Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Photothermal methane dry reforming: catalyst architectures, mechanistic pathways, and future challenges.","authors":"Ruijie Yang,Chengxuan He,Yuan Dong,Weihao Chen,Lingyun Chen,Zhihan Wang,Miao Kan,Shiqun Wu,Jinlong Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00417a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00417a","url":null,"abstract":"Photothermal dry reforming of methane (PT-DRM) presents a promising strategy for simultaneously mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and valorizing carbon resources by converting CH4 and CO2 into syngas under solar irradiation. By integrating photonic and thermal activation, this hybrid catalytic approach addresses the kinetic and thermodynamic limitations of conventional DRM, enabling efficient activation of chemically inert molecules through mechanisms such as localized surface plasmon resonance, semiconductor bandgap excitation, and interfacial charge transfer. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PT-DRM catalyst architectures, which are systematically categorized into nanoparticle-based catalysts, fully exposed active site systems, and hybrid nanostructures. We highlight how variations in morphology, dispersion, and electronic configuration govern light-heat synergy, intermediate evolution, and suppression of side reactions. Moreover, we dissect the mechanistic pathways involved, including lattice oxygen cycling, oxygen vacancy dynamics, and dual-site redox mechanisms, with emphasis on how these pathways diverge across structural motifs and reaction environments. Despite these advances, several unresolved challenges persist, such as the difficulty in decoupling photonic and thermal effects, the instability of active sites under operando conditions, the suppression of side reactions, and the lack of real-time diagnostic tools to probe nanoscale thermal gradients and intermediate transformations. By bridging structure-activity relationships with photophysical and interfacial phenomena, this review aims to guide the rational design of next-generation PT-DRM catalysts and accelerate the development of solar-driven syngas production technologies.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145246455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular-level understandings and device strategies for FAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells","authors":"Hui-Seon Kim, Jin-Wook Lee, Anders Hagfeldt, Michael Grätzel, Nam-Gyu Park","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00474h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00474h","url":null,"abstract":"The composition of halide perovskite has rapidly changed from methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI<small>₃</small>) to formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI<small>₃</small>) to achieve high-performance solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of over 27%. FAPbI<small>₃</small> is well known for its suitable bandgap, closer to the ideal one, and improved stability under external stress. Nevertheless, the role of FA<small>⁺</small> in determining the outstanding optoelectronic properties of FAPbI<small>₃</small>, distinct from MAPbI<small>₃</small>, is relatively less understood. In this review, the interaction between FA<small>⁺</small> and PbI<small>₆</small><small>⁴⁻</small> octahedral frameworks is investigated in comparison with MA<small>⁺</small>, which readily affects the chemical bonding nature of the inorganic framework and thus determines the optoelectronic properties and structural stability. Closely related to the fundamental understanding of FAPbI<small>₃</small>, the progress of FAPbI<small>₃</small>-based perovskite solar cells is discussed from a strategic point of view to resolve their metastable character and surface defect properties to provide insights into future research directions.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient green synthesis of ammonia: from mechanistic understanding to reactor design for potential production","authors":"Zhenhui Kou, Dong Shi, Bin Yang, Zhongjian Li, Qinghua Zhang, Jianguo Lu, Tao Zhang, Lecheng Lei, Yuanyuan Li, Liming Dai, Yang Hou","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00969c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00969c","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia (NH<small>₃</small>), one of the world's most vital chemicals and energy carriers, has attracted wide attention. Currently, NH<small>₃</small> is mainly produced using the traditional, energy-intensive Haber–Bosch (H–B) technology, which has a large impact on the environment. Therefore, developing a low-cost, high-efficiency, and eco-friendly way to produce NH<small>₃</small> is highly desirable. Photo-, electro-, photoelectro-, and alkali–metal-mediated catalytic reactions powered by renewable and clean energy under ambient conditions offer alternatives to the H–B process and have recently gained significant interest. However, efficient nitrogen reduction is a key requirement, limiting the selectivity and activity for the green synthesis of NH<small>₃</small> because the N<small>₂</small> activation process in a green catalytic system is difficult to complete due to its thermodynamic instability and chemical inertness. Compared to the reduction of N<small>₂</small>, the catalytic reduction of some soluble and harmful high-valent sources (<em>e.g.