Chemical Society Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Implantable hydrogels as pioneering materials for next-generation brain–computer interfaces","authors":"Wasid Ullah Khan, Zhenzhen Shen, Samuel M. Mugo, Hongda Wang and Qiang Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01074D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01074D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Use of brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) is rapidly becoming a transformative approach for diagnosing and treating various brain disorders. By facilitating direct communication between the brain and external devices, BCIs have the potential to revolutionize neural activity monitoring, targeted neuromodulation strategies, and the restoration of brain functions. However, BCI technology faces significant challenges in achieving long-term, stable, high-quality recordings and accurately modulating neural activity. Traditional implantable electrodes, primarily made from rigid materials like metal, silicon, and carbon, provide excellent conductivity but encounter serious issues such as foreign body rejection, neural signal attenuation, and micromotion with brain tissue. To address these limitations, hydrogels are emerging as promising candidates for BCIs, given their mechanical and chemical similarities to brain tissues. These hydrogels are particularly suitable for implantable neural electrodes due to their three-dimensional water-rich structures, soft elastomeric properties, biocompatibility, and enhanced electrochemical characteristics. These exceptional features make them ideal for signal recording, neural modulation, and effective therapies for neurological conditions. This review highlights the current advancements in implantable hydrogel electrodes, focusing on their unique properties for neural signal recording and neuromodulation technologies, with the ultimate aim of treating brain disorders. A comprehensive overview is provided to encourage future progress in this field. Implantable hydrogel electrodes for BCIs have enormous potential to influence the broader scientific landscape and drive groundbreaking innovations across various sectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 6","pages":" 2832-2880"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143538712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability of photoelectrochemical cells based on colloidal quantum dots","authors":"Kanghong Wang, Yi Tao, Zikun Tang, Haiguang Zhao, Xuhui Sun, Federico Rosei, Dong Liu and Yujie Xiong","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00587B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00587B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, sensitized by colloidal quantum dots (QDs), are emerging as a promising approach for solar-to-fuel conversion, including hydrogen evolution and peroxide production. The high absorption coefficient and customizable size/composition/shape of QDs can effectively enhance and broaden the light absorption capabilities of the system. Additionally, QD-based heterostructures can facilitate carrier transfer, thereby enhancing the overall performance. To date, the photocurrent density of QD based photoelectrodes for water splitting has significantly surpassed that of conventional metal oxides and sulfides. However, despite recent advances in enhancing the photocurrent density of QD-based photoelectrodes, long-term operational stability remains a key challenge for their practical applications. Few studies so far have investigated in depth the stability mechanism of QD-based PEC cells alongside potential fabrication improvements. In this Review, we first discuss the dominant factors and mechanisms responsible for the deterioration of both QDs and QD-based PEC devices. Subsequently, we outline the prevalent processing techniques and effective strategies for the fabrication of durable PEC cells. Finally, future perspectives and research directions in this field are proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 7","pages":" 3513-3534"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143532650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional gel materials for next-generation electrochromic devices and applications","authors":"Yuyang Wang, Xiaoyan Sun, Quanbing Liu and Guihua Yu","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01256A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01256A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Flexible, wearable, bistable displays, visualized energy storage devices and large-area smart windows based on electrochromic (EC) technology are regarded as promising next-generation sustainable display technologies, with the potential to improve people's lives by enabling low-energy consumption, vision-friendly, smart display, and energy-efficient building solutions. Recently, gel-based EC devices have gained considerable research interest and have emerged as an effective platform for EC applications due to their unique and enhanced properties. Compared to solid-state and liquid-state EC devices, gel-based EC systems offer superior processability and scalability, improved mechanical properties such as flexibility and stretchability, and high ionic conductivity without leakage or volatility issues. This review summarizes and analyzes the gelation chemistry in EC systems, focusing on their relationship with key EC properties of the device. Ionic conductivity, temperature