Acta anatomica最新文献

{"title":"Outer radius-wall thickness ratio, a postmortem quantitative histology in human coronary arteries.","authors":"B K Podesser,&nbsp;F Neumann,&nbsp;M Neumann,&nbsp;W Schreiner,&nbsp;G Wollenek,&nbsp;R Mallinger","doi":"10.1159/000046485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046485","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the anatomy, histology and pathology of human coronary arteries have been studied extensively, little is known about the functional relationship between vessel radius and wall thickness. It is the purpose of this study to present detailed measurements and to describe this relationship covering the range from the feeding coronary artery to the arterioles. Human hearts of 10 adults less than 36 +/- 3 years old were investigated immediately postmortem. Ten cubic tissue blocks, measuring about 10 mm in length on each side, were dissected from the left ventricular wall. After fixation by immersion, 15-microm sections were prepared and outer and inner perimeters of 52 arterial segments were digitalized. Vessel radius and wall thickness were calculated and plotted to show their relationship over the whole range of vessel calibers. Outer vessel radii ranged from 100 to 3,000 microm and wall thickness from 80 to 800 microm. Plotting the outer vessel radius against the wall thickness, the data points were found to cluster around a straight line. A significant correlation between the two parameters was found (R2 = 0.79). This mathematical correlation and the good agreement of the presented results with data from other species indicate a common physiologic concept.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 2","pages":"63-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046485","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20780615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired function of bipolar cells in the Royal College of Surgeons rat.","authors":"R Hanitzsch,&nbsp;C Zeumer,&nbsp;T Lichtenberger,&nbsp;K Wurziger","doi":"10.1159/000046476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046476","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The retina of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) strain of rat, which is being used as an animal model for human retinal degenerations, has been employed in the study of the function of second order neurons. By about the 33rd postnatal day the dendritic branching of isolated bipolar cells is more sparse than in bipolar cells of the normal rat retina, but their GABA channels are as in the normal rat retina. The normally occurring light-induced distal potassium increase has been used as the indicator of the functional competence of second order neurons in the isolated RCS rat retina. These are dependent upon the integrity of ionotropic and metabotropic synapses. At about the 22nd postnatal day MgCl2 enlarges the light-induced distal potassium increase in the young RCS rat retina as in the normal rat retina. It seems that MgCl2 does not block the metabotropic synapses of on-bipolar cells. At about postnatal day 33, at which time the photoreceptors of the RCS rat retina had become severely damaged, the size of this light-induced distal potassium increase was not changed, but it was abolished by MgCl2. This indicates that bipolar cells are still active but that the synaptic function of on-bipolar cells has become vulnerable to MgCl2. The conclusion is that at a time when photoreceptor degeneration is already severe bipolar cells are still active, but that on-bipolars, mainly rod bipolar cells, have some functional deficit.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 2-3","pages":"119-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046476","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20742868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Calcium-binding proteins and nitric oxide in retinal function and disease.","authors":"F Müller,&nbsp;K W Koch","doi":"10.1159/000046479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Regulation of phototransduction in photoreceptor cells occurs via several feedback loops. Some of these circuits involve the neuron-specific Ca2+-binding proteins recoverin and guanylyl cyclase-activating protein. Recent findings suggest that these proteins are also involved in retinal diseases. Another Ca2+-regulated process in the retina is the synthesis of nitric oxide, a substance of potential neurotoxicity. This review discusses several Ca2+-mediated processes in the retina.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 2-3","pages":"142-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20743366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inner retinal function in hereditary retinal dystrophies.","authors":"K Ruether,&nbsp;U Kellner","doi":"10.1159/000046483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046483","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hereditary retinal dystrophies are most often disorders of photoreceptors and/or the retinal pigment epithelium. Structures secondary to the photoreceptor layer such as bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells are secondarily involved. In later stages of the disease a mild to moderate loss of inner retina occurs, but the second and third neurons remain surprisingly viable even in late and severe stages of retinal dystrophies. The function of the inner retina in patients suffering from hereditary retinal dystrophies is not easy to determine because it depends on the input of photoreceptors. The electroretinogram (ERG) offers several possibilities in this respect: b-wave, off-response (off-ERG), oscillatory potentials, scotopic threshold response of the flash ERG and the pattern ERG (PERG). We looked at two ERG tests: the PERG and the off-ERG. The PERG is an indicator of ganglion cell function. Its amplitude is related to the photoreceptor input determined by the flash ERG and visual field testing. But in cases of an undetectable flash ERG response the PERG can be recorded in some patients, but not in others. This may be an indication of a different effect on inner retinal function in different groups of patients. On- and off-responses are related to the function of depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells. Evaluation of 301 patients with various retinal dystrophies revealed that most hereditary disorders primarily affect the photoreceptors or the pigment epithelium. In some patients, alterations of the on- and off-response amplitudes or implicit times were indicative of inner retinal disorders and different pathophysiologic mechanisms. However, interpretation has to be made carefully, as on- and off-responses may be influenced by dysfunction of photoreceptor synapses to bipolar cells, bipolar