{"title":"Dynamic control of halide perovskite structures for tailored ferroelectric and second-order nonlinear optical functionalities","authors":"Zhu Guo, Jiawei Lin and Lingling Mao","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00475F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00475F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are rapidly developing as a class of versatile materials combining the exceptional optoelectronic characteristics with tunable ferroelectricity and nonlinear optical responses. Spanning across the three-dimensional, two-dimensional, and one-dimensional architectures, these materials have demonstrated exceptional structural diversity, providing immense opportunities for tailored property design. We start by referencing the classic oxide perovskites, sharing differences and similarities of these material systems. The fundamental mechanisms driving ferroelectricity in MHPs range from displacive distortions and lone-pair stereoactivity to organic cation ordering. The ability to control these mechanisms through precise organic cation site (A-site) and metal site (B-site) engineering, dimensionality tuning, and external stimuli opens new avenues for designing high-performance ferroelectric and second-harmonic generation (SHG)-active materials. This review highlights the rich structural diversity in halide perovskites, with a focus on the critical structure–property relationships that govern their ferroelectric and nonlinear optical behaviors. We discuss key design strategies that exploit asymmetric coordination, excitonic channels, and resonance effects to enhance SHG responses and polarization switching. Furthermore, we analyze how these materials might be included into useful devices such as ferroelectric photovoltaics and photodetectors, as well as how they could be used in multipurpose optoelectronic applications. Finally, we discuss the stability and scalability issues that MHP ferroelectrics are having in the commercialization process and provide insights for future research avenues that may help realize these materials’ full potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 19","pages":" 8845-8887"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144928280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Louis-Thibault J. D. Opsommer, Thomas Schalck, Sasha Yogiswara, Kevin J. Verstrepen, Jan Michiels and Bert F. Sels
{"title":"α-Ketoglutaric acid as a promising platform chemical for sustainable bio-based industries","authors":"Louis-Thibault J. D. Opsommer, Thomas Schalck, Sasha Yogiswara, Kevin J. Verstrepen, Jan Michiels and Bert F. Sels","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01125B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01125B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The chemical industry is gradually shifting from fossil-derived resources to more sustainable bio-based processes. Natural bio-molecules such as succinic, lactic, and itaconic acid are promising platform chemicals for this green chemistry transition because they can be produced from biomass and converted into various products that are currently produced through fossil-based processes, or they can replace these fossil-based products. One specific bio-molecule, α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KGA), is particularly interesting because it can be directly applied in certain nutrition and healthcare applications, and also serves as a precursor for other commodity and fine chemicals. This review examines the unique chemical properties and application potential of α-KGA and summarises the current state-of-the-art in chemical synthesis and microbial production of α-KGA. Specifically, we discuss how recent advances in precision fermentation, microbial metabolic engineering, and downstream purification are opening new avenues towards sustainable α-KGA production from renewable feedstocks such as sugars, glycerol, fatty acids, alkanes, and alcohols, with titres reaching up to 195 g L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> and productivity up to 1.75 g L<small><sup>−1</sup></small> h<small><sup>−1</sup></small>. Finally, we critically assess the future potential and remaining challenges to implement a cost-competitive industrial bio-based α-KGA chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8469-8523"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d4cs01125b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144924407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reactivity descriptors for sulfur redox kinetics in lithium–sulfur batteries: from mechanistic insights to machine learning driven catalyst design","authors":"Ziqing Yao, Yulu Zou, Shuangke Liu, Yujie Li, Qingpeng Guo, Chunman Zheng, Weiwei Sun","doi":"10.1039/d5cs00324e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs00324e","url":null,"abstract":"The judicious selection of catalytic materials has emerged as a critical strategy for addressing the notorious lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttle effect and sluggish sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) kinetics in lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs). While traditional catalyst development has relied heavily on empirical trial-and-error approaches, recent advances in reactivity descriptor theory offer the potential to understand the mechanisms inherent in the SRR and to revolutionize the catalyst development paradigm, but a comprehensive understanding of the role and origins of descriptors in the SRR remains lacking. This review systematically examines validated descriptor-based research paradigms and their significant advances in LSBs. Firstly, we elucidate critical LiPS intermediates and rate-limiting steps in the SRR process, and present a summary of the role played by descriptors, establishing fundamental connections to descriptor functionality. Subsequently, we delineate the operational principles of three primary descriptor categories (electronic, structural, and energy descriptors) and the establishment of scaling relationships based on them. Moreover, advanced descriptor constructs are also explored, including comprehensive descriptors with multi-factor integration and other types of descriptors. In particular, we summarize how emerging artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies can facilitate the further development and application of descriptors. Ultimately, we envision great potential for clarifying the scope of applicability, developing universal descriptors, integrating with AI, and breaking the scaling relationships to accurately identify and design highly active catalysts.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chengben Liu, Xiaoyu Hou, Zixin Zhu and Mingzhu Li