</em>, NO, NO<small>₂</small><small>⁻</small>, and NO<small>₃</small><small>⁻</small>) is considered an effective method for increasing NH<small>₃</small> synthesis efficiency. This review article focuses on the important features of the green catalytic conversion of multiple nitrogen resources into NH<small>₃</small> by summarizing the fundamental mechanistic understanding, catalytic descriptors, and current advances, along with the various catalysts used for these conversion strategies and their structure–activity relationships. Meanwhile, opportunities and prospects for reactor design and construction for potential NH<small>₃</small> production at high current densities are also discussed, focusing on achieving a high yield rate, Faraday efficiency, and energy efficiency. This will provide valuable guidance for constructing catalysts and optimizing reaction systems that can meet the needs of practical applications.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in the transformation of nitriles into diverse N-heterocycles.","authors":"Wenting Huang,Dandan He,Huanfeng Jiang,Wanqing Wu","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00024f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00024f","url":null,"abstract":"Nitriles, as valuable compounds characterized by carbon-nitrogen triple bonds, represent an important class of synthons in organic synthetic chemistry and materials science. Over the past two decades, the conversion of nitriles to diverse N-heterocycles has attracted significant attention among chemists, owing to its numerous synthetic and economic advantages. Three main types of reactions involving nitriles in N-heterocycle synthesis have been reported, including nucleophilic addition, electrophilic addition and radical addition reactions. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent progress in nitrile cyclization chemistry is presented. This review is organized and discussed based on the transition metal-catalyzed and metal-free induced N-heterocycle synthesis by C-C, C-N and N-N bond formation reactions using nitriles as nitrogen sources, with an emphasis on the reaction development, mechanisms and subsequent applications of these reactions.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rational structural design of aromatic Azo photoactive small molecules for biomedical applications","authors":"Junjie Ding, Ze Huang, Duoteng Zhang, Yunwei Qu, Shiji Zhang, Congcong Zhang, Bin Fang, Lin Li, Wei Huang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00334b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00334b","url":null,"abstract":"Aromatic Azo molecules, including azobenzenes (Ph–N<img alt=\"[double bond, length as m-dash]\" border=\"0\" src=\"https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_e001.gif\"/>N–Ph) and heteroaryl Azo (Het–N<img alt=\"[double bond, length as m-dash]\" border=\"0\" src=\"https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_e001.gif\"/>N–Ph or Het–N<img alt=\"[double bond, length as m-dash]\" border=\"0\" src=\"https://www.rsc.org/images/entities/char_e001.gif\"/>N–Het), have emerged as versatile and high-performing photoactive switches for biomedical applications. Despite decades of extensive research on aromatic Azo as molecular photoswitches, the full translational potential of these small molecules remains underexploited. This review systematically outlines structural design strategies for aromatic Azo, spanning from functional substituent engineering to π-conjugation modulation, to fine-tune its photophysical properties. We summarize state-of-the-art synthetic methodologies for crafting multifunctional aromatic Azo frameworks, contrast the distinct isomerization mechanisms of azobenzenes <em>versus</em> heteroaryl Azo derivatives, and highlight the latest biomedical application advances, including biological imaging and detection, drug delivery, photopharmacology, phototherapy, miscellanea photo responsive biomaterials and constructs, and control in chemical biology. Furthermore, we discuss clinical translation challenges and opportunities in this field, proposing innovative strategies to address critical issues. This review aims to substantially advance the burgeoning field of aromatic Azo photoactive small molecules for biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145241608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radical retrosynthesis: a powerful strategy for modern assembly of terpenoid natural products","authors":"Yong Zhang, Yanbo Zhang, Chao Li","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00760g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00760g","url":null,"abstract":"Radical retrosynthesis has emerged as a powerful strategy for the modern assembly of complex natural products, offering a one-electron logic that complements traditional polar disconnections. This review highlights recent advances—particularly developed over the past decade—in radical methodologies and their strategic applications in the total synthesis of terpenoid natural products. Emphasis is placed on how various radical precursors, including alkenes, carboxylic acids, halides, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, and alkanes, have been transformed through innovative processes such as photoredox catalysis, metal–hydride hydrogen atom transfer (MHAT), redox-active ester (RAE) chemistry, cross-electrophile couplings (XEC), and HAT-based C–H functionalization. By organizing the discussion around precursor classes and corresponding reaction modes, we illustrate how radical-based synthetic strategies enable efficient construction of quaternary stereocenters and modular assembly of complex polycyclic scaffolds.