Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Organic circularly polarized lasers","authors":"Zhijiang Song,Yangyang Zhang,Jiannian Yao,Yong Sheng Zhao,Kang Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00467a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00467a","url":null,"abstract":"Circularly polarized (CP) lasers have emerged as a transformative class of photonic devices, bridging fundamental light-matter interactions with applications in optical communications, quantum technology, chiral sensing, and beyond. Unlike conventional lasers, CP lasers emit light with well-defined spin angular momentum, introducing new degrees of freedom for controlling optical information. Organic materials offer a versatile platform for generating CP lasing due to their intrinsic molecular chirality, tunable excitonic properties, flexibility, and compatibility with low-cost fabrication techniques. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamental mechanisms and recent advances in organic CP lasers, from molecular design and supramolecular self-assembly to device architectures and emission control strategies. We highlight how molecular chirality, excitonic coupling, and photonic structures synergistically determine lasing handedness, wavelength, polarization degree, and threshold. Finally, we discuss key challenges, such as polarization purity and standardizing polarization characterization, and outline future directions toward continuous-wave and electrically pumped CP lasers. This review is expected to provide a roadmap for designing next-generation coherent light sources with controllable spin and polarization characteristics.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148973258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluoroalkyl carbenes: versatile platforms for fluoroalkylated functional molecules","authors":"Yongquan Ning,Zhen Zhang,Wenjie Zhang,Yaojia Jiang,Paramasivam Sivaguru,Guangbo Che,Xihe Bi","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00581k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00581k","url":null,"abstract":"Fluoroalkyl carbenes have emerged as versatile and synthetically powerful reactive intermediates for the construction of structurally diverse fluorinated molecules, driven by their distinctive electronic properties and highly tunable reactivity. In particular, the interplay between the electrophilic carbenic center and the adjacent fluoroalkyl group enables unconventional bond-forming processes, including sequential and dual bond formation at the carbenic carbon, thereby providing unique disconnections for complex molecule construction. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the development of fluoroalkyl carbene chemistry, encompassing advances in carbene precursor design, generation strategies, and synthetic applications. The discussion is organized according to two interconnected reactivity modes: transformations centered at the carbenic carbon and processes involving cooperative reactivity between carbenic and fluorinated carbon atoms. A particular emphasis is placed on the evaluation of reaction scope and limitations, mechanistic insights, structure–reactivity relationships, stereochemical control, late-stage functionalization, and applications in the synthesis of biologically active complex molecules. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities are identified to guide the continued development of fluoroalkyl carbene chemistry. Reactions involving fluorocarbenes and difluorocarbenes are beyond the scope of this review.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148964422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From concepts to devices: the odyssey of 3d transition metal catalysts in photocatalytic CO conversion","authors":"Chandan Das,Aritra Guha,Suman Maity,Somnath Guria,Suhana Karim,Piyali Majumder,Goutam Kumar Lahiri,Arnab Dutta","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01156f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01156f","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations driven by human activity necessitates the development of sustainable mitigation strategies. Among the various approaches, photocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2RR) offers a green, solar-driven route to fuels and value-added chemicals under mild conditions, closely mimicking natural photosynthesis. Unlike thermochemical and electrochemical CO2 reduction, which typically rely on centralized energy inputs, photocatalysis provides a decentralized and energy-efficient alternative. Molecular photocatalysts based on earth-abundant 3d transition metals are emerging as promising candidates due to their tuneable reactivity and reduced reliance on noble metals. However, their practical deployment is constrained by challenges, including inefficient charge separation, limited stability, and poor recyclability. To address these issues, hybrid systems that couple molecular catalysts with semiconductors such as carbon nitride, quantum dots, metal oxides, chalcogenides, and perovskites have been developed, offering improved light harvesting, charge transfer, and robustness. Further incorporation into porous crystalline frameworks, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), enables enhanced reusability, tailored microenvironments, and straightforward heterogenization. Recent advances in integrating these hybrid catalysts into photoelectrochemical cells and engineered photoreactors highlight their potential for scalable, continuous operation, thus advancing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. This review critically examines the progress in 3d metal-based molecular and hybrid photocatalysts for CO2RR, with emphasis on structural design, mechanistic insights, interfacial engineering, and photoreactor development, aiming to provide a roadmap for future innovation in solar-driven carbon utilization.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomimetic molecular recognition of nucleotides by macrocyclic and cage hosts in water","authors":"Tianci He,Maryam Akhgar,Liping Cao,Evgeny A. Kataev","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01260k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01260k","url":null,"abstract":"Nucleotides are essential molecules in biology, acting as building blocks of DNA and RNA, energy carriers, and signalling molecules. They also function as coenzymes that support key metabolic and catalytic processes. This tutorial focuses on the development of synthetic receptors—especially macrocyclic and cage-like structures—that can selectively bind nucleotides. Studying these systems helps scientists better understand molecular recognition in biology and enables techniques like monitoring nucleotide levels in cells. The review emphasizes recent progress in receptor design, exploring their structures, binding mechanisms, and factors affecting selectivity, such as shape, conformation, and chemical interactions. It also covers experimental techniques and applications, highlighting how understanding noncovalent interactions can inform the development of new functional materials, catalysts, and drugs.