Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing photo-chemoresponse for precise drug activation.","authors":"Xing Zhang,Junjie Ding,Dihua Tian,Youxin Fu,Run Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01045d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01045d","url":null,"abstract":"Photo-chemoresponsive controlled drug delivery enables spatiotemporally precise interventions by transducing optical stimuli into defined drug activation events, overcoming the inability of conventional formulations to synchronize therapeutic action with disease dynamics. Covalent prodrug strategies utilizing photoresponsive protecting groups or coordinating ligands offer distinct advantages over physical encapsulation by ensuring exceptional chemical selectivity and pharmacological fidelity, thereby confining activation to illuminated lesions while mitigating off-target toxicity and acquired resistance. This review systematically examines the molecular design principles underlying six key photochemical mechanisms, including photoreduction, photocleavage, photoactivated ligand effects, photodynamic action, photothermal conversion, and synergistic pathways. Furthermore, we critically evaluate recent advances in the engineering of photo-chemoresponsive prodrugs, together with their inherent limitations and translational challenges, and discuss future directions for clinical implementation. By providing a comprehensive overview of these mechanisms and strategies, this review serves as a valuable reference for the rational design of next-generation precision phototherapeutics.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal antibacterial agents based on photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy: principles, design strategies and applications.","authors":"Hongchen Zhai,Li Lv,Hanqi Ren,Hyunsun Jeong,Yafu Wang,Huiyu Niu,Ben Zhong Tang,Juyoung Yoon,Hua Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00072j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00072j","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and bacterial biofilms pose a dire global health threat. To combat localized infections (e.g., chronic wounds, implant-associated infections), multimodal strategies combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT)-collectively referred to as photoactivated therapies (PT)-have emerged as promising antibiotic-sparing photoactivated approaches. This review systematically surveys multimodal platforms that integrate PDT/PTT with chemodynamic therapy (CDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), gas therapy, antibiotics, and immunotherapy. We highlight the rational design of nanomaterials that enable both reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and photothermal conversion, thereby overcoming monotherapy limitations such as poor tissue penetration, hypoxia, and low efficiency. The applications of these systems in treating chronic wounds, implant infections, and deep-seated infections are discussed, with emphasis on material innovations including aggregation-induced emission (AIE) agents, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and biomimetic platforms. Finally, we critically evaluate challenges in targeting precision, long-term biosafety, and clinical translation, while outlining future directions toward smart responsive systems and AI-assisted design.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"362 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148441047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The synthetic landscape of cereblon (CRBN) binders: from thalidomide to emerging chemotypes.","authors":"Sergi Rafael,Carolina Sánchez-Zarzalejo,Rory Whelan,Clifford Harris,Xavier Verdaguer,Cristina Mayor-Ruiz,Antoni Riera","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00247a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00247a","url":null,"abstract":"Thalidomide, initially marketed as a sedative and anti-emetic, was withdrawn in the 1960s due to catastrophic teratogenic effects. Decades later, thalidomide was reconsidered as an anticancer agent, resulting in FDA approval against multiple myeloma. This success spurred the development of structural analogs lenalidomide and then pomalidomide as cancer therapies (immunomodulatory imide drugs, IMiDs). Subsequent landmark studies have revealed that IMiDs act as molecular glue degraders, co-opting the E3 ubiquitin ligase cereblon (CRBN) to induce the polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of several proteins (e.g., the transcription factors IKZF1/3). From 2015 onwards, IMiDs have also been widely incorporated into the design of PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) to recruit additional target proteins to CRBN and trigger target depletion. IMiDs have proven particularly suited for PROTAC development due to their efficient co-opting of CRBN and structural simplicity. Intense medicinal chemistry and chemical biology efforts have expanded CRBN-binding chemotypes far beyond classical thalidomide analogues, yielding a diverse array of molecular glues and PROTAC handles with tailored neosubstrate profiles and properties. In this review, we systematically organize the synthetic landscape of CRBN binders from a chemotype-centric perspective. After providing a historical overview of thalidomide, we classify CRBN binders into four major families: phthalimido glutarimides (thalidomide derivatives), isoindolinone-2-yl glutarimides (lenalidomide-type scaffolds), glutarimides linked to alternative heterocyclic or aromatic motifs, and emerging glutarimide-free CRBN modulators. For each class, representative examples are discussed alongside modular routes and recurrent derivatization vectors that have enabled both clinically used IMiDs and next-generation molecular glue degraders and PROTACs. By integrating structural insights with synthetic strategies, we provide a structure-guided roadmap for chemists and chemical biologists seeking to navigate, rationally expand, and functionally tailor the growing chemical space of small-molecule CRBN binders.