Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Biomass valorization with metal-free catalysts: innovations in thermocatalytic, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic approaches","authors":"Arzoo Chauhan and Rajendra Srivastava","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00304K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00304K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The catalytic valorization of biomass into high-value chemicals and sustainable fuels is critical for addressing global environmental challenges and advancing a bio-based circular economy. Traditional metal-based catalysts, though effective, face major limitations, including resource scarcity, toxicity, leaching, and cost, underscoring the need for alternative catalytic paradigms. Metal-free catalytic systems have emerged as promising sustainable solutions due to their environmental compatibility, cost-effectiveness, and material abundance. This review comprehensively evaluates recent progress in metal-free catalysis for biomass valorization, uniquely integrating and comparing thermal, photocatalytic, and electrocatalytic methodologies. We systematically discuss diverse classes of metal-free catalysts, including carbon-only materials, heteroatom-doped carbons, and emerging non-carbon frameworks, while highlighting advanced synthesis strategies, tailored active site engineering, mechanistic insights, and catalyst recyclability under varying operational conditions. The comparative analysis reveals distinct advantages and limitations inherent to each catalytic route, emphasizing the tunability and versatility of metal-free systems. Importantly, future proposed directions are rooted in the synergistic integration of photothermal and photoelectrochemical pathways, paving the way for next-generation multifunctional catalytic systems. By identifying persistent challenges such as active site localization, long-term stability, reaction selectivity, and scalability, the review advocates for interdisciplinary efforts incorporating advanced heterostructure design and AI-driven catalyst optimization to realize the full potential of metal-free catalysis in sustainable biomass valorization.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7114-7173"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small molecule sonosensitizers in cancer therapy: recent advances and clinical prospects","authors":"Dan Li, Yongjie Zhu, Weiwen Yin, Xintong Lin, Goeun Kim, Zhaoyang Liu, Sungwook Jung, Jiwoo Seo, Sumin Kim, Jong Seung Kim, Huaiyi Huang and Pingyu Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00088B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00088B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a promising cancer treatment modality, offering deep-tissue targeting while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Building upon the pioneering work of Kremkau and Umemura in SDT, researchers worldwide have expanded and diversified sonosensitizers. From their early foundations, small molecule sonosensitizers have now evolved to include porphyrins, phthalocyanines, BODIPY dyes, cyanines, xanthene dyes, phenothiazines, metal complexes, and other organic molecules. By combining deep tissue penetration of ultrasound (US) with synergistic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, SDT overcomes the depth limitations of photodynamic therapy (PDT), significantly enhancing its potential for tumor treatment. In this review, we systematically examine recent advances in small molecule sonosensitizers, focusing on their design strategies and corresponding performance. Furthermore, we highlight their clinical anti-tumor applications and current limitations, providing valuable insights for the future rational design of sonosensitizers.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 16","pages":" 7610-7653"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging applications and mechanistic insights of copper mediated electrocatalysts in organic transformations","authors":"Masnun Naher, Miguel A. Gonzálvez, Craig M. Williams and Paul V. Bernhardt","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00382B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00382B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Current trends in synthetic organic chemistry lean towards atom-economical and sustainable methodologies, moving away from traditional thermal processes. Electrocatalysis using transition metal complexes has been discussed as an attractive way to accomplish such goals, given oxidants or reductants are substituted by electrons from a power source. The use of copper complexes has been a staple of many classical organic transformations, and extensive research has been undertaken on the many reactions and mechanisms that exist. In contrast, most research involving copper electrosynthesis methodologies has been developed contemporarily. This review aims to explore the current state-of-the-art for copper-based electrocatalysis (or mediated electrosynthesis), with an emphasis on mechanistic proposals and insights that are uniquely extracted by electrochemical methodologies such as cyclic voltammetry or spectroelectrochemistry. By exploring the interplay between redox-active copper chemistry and the possibilities from electrochemical processes, the goal of this treatise is to inspire researchers to transform established approaches and explore new opportunities in copper-based electrosynthesis to advance the field of sustainable organic synthesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7304-7338"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144558539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outstanding Reviewers for Chemical Society Reviews in 2024","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/D5CS90059J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS90059J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of <em>Chemical Society Reviews</em>’ reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for <em>Chemical Society Reviews</em> in 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 14","pages":" 