanes and non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs). Herein we introduce an integrative “Structure–Property-Sustainability” framework that systematically connects molecular design, flame-retardant performance, material properties, industrial applicability, and lifecycle sustainability. We thoroughly analyze the molecular engineering of renewable feedstocks, such as lignin, chitosan, proteins, phytic acid and tannins, to promote robust condensed-phase charring and thermal shielding. We further explore advanced composite architectures, including layer-by-layer (LbL) nanocoatings and microencapsulation, designed to decouple fire performance from mechanical degradation. Furthermore, this review broadens its scope beyond conventional combustion performance to evaluate lifecycle impacts and techno-economic feasibility underscoring that sustainability hinges on chemical circularity in addition to the replacement of fossil resources with bio-based alternatives. By mapping the relationships between monomer structure, fire behaviour, and industrial scalability, this review delineates the critical research gaps and future trajectories required to transition bio-based FR PUs and NIPUs into commercially viable, next-generation sustainable materials.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altermagnetism from the viewpoint of chemistry.","authors":"Nayana Devaraj, Anumita Bose, Md Afsar Reja, Arka Bandyopadhyay, Awadhesh Narayan","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00793g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00793g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetism has been a central theme of research in chemistry, physics, and materials science, with chemical composition and bonding playing key roles in determining magnetic behavior. Altermagnets are a newly identified class of magnetic materials that combine features of conventional ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, arising from specific symmetry and electronic structure motifs. In this review, we present a chemistry-driven viewpoint on altermagnetism, highlighting how crystal chemistry, bonding, and electronic structure enable this unconventional magnetic order. We begin by introducing the fundamental concepts required to understand altermagnets, with an emphasis on symmetry considerations, orbital character, and electronic structure signatures. We then survey the diverse material families in which altermagnetism has been identified, including pnictides, oxides, and metal-organic and covalent-organic frameworks, drawing attention to coordination environments and structure-property relationships that favor altermagnetic order. We subsequently present experimental approaches which are useful for the synthesis and characterization of altermagnetic materials. We examine <i>ab initio</i> materials discovery as a promising strategy for identifying new altermagnets, emphasizing how chemical constraints, such as symmetry and bonding, can guide computational searches. Other than their intrinsic importance, altermagnets provide interesting possibilities for technology. For this reason, we highlight possible applications that may be enabled through altermagnetic materials, along with their coupling with existing orders such as ferroelectricity and superconductivity. In conclusion, we point out some challenges and prospects, where chemically-based design guidelines can play an important role towards advancing altermagnetism research. In summary, this review offers an account of recent developments in altermagnetism, from basic concepts to the current state-of-the-art.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"10555-10595"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The many faces of organosulfur compounds: photocatalysis, hydrogen-atom transfer, and electron donation in photochemical organic synthesis.","authors":"Xin-Meng Wu, Li-Jie Wang, Chaozhihui Cheng, Mu-Jia Luo, Ru-Chun Yang, Qiang Xiao","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00734a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00734a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organosulfur compounds, including thiols, thiobenzoic acids, and arene thiolates, have emerged as versatile and sustainable catalysts in visible-light photochemistry. Their ability to serve as photocatalysts, hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) reagents, and electron donors enables direct photoexcitation to generate S-centered radicals that participate in single-electron transfer (SET) and HAT processes under mild, metal-free conditions. This review highlights recent advances (2013-2026) in the multifunctional roles of organosulfur compounds, with a focus on three distinct behaviors: (1) as photocatalysts enabling redox-neutral cross-couplings; (2) HAT catalysts for selective C-H and X-H bond functionalization; and (3) electron donors <i>via</i> EDA complex formation. Mechanistic insights and synthetic applications are discussed, with an emphasis on green chemistry principles such as catalyst-free conditions, low toxicity, and the use of visible light. The review concludes with an outlook on current limitations and future opportunities for sulfur-based photochemistry in sustainable synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"10478-10505"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149100921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical multi-physical field imaging within single cells.","authors":"Yang Xu, Cailing Ji, Jie Tan, Jiandong Feng","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00641h","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00641h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intracellular energy conversion and information transfer are associated with local fluctuations of multiple physical fields, including chemical concentration field, thermal field, magnetic field, electric field and mechanical force field. How these fields coordinately influence cellular activities in space and time remains largely unknown. Imaging platforms that convert physical field fluctuations into optical signals provide essential tools for <i>in situ</i> sensing of these invisible physical fields at the single cell level. While existing reviews largely focus on optical probes for a single physical field, a systematic discussion linking cellular activities to multi-field synergy is still lacking. In this review, we propose the concept of \"physical field-optical signal conversion\" as a bridge that links physical field fluctuations to optical signals, and then systematically summarize signal readout systems designed for imaging multiple physical fields in single living cells. We summarize in detail how multi-physical field imaging can address biological questions that single dimensional detection cannot resolve. Finally, we comprehensively discuss the challenges and future prospects of single cell multi-physical field imaging, with the aim of fostering a deeper understanding of intracellular signalling pathways and life processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"10506-10554"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148890416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Layered superlattices: from physical assembly to chemical synthesis and emerging applications.","authors":"Xiao-Qing Yu, Shu-Zhen Liang, Gang Xu, Guan-E Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00831c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00831c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantum materials offer a powerful platform for exploring emergent condensed matter phenomena and developing functional devices, owing to their tunable electronic structures, quasiparticle excitations and collective quantum effects. Layered superlattices are a class of layered heterostructures formed by the periodic stacking of two or more sublattices along the direction perpendicular to the layers, with the constituent layers differing in composition, structure, or electronic properties. Such structural versatility establishes layered superlattices as a materials platform for connecting emergent quantum states with functional implementation. This review systematically summarizes the classification of sublattices in layered superlattices, including systems composed of inorganic sublattices and hybrid architectures comprising organic components and coordination-complex building blocks. It then discusses the major fabrication strategies, ranging from physical assembly to chemical synthesis, with an emphasis on the material compatibility, structural controllability and scalability of each approach. The review examines how quantum confinement, resonant tunneling, interlayer coupling and cooperative interfacial effects govern emergent physical properties and device performance. Recent progress in superconductivity, thermoelectrics, optoelectronic detection, sensing, and energy storage and conversion is also summarized. Finally, this review discusses key challenges in structural control, scalable synthesis, stability improvement, dynamic characterization and nonequilibrium photophysics, while highlighting future opportunities enabled by machine learning, high-throughput experimentation, multiscale simulations and advanced characterization. Layered superlattices are poised to accelerate the transition of quantum materials from structural design to functional integration and to provide a materials foundation for future electronic, optoelectronic and energy technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hole-selective self-assembled monolayers: a molecular platform for high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.","authors":"Ismael Hajimiri, Hashem Shahroosvand, Sebastiano Bellani, Liberato Manna, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00198j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00198j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells (PSTSCs) are among the most promising photovoltaic technologies for surpassing the efficiency limits of single-junction solar cells. A major breakthrough in this field has been the introduction of ultrathin hole-selective self-assembled monolayers (HS-SAMs). These molecular interfacial layers enable precise energy-level alignment, efficient hole extraction, and effective passivation of interfacial defects, while remaining compatible with textured silicon and large-area substrates. In this review, we discuss the molecular design principles of HS-SAMs, including anchoring groups, conjugated donor units, linkers, dipole engineering, wettability, and packing density, highlighting how these parameters influence charge extraction, perovskite crystallization, interfacial passivation, and device stability. We also summarize key advances in PSTSCs