adaptability, and mechanical characteristics of the gels such as stretchability, self-healing ability, flexibility, and viscosity are foundational for enabling diverse functional EC applications. We introduce the preparation methods of related gels for EC devices and then discuss the factors influencing the properties and the strategies for tuning them, including the control of morphology, network architecture, polymer skeletons, functional groups, and additives within ion gels. Representative and latest applications of gel-based electrolytes in EC devices for various promising displays were then presented. Finally, we critically analyze the remaining challenges that need to be addressed to enable the practical deployment of gel-based EC devices and offer more insights into future directions for advancing EC technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 7","pages":" 3475-3512"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming (some) rules in synthesis design","authors":"Reinhard W. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01120A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01120A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The experience gained in the development of science is codified in dogmas, rules, and directives. Such originally helpful rules are not necessarily cast in concrete, as they may become obsolete because of newer challenges and developments. This is manifested by breakthroughs violating such rules. Three examples concerning synthesis design in Organic Chemistry are discussed in this essay.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 7","pages":" 3242-3246"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d4cs01120a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive understanding on the anionic redox chemistry of high-voltage cathode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries†","authors":"Qingyuan Li, Dong Zhou, Mihai Chu, Zhongqing Liu, Liangtao Yang, Wei Wu, De Ning, Wenyuan Li, Xingbo Liu, Jie Li, Stefano Passerini and Jun Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00797B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00797B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The electrification of transportation is an important contributor to reducing global carbon dioxide emissions. However, this progress is constrained by anxiety regarding the driving range of vehicles, which is well recognized to originate from the low specific energy of the employed state-of-the-art energy storage devices. Therefore, further promoting the specific energy of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is an inevitable need, where the development of cathode materials with high energy densities, <em>i.e.</em> high specific capacity and/or high working voltage, is essential. Accordingly, numerous research efforts are ongoing worldwide, where several materials stand out, including LiCoO<small>₂</small> (LCO), Ni-rich oxides and Li-rich cathodes, mainly because of their potential to deliver high capacities when operating at high voltages. However, the elevated operating voltage turns out to be a double-sided sword for these materials as achieving high specific capacity is always accompanied by the oxygen redox process, which shows unsatisfactory reversibility and has a significant impact on their structure stability and electrochemical performance. Consequently, understanding the failure mechanism of anionic redox chemistry and finding solutions to this issue are crucial for realizing the practical application of these high-voltage materials. Although many studies have been reported on the anionic redox chemistry of different materials, the corresponding reviews have predominantly focused on Li-rich cathode materials. Hence, the reviews on high-voltage LCO and Ni-rich oxides remain incomplete, and a unified understanding of their behavior at high voltages has not been established yet. This lack of comprehensive understanding has hindered the further development and application of high-voltage cathode materials. Thus, this review highlights the similarities and differences in the anionic redox chemistry of LCO, Li-rich and Ni-rich high-voltage cathode materials, emphasizing on a unified mechanistic picture and the related challenges and countermeasures. We aim to provide an outlook for future guidelines in material exploration with anionic redox chemistry, thus unlocking the full potential of high-voltage LIBs for diverse applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 7","pages":" 3441-3474"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143497466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the properties, types, and performance of atomic site catalysts in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions","authors":"M. Nur Hossain, Lei Zhang, Roberto Neagu and Shuhui Sun","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00333K","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00333K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Atomic site catalysts (ASCs) have recently gained prominence for their potential in the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to their exceptional activity, selectivity, and stability. ASCs with individual atoms dispersed on a support material, offer expanded surface areas and increased mass efficiency. This is because each atom in these catalysts serves as an active site, which enhances their catalytic activity. This review is focused on providing a detailed