Integrative plasmonics: optical multi-effects and acousto-electric-thermal fusion for biosensing, energy conversion, and photonic circuits

Surface plasmons, a unique optical phenomenon arising at the interface between metals and dielectrics, have garnered significant interest across fields such as biochemistry, materials science, energy, optics, and nanotechnology. Recently, plasmonics is evolving from a focus on “classical plasmonics,” which emphasizes fundamental effects and applications, to “integrative plasmonics,” which explores the integration of plasmonics with multidisciplinary technologies. This review explores this evolution, summarizing key developments in this technological shift and offering a timely discussion on the fusion mechanisms, strategies, and applications. First, we examine the integration mechanisms of plasmons within the realm of optics, detailing how fundamental plasmonic effects give rise to optical multi-effects, such as plasmon–phonon coupling, nonlinear optical effects, electromagnetically induced transparency, chirality, nanocavity resonance, and waveguides. Next, we highlight strategies for integrating plasmons with technologies beyond optics, analyzing the processes and benefits of combining plasmonics with acoustics, electronics, and thermonics, including comprehensive plasmonic-electric-acousto-thermal integration. We then review cutting-edge applications in biochemistry (molecular diagnostics), energy (harvesting and catalysis), and informatics (photonic integrated circuits). These applications involve surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF), chirality, nanotweezers, photoacoustic imaging, perovskite solar cells, photocatalysis, photothermal therapy, and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Finally, we conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the challenges and future of integrative plasmonics, considering advances in mechanisms (quantum effects, spintronics, and topology), materials (Dirac semimetals and hydrogels), technologies (machine learning, edge computing, in-sensor computing, and neuroengineering), and emerging applications (5G, 6G, virtual reality, and point-of-care testing).