{"title":"Bioinspired micro-nano photonic materials","authors":"Chengben Liu, Xiaoyu Hou, Zixin Zhu and Mingzhu Li","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00606F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00606F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The development of micro- and nano-scale photonic materials represents a cornerstone of modern science and technology. Nature, as a master architect, has served us with the most compelling and time-tested innovations and bio-designs. From the vibrant iridescent wings of butterflies to the anti-reflective eyes of moths, biological systems have long perfected the art of light manipulation through intricate micro- and nanoscale architectures. By decoding these biological mechanisms, harnessing nature-inspired design and interdisciplinary innovation, researchers unlock pathways to create materials with tailored optical properties, durability, and environmental adaptability. In the evolving landscape of photonic materials science, bioinspired micro-nano photonic materials emerge as a transformative frontier, bridging the ingenuity of biological evolution with cutting-edge photonic technologies. In this review, we provide an overview of research efforts on bioinspired micro-nano photonic materials, which offer multifunctional, adaptive, and sustainable solutions for next generation environmentally sustainable photonic materials and ultra-compact, energy-efficient photonic devices. We summarize the typical foundational principles of biological systems where nanostructures have evolved over millennia to master light. Furthermore, we highlight recent advances in bioinspired micro-nano photonic materials which have led to tremendous progress in eco-friendly structural color display, visual chroma sensor, high-security information encryption, energy-efficient functional optoelectrical devices, and so on. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of bioinspired micro-nano photonic materials, including nature-inspired design, fabrication sustainability, and interdisciplinary synergy, for applications in telecom, energy, and biomedicine in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8434-8468"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d5cs00606f?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144906521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tian Zhang, Xinyu Qu, Jinjun Shao and Xiaochen Dong
{"title":"Organic photosensitizers: from molecular design to phototheranostics","authors":"Tian Zhang, Xinyu Qu, Jinjun Shao and Xiaochen Dong","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00599J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00599J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a highly promising approach for tumor treatment, owing to its remarkable spatiotemporal precision and non-invasive characteristics. Nevertheless, the clinical translation of conventional organic photosensitizers remains constrained by inherent limitations, including a low photosensitization effect, limited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME), restricted tissue penetration depth, and inefficient tumor-targeting. To address these challenges, this review examines molecular engineering strategies through rational structure design, focusing on five critical aspects: (i) to promote the intersystem crossing (ISC) process by introducing heavy atoms, designing photosensitizers with a twisted conformation structure or polymerization for amplified ROS generation; (ii) to conquer tumor hypoxia <em>via</em> construction of type I photosensitizers, fractional photosensitizers and other radical-generating photosensitizers; (iii) to excite with near-infrared light <em>via</em> constructing a D–A structure, fabricating <em>J</em>-aggregates, or utilizing two-photon excitation to improve the penetration depth; (iv) to target tumor tissues through conjugating photosensitizers with tumor-specific ligands or gene-encoded fragments to achieve tumor-targeted therapy; and (v) to reduce the off-target effect <em>via</em> designing TME-activatable photosensitizers. Additionally, this review highlights emerging applications in precision oncotherapy, antimicrobial therapy, and afterglow imaging diagnostics. Moreover, the perspectives and challenges of the molecular design and phototheranostics of organic photosensitizers are discussed. This review aims to bridge fundamental research with clinical translation challenges, providing strategic insights for advancing next-generation organic photosensitizers.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8406-8433"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144901419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Skeletal editing based on nitrogen-atom manipulation","authors":"Linlin Ding, Yang Fan and Hongjian Lu","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00974F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00974F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Molecular skeletal editing has become a powerful tool in modern synthetic chemistry, enabling a diverse array of unprecedented molecular transformations. Owing to the ubiquitous presence of nitrogen atoms in bioactive natural molecules and their pivotal role in synthetic building blocks, nitrogen-atom manipulation—referred to as N-atom editing—has garnered significant attention. In the past five years, substantial progress has been made in developing novel methodologies, expanding the technique's potential across various fields, particularly in medicinal chemistry and materials science. This tutorial review provides a structured and in-depth overview of N-atom editing, tracing its historical development and highlighting recent breakthroughs. Mechanistic insights are discussed in detail, providing researchers with valuable insights and conceptual tools for future investigations. Furthermore, the transformative applications of these methodologies in synthesizing and modifying bioactive molecules, natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials are illustrated through representative examples. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion of the challenges and future perspectives in N-atom editing.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8145-8169"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144936022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yuting Du, Shenzhen Deng, Yuanyuan Zhu, Jianan Jiang, Guangxu Yang, Mingbo Wu and Zhongtao Li