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148957918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From electromagnetic field-material interactions to intensified chemical manufacturing microwave catalysis","authors":"Yeonsu Kwak,Arun S. Sundaramoorthy,Arnav Mittal,Chaandhru Arumugam,Bhumana Teressa,Devangshi Debraj,Himanshu Goyal,Dionisios G. Vlachos","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01379h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cs01379h","url":null,"abstract":"Microwave catalysis provides an electrified route for chemical manufacturing, reshaping temperature fields, reaction kinetics, and reactor design across length scales. Despite clear gains in reaction rate, selectivity, and stability, industrial translation remains limited by several constraints spanning shallow penetration depth in strongly absorbing media, limited availability of in situ temperature sensors with sub-millimeter resolution above 400 °C, sparse permittivity datasets above 500 °C, multimode cavity field nonuniformity, and lack of validated CAPEX models for industrial hardware. This review discusses these barriers by focusing on dielectric physics, temperature diagnostics, catalytic performance, materials design, reactor engineering, and techno-economic analysis. Spectroscopy, temperature sensing, and modeling increasingly attribute reported MW-specific effects to unresolved temperature heterogeneity. This evidence shifts the research priority toward accurate temperature measurement and field control. We discuss emerging microwave reactor strategies including multifunctional redox materials, structured reactors that extend effective penetration depth, and scale-up. Resolving sensing, materials, and reactor design limitations would position microwave catalysis as a scalable platform for intensified, electrified, and low-carbon chemical manufacturing in applications where selective heating and modular deployment provide decisive advantages.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148908916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A six-dimensional framework for water splitting electrocatalysts: from intrinsic activity to practical performance","authors":"Yu'an Li,Huiying Li,Jintao Huang,Kailun Wang,Yi Liu,Boxuan Jin,Hanyu Hu,Weijie Kong,Deli Wang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00773b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00773b","url":null,"abstract":"Electrocatalytic water splitting using renewable electricity is widely regarded as a promising route to sustainable hydrogen production. However, its practical application is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A critical challenge remains: the lack of electrocatalysts that simultaneously achieve high intrinsic activity, long-term durability, and industrially relevant efficiency. Despite advances in catalyst design, current studies are still dominated by static descriptors and single-dimensional optimization, which fail to address the mismatch between material-level activity and device-level performance. In this review, we propose a six-dimensional coupled design framework for water electrolysis electrocatalysts. Specifically, electronic structure regulation (E), atomic-level active site definition (A), bulk-phase framework engineering (B), interfacial coupling (I), hierarchical architecture design (H), and dynamic evolution (D) are discussed as six mutually constraining dimensions. Altogether, these dimensions cover a hierarchical range, extending from microscopic electronic states at the atomic scale to the operational behavior of macroscopic devices. We first introduce the fundamentals of water electrolysis, including HER/OER mechanisms, thermodynamic and kinetic constraints, and evaluation metrics from intrinsic activity to industrially relevant performance. Subsequently, representative catalyst systems and design strategies are systematically discussed within the E–A–B–I–H–D framework, emphasizing structure–activity relationships and cross-dimensional interconnections. Finally, the key challenges and future directions toward predictive, multidimensional, and industrially relevant catalyst design are highlighted. This review aims to provide an integrative multiscale framework and practical design guidelines for developing high-performance electrocatalysts that bridge fundamental research and industrial water electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148902478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atomic customization for water electrolysis","authors":"Xin Wang,Sirui Yang,Yingcong Liu,Yuchen Wang,Yang Chen,Andi Ren,Zhuo Kang,Yue Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00291a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00291a","url":null,"abstract":"The development of atomic site catalysts has stepped onto a higher stage in recent years. Substantial research progress has been attained, including the precise regulation of atomic moieties, mechanistic deciphering of synergistic catalysis, and substantial enhancement of catalytic performance towards efficient water electrolysis. Herein, this review presents a full picture of atomic customization for water electrolysis catalysts, delivering insights on coordination and geometric structure regulation at the single-atomic scale, inter-site electronic interactions at the dual-atomic scale, synergistic effects of atomic moieties integrated with hierarchical decorations at the cross-scale, as well as dynamic structural evolution at the multi-spatiotemporal scale. Specifically, the variable dependence of site activity and stability on coordination environments and location geometry is dissected, including metal–support interaction variations, local charge redistribution, electronic orbital reconfiguration, and intermediate adsorption optimization. Furthermore, the complementary roles of two atoms in diverse dual-atom moieties are systematically analyzed to unravel regulation rules of inter-site charge transfer, electronic coupling, and spin-state interactions for boosted reactions. On this basis, insights are cast upon synergistic catalysis enabled by integrating atomic moieties with nanoclusters/particles, heterostructures, and various physical fields. More interestingly, the multi-scale dynamic reconstruction of atomically customized catalysts is discussed in terms of local coordination variation, atomic migration and aggregation, and phase transformation. Finally, we