Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Potassium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage solutions","authors":"Rizwan Ur Rehman Sagar,Wei Zhang,Shaoming Huang,Ying Ian Chen","doi":"10.1039/d6cs01228k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs01228k","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) are emerging as a potentially sustainable and cost-competitive technology for stationary energy storage. Built on earth-abundant elements, exhibiting favourable redox potentials, and broadly compatible with existing lithium-ion manufacturing infrastructure, KIBs present a credible route to large-scale, low-cost deployment. In this review, we provide a critical and integrative assessment of KIB science and technology, connecting fundamental materials chemistry and interfacial behaviour to the engineering and techno-economic demands of grid-scale and residential storage. We begin with the fundamental electrochemistry of the KIB system, examining K+ solvation and transport in liquid electrolytes, ion diffusion through crystalline and amorphous electrode hosts, and the charge-transfer kinetics and passivation processes that govern electrode–electrolyte interfaces. Building on these foundations, we evaluate the most promising classes of cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials, identify the principal challenges associated with full cell integration, and define the application-relevant performance descriptors, energy and power density, cycle and calendar life, temperature window, and cost that underpin stationary deployment. The contemporary industrial landscape is then surveyed, encompassing the first commercial prototypes, pilot-scale manufacturing lines, and nascent supply chains. Safety, abuse tolerance, and long-term reliability are assessed under operating conditions representative of real-world grid duty cycles, and KIBs are quantitatively benchmarked against incumbent lithium-ion and emerging sodium-ion technologies. Finally, we articulate a forward-looking research and development roadmap that encompasses materials discovery, interfacial engineering, scalable cell design, sustainability, safety, and recycling to guide the translation of KIBs from laboratory innovation to commercially viable stationary storage systems.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149304480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anions as catalysts: from organosilanes as pro-nucleophiles to base-embedding electrophiles","authors":"Alireza Abbasi Kejani,Allya Larroza,Arnaldo X. Torres-Hernandez,Paulo H. S. Paioti","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00804f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00804f","url":null,"abstract":"The catalytic activity of neutral and anionic Lewis base catalysts depends on several factors. One is catalyst turnover, which may explain why neutral Lewis bases, such as tertiary amines and phosphines, are widely employed as catalysts in organic synthesis. In this review, we discuss less common strategies by which fluorides, alkoxides, amide anions and related anionic species can be rendered efficient catalysts, including for stereoselective synthesis. We give historical context and highlight recent examples that exploit organosilanes as pro-nucleophiles for challenging bond formation and enantioselective synthesis. The primary emphasis, however, is placed on the use of organosilanes as pro-bases, specifically referred to herein as base-embedding electrophiles (BEE), as part of an idea we wish to conceptualize, as we believe the concept holds substantial yet underappreciated potential in organic synthesis. We focus on how the BEE reagents disentangle traditional Brønsted acid–base considerations from catalyst turnover in substitutions and additions. Existing examples are discussed with particular attention to their conceptual significance. Drawing on these principles, we and others have leveraged base-embedding electrophiles to develop catalytic and stereoselective reactions toward difficult-to-access organic molecules. By sharing this perspective, we hope that readers will also be able to recognize the opportunities and challenges associated with anionic catalysis enabled by organosilanes.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149304481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"C-H⋯X hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks: assembly, structural characteristics and emerging applications.","authors":"Zhen Yuan, Zhile Xiong, Liangji Chen, Zhiliang Jin, Hai Liu, Shengchang Xiang, Banglin Chen, Zhangjing Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00835f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00835f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have emerged as a promising class of crystalline porous materials. Conventional HOFs assembled through O/N-H⋯O/N hydrogen bonds have been extensively studied because these strong and directional interactions have long been considered crucial for structural stability and functionality. This has left HOFs assembled primarily through weaker C-H⋯X (X = O, N, S, F, <i>etc.</i>) non-conventional hydrogen bonds relatively underexplored despite their rapid development over the past decade. Notably, the reduced directionality and flexible geometrical tolerance of C-H⋯X interactions can give rise to diverse framework architectures, adaptive porosity, stimulus-responsive behavior, and, in selected systems, flexible-robust characteristics. However, understanding of the principles governing their assembly, structural regulation, and structure-function relationships remains fragmented. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in C-H⋯X hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (C-H⋯X HOFs), covering their supramolecular assembly, structural characteristics, regulation strategies, and emerging applications. Current challenges and future opportunities for the development of C-H⋯X HOFs are also discussed. We anticipate that this Review will provide useful insights into the design and development of non-covalent porous materials constructed from weak yet cooperative intermolecular interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149293268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Label-free Raman spectroscopy for cancer therapy response: from methodological framework to clinical translation","authors":"Victor Alcolea-Rodriguez,Arianna Bresci,Anna Mühlig,Chiara Agrimi,Carlo Morasso,Dario Polli,Orlando Guntinas-Lichius,Renzo Vanna","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00966b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00966b","url":null,"abstract":"The early detection of therapy-induced biomolecular changes and the prediction of therapeutic response remain major challenges in oncology. Current clinical methods often assess treatment response through macroscopic or morphological endpoints, whereas molecular alterations associated with sensitivity, resistance, or recurrence may arise earlier and remain undetected. Raman spectroscopy offers a label-free and non-destructive approach to probe the intrinsic biochemical composition of cells, tissues, and biofluids, providing spectral and spatial information that can support therapy response prediction and longitudinal monitoring. This review discusses Raman-based technologies for cancer therapy assessment, from preclinical models to emerging clinical applications. We first outline the clinical need for rapid, non-destructive, and molecularly informative tools, considering tumor heterogeneity, therapy resistance, the tumor microenvironment, and current standards for response evaluation. We then provide a methodological framework for selecting Raman modalities, including spontaneous Raman (SR) spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), and coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), together with key considerations on acquisition strategies, multimodal integration, experimental design, preprocessing, feature analysis, and machine learning. We summarize Raman spectral biomarkers associated with therapy-induced changes in nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites, extracellular matrix components, and anticancer drugs, and critically examine studies using Raman spectroscopy to predict or monitor responses to major therapeutic approaches. Finally, we discuss barriers to clinical translation, including acquisition speed, inter-instrument reproducibility, preclinical model limitations, regulatory requirements, workflow integration, clinical trials, and prospective validation. Overall, Raman spectroscopy emerges as a promising platform for molecular phenotyping in precision oncology, provided that future studies progress toward standardized, clinically validated, and actionable workflows.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149269152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design guidelines for body-conformable aqueous zinc-based batteries","authors":"Xiaofeng Li,Yuejiao Chen,Jiang Zhou","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00347h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00347h","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced wearable medical devices represent a key direction for transforming traditional healthcare systems, where aqueous zinc-based batteries (AZBs) with inherent electrochemical safety serve as promising flexible energy storage solutions. However, conventional battery designs remain too rigid for conformal integration. This review presents a system-level design guideline for body-conformable AZBs, linking application-specific mechanical principles with scalable fabrication, material selection, and parameter optimization. We compare physical models that relate filler content, orientation, and contact topology to effective conductivity, clarifying how deformation-induced changes in conductive-network connectivity govern the electromechanical performance of stretchable electrodes. Subsequently, we introduce innovative structural strategies that impart device-level stretchability without relying on the intrinsic stretchability of materials and analyze quantitative relationships between electrode geometric parameters and mechanical properties. Finally, we highlight emerging advanced cathode chemistries, including sulfur cathodes, four-electron iodine redox chemistry, and electrolytic MnO2 cathodes that have the potential to overcome the energy-density bottleneck, as well as polymer cathodes and air cathodes with high potential for body-conformable applications. This review offers systematic design principles and accelerates the translation of AZBs toward body-conformable healthcare electronics.