enabled by HS-SAMs, including a certified PCE of 29.2% with Me-4PACz and efficiencies above 32% with optimized PACz derivatives and 32.5% with 2PACz/IZO interlayers, together with operational stability exceeding 1000 h under damp-heat or continuous illumination conditions. By consolidating recent progress in molecular engineering, interfacial passivation, scalable deposition, and manufacturability, this review identifies HS-SAMs as a cornerstone for the development of efficient, stable, and commercially relevant perovskite and perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liquid hydrocarbon separation membranes: mechanistic insight, material design and microenvironment engineering.","authors":"Zhengxuan Ji, Boya Wang, Zhongyi Jiang, Hao Yang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00403b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00403b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Liquid hydrocarbon separation is in great demand in the modern petrochemical industry. Membrane-based liquid hydrocarbon separation has emerged as a next-generation technology with great potential to address energy and environmental challenges, representing one of the most rapidly evolving and demanding frontiers. Despite its promise to revolutionize energy-intensive processes, practical application remains hindered by the complexity of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures and the stringent requirements on membrane materials. In this review, microenvironment engineering is employed as the central concept to establish an integrated chain linking molecular transport mechanisms, material design, and industrial applications of liquid hydrocarbon separation membranes (LHSMs). Based on the molecular transmembrane transport mechanisms, we identify typical microenvironments in LHSMs and systematically classify liquid hydrocarbon separations into coarse, precise, and ultrafine regimes. This mechanism-based understanding of membrane microenvironments and separation regimes represents the first unified classification framework for LHSMs. Furthermore, we highlight membrane microenvironment engineering as a critical bridge connecting advanced membrane materials with practical separation performance. In particular, we propose the efficient management of membrane microenvironments, which enables the reproducibility and scalability of membrane fabrication while ensuring effective separation performance. Moreover, emerging techniques for microenvironment engineering are discussed, including <i>in situ</i> and <i>operando</i> monitoring techniques, as well as machine learning/artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted microenvironment engineering. Finally, future directions are outlined, including deeper mechanistic understanding, scalable membrane fabrication and process integration, LHSM-specific fouling understanding, and <i>operando</i>- and data-driven microenvironment engineering. Collectively, this review provides a coherent roadmap for the rational design and practical implementation of next-generation membranes for sustainable liquid hydrocarbon separations.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New approach methodologies in nanomedicine: bridging the gap between , , and systems","authors":"Yasmine Radwan,Laura P. Rebolledo,Elizabeth Skelly,Emma Grabarnik,Sankalp Jain,Morgan Halman,Roger Chammas,Alexey V. Zakharov,Marina A. Dobrovolskaia,Kirill A. Afonin","doi":"10.1039/d6cs01323f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs01323f","url":null,"abstract":"The rise of nanomedicine has led to the regulatory approval of more than 80 nanoparticle (NP)-based therapeutics over the past two decades. Further advancement in the field requires a deeper understanding of the nano-bio interface of NPs, including their uptake, delivery, efficacy, toxicity, and adverse effects. Despite the heavy reliance on conventional cell cultures for NP screening, these models do not recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment, complexity, and physiological responses; hence, follow-up animal studies are required. Nonetheless, because of species-specific differences and ethical concerns around animal studies, developing alternative platforms has become critical. To address these issues, 3D cell culture models such as organoids, spheroids, and organ-on-chip systems have emerged to bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo systems. Because they better represent cell interactions, gene expression, nutrient gradients, and tissue-specific functions, 3D models also align with the U.S. FDA's promotion of new approach methodologies (NAMs) to reduce animal testing. This review covers examples of organic and inorganic NPs tested in 3D models and discusses organ-specific NAMs, considering their advantages and limitations. The review also highlights how 3D models improve NP evaluation for drug delivery, toxicity, and targeted therapy, and provides a coherent NAMs toolbox for developing in silico methods for NP assessment. Future perspectives are introduced to underscore the importance of integrating in silico NAMs and 3D models to complement in vivo models for advancing precision medicine and improving the translational potential of complex drug products containing nanotechnology.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149173135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}