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148432626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkali-metal alkoxides as additives in polar organometallic chemistry for M-H and M-X exchange reactions.","authors":"Neil R Judge,Andreu Tortajada,Eva Hevia","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00275g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00275g","url":null,"abstract":"Typified by the Lochmann-Schlosser superbase, the use of Group 1 alkali-metal alkoxides as additives to enhance the reactivity of s-block organometallic reagents is a well-established concept in organic synthesis. However, for decades the origin of this activating effect remained unclear, and the constitution of the organometallic species involved was poorly understood. More recent studies have revealed that mixed-metal, mixed-aggregate complexes constitute the active species in these transformations. By enabling bimetallic cooperation, such combinations can display enhanced reactivity and distinct regioselectivities compared to their monometallic counterparts. This Tutorial Review highlights recent advances in this field, including the use of alkali-metal alkoxides in combination with organozinc and organomagnesium reagents to unlock new applications in deprotonative metalation and metal-halogen exchange reactions. Particular emphasis is placed on developing a mechanistic understanding of how these heterobimetallic mixtures operate. Focusing on recent synthetic studies on arene functionalisation, this Review also showcases the key role of coordination effects in finely tuning the regioselectivity of these transformations.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148428797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging solar harvesting technologies using hydrogels towards sustainability.","authors":"Xinglong Pan,Weixin Guan,Wanheng Lu,Yuanming Zhang,Wei Li Ong,Zhiqun Lin,Guihua Yu,Ghim Wei Ho","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00055j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00055j","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of solar energy has been integral to biological evolution, industrial revolution, and humanity's journey across the past, present, and future, shaping both natural ecosystems and technological advancements. Effectively harnessing this sustainable energy is crucial for addressing the escalating and coupled global energy-water-environment crises. This tutorial review advances an integration paradigm in which hydrogels serve as adaptable and scalable matrices enabling cost-effective solar harvesting that aligns with sustainability and economic feasibility. We first summarize the challenges inherent in existing solar technologies and extrinsic factors beyond material design that influence their sustainable development. Next, we highlight the transformative potential of integrating hydrogels into advanced solar systems through hierarchical energy utilization, multifunctional coordination, and enhanced environmental adaptability and stability. Finally, we assess the broader technological and societal implications of integrated solar harvesting systems by considering regional economic disparities, local resource availability, societal needs, and environmental impacts. By offering a pragmatic perspective on hybrid solar technologies, this tutorial review bridges academic innovation and practical application, charting pathways toward high-efficiency, cost-effective solar energy utilization, with hydrogels serving as a versatile integration platform. These advancements not only foster sustainable development but also contribute to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem resilience while driving progress toward more resilient, eco-friendly societies.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148428796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virus-inspired functional spherical biomaterials constructed from high-symmetry biomacromolecules: design and applications.","authors":"Kazunori Matsuura,Hiroshi Inaba","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00383d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00383d","url":null,"abstract":"Virus-inspired spherical biomaterials composed of highly symmetric biomacromolecules have attracted considerable attention as versatile platforms for biomedical and material applications. In natural viruses, protein subunits spontaneously self-assemble into well-defined capsid structures with nanoscale dimensions and discrete internal spaces. Inspired by these architectural features, a wide variety of artificial spherical assemblies constructed from DNA, peptides, and proteins have been developed through rational molecular design. In particular, tripodal (C3-symmetric) molecular designs that mimic the principles of viral capsid assembly have enabled the efficient construction of virus-like nanocages with controllable size, morphology, and function. This review summarizes recent advances in the design of spherical biomaterials assembled from high-symmetry biomacromolecules, focusing on DNA-based condensates, peptide cages, protein cages, artificial virus-like capsids, and enveloped virus-like capsids, and discusses their biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148416284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Covalent organic frameworks for solar- and electricity-driven biomass valorization.","authors":"Deyu Wu,Song Yang,Heng Zhang,Tianyi Ma,Qianrong Fang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00300a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00300a","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by escalating global energy demands and ecological imperatives, the upgrading of biomass into premium chemicals and renewable fuels via solar- or electricity-driven pathways represents a cornerstone strategy for achieving carbon neutrality and advancing green chemistry. Owing to their well-defined porosity, tunable architectures, and versatile functionalization, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted increasing attention as advanced catalytic platforms for energy-related applications. Notably, this work provides the first comprehensive and systematic evaluation of COFs in both photo- and electrocatalytic biomass valorization. We begin with a rigorous overview of the essential physicochemical attributes of COFs alongside their corresponding modification strategies. Building upon this foundation, this review systematically highlights the latest milestones in utilizing these functional materials for solar- and electricity-driven biomass upgrading. Special emphasis is placed on establishing the fundamental structure-function correlations that govern the transformation of key biomass platform molecules, thereby offering an integrated framework to elucidate catalytic origins and guide rational material design. Concurrently, the critical bottlenecks obstructing the practical deployment of COFs in this domain are dissected, accompanied by a rigorous assessment of current achievements and systemic limitations. Ultimately, we propose a strategic development roadmap and clear design principles to steer the future evolution of next-generation COFs toward highly efficient biomass transformation.