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149269139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"5-Hydroxy-2(5)-furanone (HFO) – a versatile and bio-based platform chemical","authors":"Jelmer T. Meijer,Magdalena M. Kleybolte,Andries Jensma,Jeya P. Kaniraj,Thomas Freese,Ben L. Feringa","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00842a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00842a","url":null,"abstract":"The transition toward sustainable chemistry requires a fundamental rethinking of chemical building blocks beyond fossil-derived systems. While conventional petrochemical platform chemicals are industrially indispensable, they suffer from reliance on finite resources, environmental persistence, and restricted structural diversity. In contrast, bio-based and renewable platform chemicals offer major new opportunities, particularly when exploiting the inherent functionality and structural diversity of natural metabolites through bottom-up design strategies. This review highlights 5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (5-hydroxybutenolide, HFO), a chiral maleic anhydride analogue, as a promising yet underexplored bio-based platform chemical. It critically assesses its synthetic accessibility from renewable furanic feedstocks and examines key transformation strategies that enable the generation of structurally diverse and enantioenriched derivatives. Emphasis is placed on its multifunctional reactivity, which underpins its application as versatile building block in asymmetric synthesis, fine chemicals, and materials science. Additionally, its potential as a precursor to industrially relevant C4 compounds under mild and sustainable conditions is evaluated. Its broader sustainability and industrial profile are also considered, including renewability, process efficiency, scalability, techno-economic considerations, and commercial relevance. Overall, this review demonstrates HFO not merely as another bio-based intermediate but positions it as strategically valuable platform molecule whose multifunctionality, accessibility, and adaptability enable innovative chemical design. Consequently, it represents a compelling candidate for bridging the gap between renewable resources and high-value applications, supporting the development of a more sustainable and forward-looking chemical industry.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition metal-catalyzed carborane cage B–H activation and functionalization: a mechanistic view","authors":"Hui-Xian Jing,Shi-Jun Li,Haoran Li,Shihan Liu,Wenjing Zhang,Yu Lan","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00170j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00170j","url":null,"abstract":"Icosahedral carboranes have extensive potential applications across diverse research fields because these compounds have distinctive properties, including high stability, three-dimensional aromaticity, and high boron density. However, selective cage B–H modification among 10 or 11 chemically similar B–H vertices is an intriguing challenge. Experimental progress in cage B–H functionalization has inspired numerous mechanistic studies of the underlying activation mechanisms and factors dictating selectivity. This review summarizes recent mechanistic studies of transition metal-catalyzed selective functionalization of carboranes, focusing on the activation mechanism of specific B–H bonds and the factors governing regio- and enantioselectivities. Concerted metalation–deprotonation, σ-complex-assisted metathesis, oxidative addition, and metal–carbene insertion are discussed in detail as typical models for B–H bond activation. The transition metal oxidation state and proton acceptor determine the favored activation model. The stability of the B–metal species generated via B–H activation affects the energy level of further functionalization, and thus the selectivity is determined by B–H activation or subsequent functionalization. Therefore, the factors dictating selectivity can be identified by analyzing the transition state properties, providing insights into improving regio- or chiral-at-cage selectivities. The opportunities and challenges for future research are discussed. We highlight strategies of exploiting the unique characteristics of carboranes based on C–H bond activation protocols and single-electron transfer approaches including photo- and electrocatalysis. We expect that this review will provide a framework for understanding the catalytic mechanism, rational catalyst design, and exploration of precise functionalization strategies.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149248502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical crystallization of covalent organic frameworks: from the linkage up","authors":"Kirsten Aasen,Heather L. Buckley","doi":"10.1039/d6cs01069e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs01069e","url":null,"abstract":"Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are conventionally synthesized under solvothermal conditions, requiring toxic or high-boiling solvents, long reaction times, and sealed, pressurized environments. Mechanochemistry offers a solvent-free, energy-efficient alternative to a broad spectrum of organic synthesis. Its extension to COFs has accelerated over the last five years, demonstrating potential for synthetic simplification, bulk production, and diverse macromorphology; however, reaction types remain limited by our understanding of linkage formation and crystallization within this new reaction space. Imine and imine-derived COFs are particularly well studied due to their relatively simple crystallization