analysis of ASCs in the context of the HER. It will delve into their properties, types, and performance to provide a comprehensive understanding of their role in electrochemical HER processes. The introduction part underscores HER's significance in transitioning to sustainable energy sources and emphasizes the need for innovative catalysts like ASCs. The fundamentals of the HER section emphasizes the importance of understanding the HER and highlights the key role that catalysts play in HER. The review also explores the properties of ASCs with a specific emphasis on their atomic structure and categorizes the types based on their composition and structure. Within each category of ASCs, the review discusses their potential as catalysts for the HER. The performance section focuses on a thorough evaluation of ASCs in terms of their activity, selectivity, and stability in HER. The performance section assesses ASCs in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability, delving into reaction mechanisms <em>via</em> experimental and theoretical approaches, including density functional theory (DFT) studies. The review concludes by addressing ASC-related challenges in HER and proposing future research directions, aiming to inspire further innovation in sustainable catalysts for electrochemical HER.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 7","pages":" 3323-3386"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d4cs00333k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing super-resolution microscopy with metal complexes: functional imaging agents for nanoscale visualization","authors":"Nur Aininie Yusoh, Martin R. Gill and Xiaohe Tian","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01193G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01193G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has transformed biological imaging by overcoming the diffraction limit, offering nanoscale visualization of cellular structures and processes. However, the widespread use of organic fluorescent probes is often hindered by limitations such as photobleaching, short photostability, and inadequate performance in deep-tissue imaging. Metal complexes, with their superior photophysical properties, including exceptional photostability, tuneable luminescence, and extended excited-state lifetimes, address these challenges, enabling precise subcellular targeting and long-term imaging. Beyond imaging, their theranostic potential unlocks real-time diagnostics and treatments for diseases such as cancer and bacterial infections. This review explores recent advancements in applying metal complexes for SRM, focusing on their utility in visualizing intricate subcellular structures, capturing temporal dynamics in live cells and elucidating <em>in vivo</em> spatial organization. We emphasize how rational design strategies optimize biocompatibility, organelle specificity, and deep-tissue penetration, expanding their applicability in multiplexed imaging. Furthermore, we discuss the design of various metal nanoparticles (NPs) for SRM, along with emerging hybrid nanoscale probes that integrate metal complexes with gold (Au) scaffolds, offering promising avenues for overcoming current limitations. By highlighting both established successes and potential frontiers, this review provides a roadmap for leveraging metal complexes as versatile tools in advancing SRM applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 8","pages":" 3616-3646"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MXenes in healthcare: synthesis, fundamentals and applications†","authors":"Zaheer Ud Din Babar, Vincenzo Iannotti, Giulio Rosati, Ayesha Zaheer, Raffaele Velotta, Bartolomeo Della Ventura, Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk and Arben Merkoçi","doi":"10.1039/D3CS01024D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D3CS01024D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Since their discovery over a decade ago, MXenes have transformed the field of “materials for healthcare”, stimulating growing interest in their healthcare-related applications. These developments have also driven significant advancements in MXenes’ synthesis. This review systematically examines the synthesis of MXenes and their applications in sensing and biomedical fields, underscoring their pivotal role in addressing critical challenges in modern healthcare. We describe the experimental synthesis of MXenes by combining appropriate laboratory modules with the mechanistic principles underlying each synthesis step. In addition, we provide extensive details on the experimental parameters, critical considerations, and essential instructions for successful laboratory synthesis. Various healthcare applications including sensing, biomedical imaging, synergistic therapies, regenerative medicine, and wearable devices have been explored. We further highlight the emerging trends of MXenes, <em>viz.