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"106 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfenylcarbenes and sulfenylnitrenes in organic synthesis","authors":"Prakash Kafle, Deacon Herndon, Indrajeet Sharma","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00278h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00278h","url":null,"abstract":"Sulfenylcarbenes and sulfenylnitrenes are ambiphilic intermediates possessing an unoxidized sulfur atom adjacent to their reactive center. Their unique properties and tunable reactivity make them a model species for studying carbenes and nitrenes in cycloaddition reactions, atom incorporation, late-stage functionalizations, among other applications. They have gained significant attention recently and hold considerable promise for novel reaction development and discovery. Herein, we analyze the chemistry of sulfenylcarbenes and sulfenylnitrenes, emphasizing their generation and applications in contemporary organic synthesis.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioinspired photonic materials for advanced thermal management","authors":"Kan Yao, Gaoyang Kong, Chengyu Xiao, Shaowen Chen, Yifan Zhang, Xing Lou, Jing Li, Di Zhang, Han Zhou, Yuebing Zheng","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00471c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00471c","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance of temperature within a suitable range is essential for human activity, and thermal management is the science dedicated to this goal. From an optical point of view, thermal management requires engineered photonic materials with versatile responses over the broad solar and thermal spectra to perform complex functions, including cooling, heating, energy conversion, camouflage, and dynamic control of heat flow, many of which are highly desirable in renewable energy research. The sophisticated spectral requirements of these applications pose fundamental challenges in materials design. While advances in computational methods have led to many technological breakthroughs, a parallel route—drawing inspiration from biological systems—has also yielded impressive progress. Guided by the unmatched power of natural selection, biomimetic approaches facilitate the development of high-performance bioinspired materials with intricate hierarchical architectures. In this review, we present the concepts and recent advances in biomimetic photonic materials and strategies for thermal management, along with our perspectives on the current challenges and future directions. The engineering principles evolved in nature to meet complex spectral demands are also broadly applicable to other applications involving ultra-broadband and band-selective optical responses.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Au NHC complexes as anticancer agents: milestones, strategies and future developments","authors":"Melanie E. Hoffmann, Fritz E. Kühn","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00924c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00924c","url":null,"abstract":"The need for selective and efficient anticancer therapies drives the development of gold N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as efficient metallodrugs. Their stability, tunable electronics, and versatile steric features make NHCs ideal ligands, which, paired with an antiproliferating gold centre, form an exemplary metal complex for anticancer research. This review highlights the progress made in designing gold NHC complexes, emphasizing strategies to enhance cytotoxicity and selectivity towards cancer cells while minimizing toxicity to healthy tissues, emphasizing the crucial role of the NHC ligand. Furthermore, challenges concerning revealing the precise modes of action are discussed. Mechanistic pathways beyond the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase are highlighted. By underlining recent developments, this review aims to pave the way to a rational design of next-generation gold NHC complexes.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145235474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vivo CRISPR biosensing","authors":"Yanan Li, Wen Zhao, Yonghua Wu, Rui Li, Jingjing Zhang, Haojie Xie, Kaixiang Zhang, Jinghong Li","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00921a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00921a","url":null,"abstract":"<em>In vivo</em> biosensing is essential for real-time monitoring of biological processes and disease progression within living organisms. Leveraging the programmable specificity and multifunctionality of CRISPR effectors, <em>in vivo</em> CRISPR-based biosensing has emerged as a powerful tool for highly sensitive and target-specific detection in complex physiological environments. This review presents the fundamental principles, design strategies, and bioanalytical applications of these advanced sensors, focusing on three key approaches: CRISPR-mediated highly efficient <em>in vivo</em> sequence recognition, CRISPR-driven <em>trans</em>-cleavage activity for signal amplification, and the use of base editors and prime editors for sensing-coupled genetic modulation. Critical design parameters—including delivery strategies, intracellular dynamics, and signal amplification mechanisms—are discussed in detail. We further highlight a broad range of applications, including <em>in vivo</em> DNA/RNA imaging, quantification of proteins and small molecules, gene-controlled drug release, dynamic signal recording, environmental response sensing, and lineage tracing in embryogenesis and tumor progression. The current challenges and outlining future directions are also discussed, underscoring the transformative potential of <em>in vivo</em> CRISPR biosensing in both fundamental biology and clinical translation.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145229024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}