and potential for enhanced stability and diverse functionality. However, successful translation from solution-phase to solid-state systems involves (1) demonstrating bond formation and (2) optimizing crystallization, a two-step process that is sparsely understood when it comes to imine derivation and often relies on conditions set by synthesis of the solution-phase COF equivalent, leaving researchers with incompatible chemical environments and little guidance on mechanical specifications. The presented review aims to explore mechanochemical formation of imine and imine-derived COFs through reaction parameters for both model compounds and supramolecular structures. The current landscape of imine-derived linkages will be summarized, separating transformations into three crystallization strategies to easily assess linkage potential for de novo reactions and post-synthetic modifications (PSMs). Additionally, by highlighting direct comparisons between reaction conditions in and out of solution, this review will underline key connections across synthetic methods and may serve as a guide in the selection of appropriate chemical and mechanical factors for initial precursor and COF screenings. Ultimately, the literature highlighted in this review will lower the barrier of entry, facilitating efficient design of mechanochemical syntheses for imine-derived COFs from the linkage up.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149241228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identical-location electron microscopy for the discovery of heterogeneous catalysts' dynamics at the single-particle level","authors":"Yifan Chen,Jesum Alves Fernandes,Andrei N. Khlobystov","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00998k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00998k","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding how heterogeneous catalysts evolve at the single-particle level is central to advancing modern industrial chemistry and energy conversion technologies. However, conventional characterisation techniques provide only ensemble-averaged information, obscuring the structural diversity and dynamic behaviour that govern catalytic performance. In particular, individual nanoparticles can follow distinct evolution pathways under reaction conditions, making it challenging to establish clear structure–property relationships. Identical-location electron microscopy (IL-EM) has emerged as a powerful approach to overcome these limitations by enabling the direct tracking of the same catalyst particle across different stages of a reaction. By preserving spatiotemporal continuity, IL-EM provides particle-resolved insights into single-particle events such as coalescence, dissolution, restructuring, and compositional changes, while avoiding radiolysis damage during the reaction stage. This capability allows reconstruction of catalyst evolution pathways with atomic-scale precision under realistic operating conditions, without the need for specialised EM equipment or software. This review critically examines recent advances in IL-EM methodologies, including experimental workflows, correlative spectroscopy, and applications in thermal and electrochemical catalysis, as well as emerging applications for photocatalysis. Particular emphasis is placed on how IL-EM reveals mechanistic insights that are inaccessible through conventional ensemble-averaging techniques, and workflows correlating IL-EM with other local-probe and macroscale characterisation methods. Finally, we discuss current challenges, including limited time resolution, experimental labour intensity, and statistical considerations, alongside emerging opportunities, such as automation, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted analysis, and multimodal characterisation. These developments are expected to transform IL-EM into a high-throughput and widely accessible tool. As such, IL-EM is poised to play a key role in establishing quantitative design principles for next-generation heterogeneous catalysts.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent applications of asymmetric hydrogenation in total synthesis of natural products and drugs","authors":"Dong Li,Jingya Lu,Yao Zhang,Ya-Nan Duan,Xumu Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01435b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01435b","url":null,"abstract":"Natural products with unique structures and promising bioactivities are vital for drug discovery. The efficient and concise synthesis of these natural products and analogues thus becomes even more critical for further drug screening. Over the past several decades, asymmetric hydrogenation has witnessed remarkable progress and evolved into a powerful and versatile strategy for the construction of chiral molecules. Starting from readily available building blocks, the enantioselective asymmetric hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds offers a straightforward strategy for the rapid construction of isolated or contiguous stereogenic centers at both early and late stages. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of asymmetric hydrogenation of diverse unsaturated bonds, categorized by structural types. In particular, we highlight the application of asymmetric hydrogenation strategies in the total synthesis of natural products and drugs.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149225882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}