6609-6609"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144547287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical-assisted analysis of epigenetic modifications","authors":"Xucong Teng, Qiushuang Zhang, Yicong Dai, Hongwei Hou and Jinghong Li","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00479A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00479A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Epigenetic modifications, particularly those occurring on nucleic acid bases, play a pivotal role in regulating gene expression and cellular function without altering the underlying nucleic acid sequences. These subtle chemical alterations, such as methylation, hydroxymethylation, and acylation, are intricately linked to various biological processes. The analysis of base modifications poses significant challenges because of their minimal structural differences from unmodified bases, which traditional methods relying on double-stranded complementarity often fail to distinguish effectively. Nevertheless, the distinct chemical properties conferred by these modifications provide an opportunity for the development of novel approaches for their specific recognition. In this review, we elucidate the biological significance of nucleic acid modifications, including their diverse types, genomic distribution, abundance, and functions. We then delve into the principles and applications of chemical-assisted analysis methods, which leverage the unique chemical properties of modified bases to transform them into detectable derivatives. We comprehensively discuss various base conversion strategies, encompassing oxidation, reduction, deamination, addition, substitution, and coupling reactions. Moreover, we address the limitations of current chemical-assisted methods, such as insufficient sensitivity for low-abundance modifications, stringent reaction conditions, variable conversion efficiencies, challenges in single-cell analysis, and the loss of spatial information. Finally, we emphasize the significance of nucleic acid modifications in unraveling biological processes and disease mechanisms, and highlight the potential of chemical-assisted methods in advancing epigenetic research and precision medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7271-7303"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements and prospects of near-infrared-light driven CO2 reduction reaction†","authors":"Siheng Yang, Wei Che, Yanhua Shao, Woo Jin Byun, Xiaodong Li, Xingchen Jiao, Ruixiang Li, Jae Sung Lee, Jiaqi Xu and Jong-Beom Baek","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00721B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00721B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In the realm of photoconversion of CO<small>₂</small> into high-value chemicals, the importance of near-infrared (NIR) light is gradually gaining recognition. Relative to ultraviolet (UV) and visible light, NIR light (700–2500 nm), accounting for <em>ca.</em> 50% of solar energy, offers unique advantages such as deeper penetration depth and stronger photothermal effects. Thus, utilizing NIR light can not only compensate for the inherent limitations of UV/visible light-based CO<small>₂</small> reduction systems, but also maximize the use of solar energy. However, efficiently harnessing NIR light remains challenging because of its low photon energy, making it difficult to drive CO<small>₂</small> reduction. Additionally, the limited knowledge of the reduction mechanism driven by low-energy photons further hinders progress in this field. In this review, we systematically introduce the motivation and fundamental principles of NIR-light-driven CO<small>₂</small> reduction, the design strategies for NIR-light-activated photocatalysts (including the energy band structure regulation strategy, the energy transfer strategy, and the photothermal utilization strategy), NIR-light absorption mechanisms of these catalysts, and representative applications of these strategies. Finally, we present our perspectives on the challenges facing NIR-light-driven CO<small>₂</small> reduction and provide suggestions for improving current photocatalysts, characterization techniques, evaluation procedures, and potential large-scale applications in future research. With further advancements in NIR-light-driven CO<small>₂</small> reduction, it holds great promise to maximize the exploitation of solar energy, ultimately achieving efficient CO<small>₂</small> photoconversion for industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7174-7215"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d4cs00721b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144515232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting the reactivity of carbon dioxide: from physical and chemical properties to reactive carbon capture","authors":"Jerik Mathew Valera Lauridsen and Ji-Woong Lee","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00285K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00285K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The commonly believed low chemical reactivity of CO<small>₂</small> is misguiding, considering the high electrophilicity of C<small>_sp</small> of CO<small>₂</small>, the seemingly omnipresent photosynthetic C–C bond formation, and the enzymatic hydrolysis of CO<small>₂</small> to form carbonic acid on the surface of water. Here, we discuss the electrophilic reactivity and thermodynamic stability of CO<small>₂</small> under standardized conditions to shed light on the properties of CO<small>₂</small> that can be relevant in applications. This is particularly important to guide and rationalize new technologies of carbon capture and, more importantly, for utilization by understanding physical and chemical parameters that matter. This tutorial review, therefore, illustrates how to revisit the reactivity of CO<small>₂</small> from the perspective of its utility for developing suitable solutions for carbon capture and utilization, particularly for the concept of reactive capture of CO<small>₂</small>, based on the available thermodynamic and kinetic data in recent literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7058-7066"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144478692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable decommissioning of perovskite solar cells: from waste to resources","authors":"Valentina Larini, Matteo Degani, Silvia Cavalli and Giulia Grancini","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00359H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00359H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have witnessed a rapid progression as emerging alternatives for innovative photovoltaics (PVs). However, this promising growth also comes with challenges related to the end-of-life (EoL) management of exhausted devices. In this review, we discuss different studies on the implications of the decommissioning of PSCs from a sustainable perspective by reviewing current PSC recycling strategies as general guidelines in the field of EoL PSCs. We hope that this review would encourage the necessary development of more virtuous energy-efficient and environmentally friendly recycling protocols for PSC recovery, from lab- to large-scale application in view of perovskite-based PV technology's imminent jump to the market.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7252-7270"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d5cs00359h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144370113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling gas production in rechargeable batteries via in situ differential electrochemical mass spectrometry","authors":"Guochuan Tang, Jiyu Zhang, Siyu Ma, Junyu Li, Zhangquan Peng and Weihua Chen","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00276A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00276A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The operation of rechargeable batteries is always accompanied by the generation and accumulation of gases due to side reactions. Timely detection of gas production is particularly critical for ensuring battery safety and extending operational lifetimes. In this review, an emerging spectrometry technique—<em>in situ</em> differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)—for real-time gas detection, aiming to provide a detailed understanding of gas production behavior and underlying mechanisms, was systematically reviewed. The fundamentals of DEMS equipment and its significant development and evolution process in battery gas detection are discussed. By analysing extensive experimental data, the effects of external parameters on gas production in batteries and their quantitative impacts were evaluated. To elucidate the essence of gas generation, the reaction mechanisms are comprehensively analysed and discussed at the molecular scale, utilizing <em>in situ</em> DEMS detection data and complementary characterization methods. Furthermore, effective strategies for suppressing gas production, ranging from laboratory research to industrial applications, are introduced. Finally, promising directions for advancing gas monitoring technologies are identified to inspire the revolutionary design of safer and longer-lasting batteries.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7216-7251"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144341436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New guidelines and definitions for type I photodynamic therapy","authors":"Mingle Li, Jianhua Xiong, Yingying Zhang, Le Yu, Lizhou Yue, Changyu Yoon, Yujin Kim, Yang Zhou, Xiaoqiang Chen, Yunjie Xu, Xiaojun Peng and Jong Seung Kim","doi":"10.1039/D1CS01079D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D1CS01079D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The advent of photochemical technologies has revolutionized biology and medicine, offering groundbreaking innovations in cancer treatment and beyond. Among these, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach to cancer therapy, leveraging cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eliminate cancer cells. While traditional type II PDT relies on high oxygen levels and consumes substantial amounts of oxygen, type I PDT requires less oxygen and holds great potential in addressing the hypoxic microenvironments characteristic of solid tumors. Over the last six years, our research team has made pioneering contributions to this field, with a particular focus on type I photosensitizers (PSs) and their diverse applications, including oxygen-sparing PDT, mitochondrial respiration inhibitors, modulation of cellular self-protection pathways, targeted cancer cell destruction, regulation of cellular signaling pathways, immune activation <em>via</em> nanomedicines, and intracellular oxygen-independent artificial photoredox catalysis. Notably, in 2018, our research proposed a “partial oxygen-recyclable mechanism” mediated by O<small>₂</small>˙<small>⁻</small>, successfully revealing why the type I mechanism can be used for overcoming PDT hypoxia resistance. This revitalized interest in type I PDT and inspired numerous research groups worldwide to develop a plethora of new O<small>₂</small>˙<small>⁻</small> photogenerators. However, inconsistencies in mechanistic interpretations, detection methodologies, and application strategies have arisen due to fragmented communication within the field of photoscience and ambiguity in some key definitions. Given our research team's significant contributions and expertise in the type I PDT domain, we believe it is imperative to present a comprehensive review to establish standardized definitions, mechanisms, molecular designs, detection techniques, and clinical applications of type I PDT in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Our goal is to provide a clear and authoritative resource for both specialists and non-specialists, fostering a deeper understanding of type I PDT and inspiring future innovations to advance more effective and clinically relevant therapies for cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 15","pages":" 7025-7057"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144328929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}