critically expound AI-assisted catalyst design, highlighting the frontiers in chemical composition screening, substrate type selection and local structure optimization. This review aims to offer comprehensive insights into the atomic-scale customization of energy materials and further advances in water electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"48 15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148899304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magnetoelectrocatalysis at the frontier: advanced quantum materials, mechanistic insights, and application landscapes","authors":"Koushik Mitra,Saheli Samanta,Uttam Kumar Ghorai","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00031b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6cs00031b","url":null,"abstract":"Amid escalating environmental pollution and the urgent surge in sustainable energy demand, electrocatalysis has emerged as a key technology for sustainable energy conversion and chemical transformation. However, despite decades of progress, the rational design and development of electrocatalysts that simultaneously overcome kinetic, stability, and selectivity limitations remain central challenges. In this review, we summarize the foundations and boundaries of the magneto-electrocatalytic domain, an emerging transformative breakthrough that integrates magnetisation and advanced quantum materials into electrochemical transformations. We bridge material innovations spanning from three-dimensional to two-dimensional limits and topological quantum systems, with mechanistic insights into spin-dependent reaction pathways, highlighting how magnetic interactions can modulate adsorption energetics, interfacial charge transfer and reaction intermediates. Particular emphasis is placed on experimentally validated catalysts and advanced quantum materials exhibiting phenomena such as spin-momentum locking, magnetochiral anomaly, and chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS). We discuss how either low external magnetic fields or fictitious magnetic fields arising from Berry curvature engineering can orchestrate complex catalytic frameworks and alter rate-determining steps. By unifying magnetohydrodynamic effects with spin polarization mechanisms, we provide a comprehensive framework for a better understanding of coupled electric–magnetic interactions under operando conditions. Finally, we outline practical guidelines and emerging opportunities for data-driven discovery, emphasizing how artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can decode multivariate spin–field–structure correlations and accelerate catalyst selection and optimization. Together, these perspectives define design principles, mechanistic benchmarks and technological opportunities that position magnetoelectrocatalysis as a transformative platform for next-generation spin-engineered electrochemical systems.","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":46.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148877468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineering multi-component synergy in crystalline porous organic frameworks: a new paradigm for biomolecule integration.","authors":"Jiaxin Cui, Xin Liu, Jingting He, Zhenjie Zhang, Yao Chen","doi":"10.1039/d5cs01574j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5cs01574j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomolecules are nature's catalysts and recognition elements, yet their practical use is limited by instability and lack of reusability. Crystalline porous organic frameworks (POFs) have emerged as protective hosts, but the field is now shifting from passive encapsulation toward engineering multi-component synergy. This review introduces a new paradigm: moving beyond single-biomolecule immobilization to construct hierarchical, cooperative systems within POFs. The structural regularity, tunable porosity, and versatile functionality of POFs enable the spatial and functional organization of multiple enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins, small bioactive molecules, and even heterogeneous functional components-forming multi-enzyme cascades, nucleic acid-protein assemblies, protein-protein synergistic systems, and heterogeneous integrations with metal nanoparticles, polymers, inorganic components, biological membranes, and living cells-to create artificial organelles and molecular factories that mimic nature's compartmentalization. These synergistic systems enable efficient cascade catalysis, enhanced stability, and emergent functionalities unattainable by single components. We survey their applications in industrial biocatalysis, environmental remediation, and healthcare, while also critically discussing current challenges and future directions. By establishing multi-component synergy as a new design principle, this review provides a roadmap for the next generation of POF-based biohybrids toward sustainable biotechnologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9044-9081"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148710634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategies for the steric shielding of dimetallapolyynes L_<i>y</i>M(CC)_<i>n</i>ML_<i>y</i>: a personal account of approaches to insulated molecular wires and sp carbon allotropes.","authors":"Marsel Z Shafikov, John A Gladysz","doi":"10.1039/d6cs00406g","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6cs00406g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The steric shielding of reactive functionality has been extensively used throughout chemistry to enhance stabilities and facilitate studies of otherwise transient molecules. The stabilities of polyynes markedly diminish as the sp carbon chains are extended, and this review traces the evolution of sterically protected dimetallapolyynes L_<i>y</i>M(CC)_<i>n</i>ML_<i>y</i> in the authors' group, and recent advances by others with organic analogs. Studies with chiral rhenium endgroups (η⁵-C₅Me₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃) and square planar platinum endgroups <i>trans</i>-Ar(X₃P)₂Pt (X = R, Ar') are emphasized. Stabilization strategies investigated include termini-spanning α,ω-diphosphine ligands Ar\"₂P(CH₂)_<i>m</i>PAr\"₂, CF₂-rich or lipophobic phosphine segments capable of promoting special phase behavior, and mechanically bonded macrocycles, <i>i.e.</i> rotaxanes. Steric protection afforded by the endgroups alone is also analyzed, along with other factors relevant to isolating potentially monodisperse samples of the polymeric linear sp carbon allotrope, carbyne.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" ","pages":"9147-9174"},"PeriodicalIF":48.3,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148617648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}