</em>, their role as nanovehicles for drug delivery, vectors for gene therapy, and tools for immune profiling. By identifying the important parameters that define the utility of MXenes in biomedical applications, this review outlines strategies to regulate their biomedical profile, thereby serving as a valuable guide to design MXenes with application-specific properties. The final section integrates experimental research with theoretical studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field. It examines the role of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), in accelerating material discovery, structure–property optimization, and automation. Complemented by detailed supplementary information on synthesis, stability, biocompatibility, environmental impact, and theoretical insights, this review offers a profound knowledge base for understanding this diverse family of 2D materials. Finally, we compared the potential of MXenes with that of other 2D materials to underscore the existing challenges and prioritize interdisciplinary collaboration. By synthesizing key studies from its discovery to current trends (especially from 2018 onward), this review provides a cohesive assessment of MXene synthesis with theoretical foundations and their prospects in the healthcare sector.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 7","pages":" 3387-3440"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/cs/d3cs01024d?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemistry of lignin and condensed tannins as aromatic biopolymers","authors":"Farzad Seidi, Yuqian Liu, Yang Huang, Huining Xiao and Daniel Crespy","doi":"10.1039/D4CS00440J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS00440J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Aromatic biopolymers are the second largest group of biopolymers after polysaccharides. Depolymerization of aromatic biopolymers, as cheap and renewable substitutes for fossil-based resources, has been used in the preparation of biofuels, and a range of aromatic and aliphatic small molecules. Additionally, these polymers exhibit a robust UV-shielding function due to the high content of aromatic groups. Meanwhile, the abundance of phenolic groups in their structures gives these compounds outstanding antioxidant capabilities, making them well-suited for a diverse array of anti-UV and medical applications. Nevertheless, these biopolymers possess inherent drawbacks in their pristine states, such as rigid structure, low solubility, and lack of desired functionalities, which hinder their complete exploitation across diverse sectors. Thus, the modification and functionalization of aromatic biopolymers are essential to provide them with specific functionalities and features needed for particular applications. Aromatic biopolymers include lignins, tannins, melanins, and humic acids. The objective of this review is to offer a thorough reference for assessing the chemistry and functionalization of lignins and condensed tannins. Lignins represent the largest and most prominent category of aromatic biopolymers, typically distinguishable as either softwood-derived or hardwood-derived lignins. Besides, condensed tannins are the most investigated group of the tannin family. The electron-rich aromatic rings, aliphatic hydroxyl groups, and phenolic groups are the main functional groups in the structure of lignins and condensed tannins. Methoxy groups are also abundant in lignins. Each group displays varying chemical reactivity within these biopolymers. Therefore, the selective and specific functionalization of lignins and condensed tannins can be achieved by understanding the chemistry behavior of these functional groups. Targeted applications include biomedicine, monomers and surface active agents for sustainable plastics.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 6","pages":" 3140-3232"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143452260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New reactivity of late 3d transition metal complexes in catalytic reactions of alkynes","authors":"Shenghan Teng, Peiyao Liang and Jianrong Steve Zhou","doi":"10.1039/D4CS01130A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4CS01130A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Late 3d metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and copper are abundantly present in the Earth's crust and they are produced in huge quantities in the mining industry. Often, these inexpensive metals exhibit unique or special reactivities in catalytic reactions as compared with expensive noble metals such as palladium, iridium, and rhodium. The novel reactivities of 3d metal complexes originate from their unique physical and atomic properties as compared with heavier 4d/5d congeners: smaller ionic and covalent radii, contracted 3d orbitals of smaller sizes and lower energies, lower values of Pauli electronegativity, <em>etc.</em> This review summarizes the recent progress in late 3d transition metal-catalyzed transformations of alkynes. We organize catalytic examples according to each type of novel elementary reactivity exhibited by 3d metal complexes. Each section includes a description of the unique reactivity of the 3d metals, the atomic and theoretical basis of the reactivity and illustrations of catalytic examples: (1) single electron transfer from low-valent metal complexes to alkyl halides, (2) facile reductive elimination from nickel(<small>III</small>), (3) facile reductive elimination from copper(<small>III</small>), (4) <em>cis</em>-to-<em>trans</em> isomerization of alkenyl metal complexes after <em>syn</em>-insertion, (5) ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer, (6) hydrogen atom transfer from hydride complexes and (7) protonation of nickel metallacyclopropenes.</p>","PeriodicalId":68,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Society Reviews","volume":" 6","pages":" 2664-2692"},"PeriodicalIF":40.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143443953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}