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148408456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ligand-regulated copper nanoclusters: atomic-precision synthesis, structural evolution, and catalytic function in photo- and electrocatalysis.","authors":"Weiqiang Zhang,Yaqi Li,Jinsheng Zhao,Chuansheng Cui,Chao Liu,Di Sun","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00228e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00228e","url":null,"abstract":"Atomically precise copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) have emerged as molecularly defined platforms that bridge coordination chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. Owing to the earth abundance of copper, rich redox chemistry, and highly tunable ligand environments, Cu NCs offer attractive alternatives to noble-metal nanoclusters and provide powerful models for correlating atomic structure with catalytic function. In this review, we summarize recent advances in ligand-regulated Cu NCs, focusing on three interconnected aspects including ligand-directed synthesis, atomic-scale structural evolution, and catalytic applications in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. We discuss how representative ligand systems, including phosphines, thiolates, alkynyls, calixarenes, and chiral ligands, regulate cluster nuclearity, surface coordination, electronic structure, and active-site accessibility. Particular emphasis is placed on how ligand-defined structures influence catalytic performance in two key areas, namely photocatalytic reactions including CO2 reduction and light-driven C-C/C-N bond formation, and electrocatalytic reactions including CO2 reduction, oxygen reduction and evolution, hydrogen evolution, and nitrate reduction. Rather than presenting a descriptive catalogue of reported Cu NCs, this review aims to establish a ligand-structure-function framework that clarifies how ligand coordination controls cluster formation, structural evolution, and catalytic behaviour. These insights may guide the rational design of Cu NC catalysts with improved activity, selectivity, and stability.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148408528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid-linking organic frameworks: design strategies, synergistic properties, and emerging applications.","authors":"Zhansong Shi,Jie Zhang,Shilun Qiu,Qianrong Fang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00354k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00354k","url":null,"abstract":"Organic framework materials (OFMs) are a class of highly ordered porous materials constructed from organic building blocks through various types of linkage interactions, exemplified by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). Owing to their tunable functionalities, well-defined periodic structures, and excellent framework robustness, these materials have already attracted widespread attention. Hybrid-linking organic frameworks (HyOFs) are assembled from building blocks via multiple types of linking interactions. As a result, they exhibit enhanced connective multiplicity, homogeneous periodicity, and orthogonal resistibility compared to conventional OFMs. By precisely regulating the synergistic effects of hybridized linkages, HyOFs offer the potential to address the crystallinity-stability-complexity conflict often encountered in conventional OFMs. This review summarizes recent advancements in HyOFs with a focus on their design and synthetic strategies, examines the synergistic enhancements imparted by hybrid structures alongside their underlying mechanisms, and highlights their applications in adsorption, catalysis, energy storage, and biomedicine. We aim to provide a systematic understanding of the structure-property-application relationships in HyOFs, thereby offering guidance for the development of next-generation OFMs based on the HyOF platform and stimulating the design of innovative materials in related disciplines.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"145 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148408455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanochemical strategies for environmental remediation and resource recovery.","authors":"Xinzhong Wang,Yiwen Su,Jiashu Chen,Edward Hengzhou Yan,Tianjiao Hua,Jingyu Sun,Huakun Liu,Shixue Dou,Guangping Zheng,Jong-Beom Baek","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00208k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00208k","url":null,"abstract":"Mechanochemistry is emerging as a distinct strategy for the sustainable conversion of recalcitrant substrates (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and spent batteries), as well as small molecules such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) into valuable chemical products. By harnessing mechanical force, mechanochemical processes can promote chemical transformations under relatively mild, and solvent-free conditions, while potentially reducing hazardous emissions and simplifying process requirements. However, a coherent mechanistic framework and consistent sustainability evaluation remain underdeveloped. This review synthesizes the key mechanistic pathways, including radical and reactive intermediate generation, electron transfer, solid-gas interface activation, impact-driven micro-temperature (T)/pressure (P), phase transformation, and catalyst-assisted mechanoredox. These mechanistic insights are discussed together with advanced characterization techniques and integrated with techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), product sustainability index (ProdSI), and uncertainty analysis. By highlighting both opportunities and limitations, this Review aims to provide a balanced framework for guiding the future development of mechanochemical technologies for environmental remediation and resource recovery.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148401424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}