{"title":"Advancements in polymer materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Yuting Du, Shenzhen Deng, Yuanyuan Zhu, Jianan Jiang, Guangxu Yang, Mingbo Wu and Zhongtao Li","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00583C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00583C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polymers are anticipated to address the bottleneck challenges in high-energy-density batteries due to their inherent flexibility, tunable structures, and ease of functionalization. In this review, we first analyze the requirements for cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials in high-energy-density batteries, alongside the existing challenges within current material systems. We then summarize and discuss the current status and developmental trends of polymer materials in these domains. Furthermore, we elucidate the challenges faced by polymer materials in high-energy-density batteries, including issues related to stability, ion transport, processing, and system integration. Finally, we present an overview of the current landscape and regulatory considerations for polymer materials in high-energy-density lithium batteries, proposing future development directions in this field. The insights provided are expected to facilitate the application of polymer materials in lithium batteries and advance the development of high-energy-density lithium battery technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8287-8324"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144936407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recent advances in preparation and applications of white circularly polarized luminescent materials","authors":"Pei Zhao, Hai-Yan Lu and Chuan-Feng Chen","doi":"10.1039/D5CS00410A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5CS00410A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >White circularly polarized luminescence (WCPL) integrates the characteristics of circular polarization luminescence and broadband white emission, enabling chiroptical luminescence under photoexcitation or electroluminescence conditions. Recently, WCPL materials have attracted increasing attention from both academic and industrial communities due to their potential applications in a wide range of fields, including optical anti-counterfeiting, information storage, biomedical diagnostics, optical sensing, and next-generation optoelectronic devices. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of WCPL-active materials. Particular emphasis is placed on three representative designing strategies of WCPL materials: polymer-based systems, multicomponent-doped systems and single-component systems. These approaches collectively highlight the diverse molecular design principles and structure–property relationships underlying efficient WCPL behavior. We believe that this review will provide valuable insights for researchers across various disciplines and inspire further exploration and innovation in this rapidly evolving field of chiral luminescent materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 19","pages":" 8534-8554"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d5cs00410a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuo Feng, Meng Huang, Yanbo Li, Aoran Cai, Xiaoyu Yue, Song Wang, Linjiang Chen, Jun Jiang and Yi Luo
{"title":"Intelligent understanding of spectra: from structural elucidation to property design","authors":"Shuo Feng, Meng Huang, Yanbo Li, Aoran Cai, Xiaoyu Yue, Song Wang, Linjiang Chen, Jun Jiang and Yi Luo","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01293C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01293C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Spectroscopy serves as a bridge between experimental observations and quantum mechanical principles, linking molecular microstructure to macroscopic material properties. Despite its central importance, establishing quantitative structure–property relationships from spectral data remains challenging, typically requiring expensive quantum chemistry calculations and specialized expertise. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with spectroscopy presents a transformative opportunity to overcome these limitations. AI models can leverage spectral data as molecular descriptors to construct predictive relationships—both spectrum-to-structure and spectrum-to-property mappings. This review presents representative advances at the AI–spectroscopy intersection, highlighting how these approaches address challenges in spectroscopic analysis: automated spectral interpretation, efficient spectral prediction, and accurate property determination from spectroscopic fingerprints. Beyond individual applications, we demonstrate how AI enables the development of unified spectrum–structure–property frameworks capable of predicting functional properties directly from spectral data. This integrated approach opens pathways for spectrum-guided, AI-driven inverse design of functional matters. In addition, we emphasize the importance of model interpretability, which can illuminate the fundamental physics underlying spectrum–structure–property relationships. Looking forward, we propose that integrating large-scale AI architectures with spectroscopic descriptors could establish universal spectrum–structure–property relationships, potentially revolutionizing chemical theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8243-8286"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144936068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ziyan Shen, Shuang Chao, Luling Wu, Huanyu Liu, Yuxin Pei, Tony D. James and Zhichao Pei
{"title":"Advances in the bioapplications of ionic pillararenes","authors":"Ziyan Shen, Shuang Chao, Luling Wu, Huanyu Liu, Yuxin Pei, Tony D. James and Zhichao Pei","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00458B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00458B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The biological arena provides a wide range of challenges requiring cutting-edge developments, from the exploration of complex mechanisms within organisms, to the interactions between organisms and the environment, as well as the detection and analysis of bioactive substances, early disease diagnosis and precision treatment, and the research, development, and application of biomaterials. Solving these problems is of great significance for improving public health standards and promoting the innovation of medical technologies. Supramolecular chemistry, as an emerging interdisciplinary discipline, provides unique perspectives and research methods for overcoming these challenges. Ionic pillararenes (IPAs), as an emerging supramolecular tool, possess unique advantages due to their ionic properties. This enables them to show great potential in solving problems in the biological field, such as deciphering the mechanisms of transmembrane transport, precisely recognizing and sensing biomolecules, and achieving efficient disease diagnosis and treatment. This review article summarizes the application progress of IPAs in the biological field, providing a theoretical basis for the further development of novel biological application technologies and the design of more efficient biological solutions. This review also delves deeply into the challenges and opportunities faced by IPAs for biological applications. As well as offering comprehensive and in-depth insights into IPAs, that we hope will encourage researchers in related fields to conduct innovative and practical research using IPAs.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 18","pages":" 8345-8405"},"PeriodicalIF":39.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d4cs00458b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144870405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}