cells, Müller cells and intercellular matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 2-3","pages":"169-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046483","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20743370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equine cardiodilatin/ atrial natriuretic peptide. Primary structure and immunohistochemical localization in auricular cardiocytes.","authors":"R Richter,&nbsp;H Mägert,&nbsp;H Mifune,&nbsp;P Schulz-Knappe,&nbsp;W Forssmann","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiodilatin (CDD)/atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a 28-amino acid peptide hormone known to be synthesized in the heart of a large number of different vertebrates. It plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and natriuresis/diuresis. Since the cardiovascular system of the horse has to meet the highest requirements concerning its physiological performance, we intended to characterize the cardiodilatin/atrial natriuretic peptide system of this species. By means of immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy, we precisely identified auricular cardiocytes as the loci of CDD/ANP synthesis. Using aortic smooth muscle relaxation assay and CDD/ANP-ELISA, we succeeded in isolating the biologically active prohormone. We subsequently cloned the equine cDNA of the CDD/ANP precursor protein and deduced its primary sequence. The entire precursor protein is in good agreement with the CDD/ANP prohormones of other mammals. The deduced theoretical average Mr of equine CDD/ANP-1-126 is 13,764, corresponding to the molecular weight of purified peptide determined by ESI-MS. Our findings suggest that equine CDD/ANP is produced in auricular cardiocytes and the predominant storage form of CDD/ANP in the auricle is the prohormone CDD/ANP-1-126.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"162 4","pages":"185-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20743372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of inflammation- and neoplasia-associated alterations in human large intestine using plant/invertebrate lectins, galectin-1 and neoglycoproteins.","authors":"U Brinck,&nbsp;M Korabiowska,&nbsp;R Bosbach,&nbsp;H J Gabius","doi":"10.1159/000046460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Commonly, plant and invertebrate lectins are accepted glycohistochemical tools for the analysis of normal and altered structures of glycans in histology and pathology. Mammalian lectins and neoglycoproteins are recent additions to this panel for the detection of lectin-reactive carbohydrate epitopes and glycoligand-binding sites. The binding profiles of these three types of probes were comparatively analyzed in normal, inflamed and neoplastic large intestine. In normal colonic mucosa the intracellular distribution of glycoconjugates and carbohydrate ligand-binding sites in enterocytes reveals a differential binding of lectins with different specificity and of neoglycoproteins to the Golgi apparatus, the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the apical cell surface. The accessible glycoligand-binding sites and the lectin-reactive carbohydrate epitopes detected by galectin-1 show the same pattern of intracellular location excluding the apical cell surface. Lectin-reactive carbohydrate epitopes detected by plant lectins of identical monosaccharide specificity as the endogenous lectin [Ricinus communis agglutinin-I (RCA-I), Viscum album agglutinin (VAA)], however, clearly differ with respect to their intracellular distribution. Maturation-associated differences and heterogeneity in glycohistochemical properties of epithelial cells and non-epithelial cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes) are found. Dissimilarities in the fine structural ligand recognition of lectins with nominal specificity to the same monosaccharide have been demonstrated for the galactoside-specific lectins RCA-I, VAA and galectin-1 as well as the N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-specific lectins Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Helix pomatia agglutinin in normal mucosa and in acute appendicitis. Acute inflammation of the intestinal mucosa found in acute phlegmonous appendicitis is associated with selective changes of glycosylation of mucin in goblet cells mainly of lower and middle crypt segments resulting in an increase of DBA- and SBA-binding sites in the goblet cell population. Appendicitis causes no detectable alteration of neoglycoprotein binding. In contrast, tumorigenesis of colonic adenoma is characterized by increases in lectin-reactive galactose (Gal; Gal-beta1, 3-GalNAc), fucose and N-acetylglucosamine moieties and by enhanced presentation of respective carbohydrate ligand-binding capacity. This work reveals that endogenous lectins and neoglycoproteins are valuable glycohistochemical tools supplementing the well-known analytic capacities of plant lectins in the fields of gastrointestinal anatomy and gastroenteropathology.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"161 1-4","pages":"219-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20692631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycoconjugate expression and cartilage development of the cranial skeleton.","authors":"A Zschäbitz","doi":"10.1159/000046462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046462","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Only few detailed investigations have focused on the glycobiology of cranial development. The functional elements in most inductive and morphogenetic processes are not individual cells, but rather collectives of interacting populations and extracellular matrix components that give rise to specific tissues and organs. Experimental evidence strongly suggests that sugar chains not only confer morphological characteristics. Complex carbohydrate molecules and their corresponding receptors are involved in recognition processes decoding biological information during cranial morphogenesis. The distribution patterns of glycoconjugates are highly dynamic and show a clear correlation with characteristic structural modifications. However, due to the intricate interactions in vivo the definitive physiological impact of these observations has to be established in further studies. In this review, the spatial and temporal patterns of lectin-reactive epitopes and selected receptor types are presented and discussed with regard to their potential importance to physiological craniogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"161 1-4","pages":"254-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20692633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glycocoding as an information management system in embryonic development.","authors":"P L Mann,&nbsp;R E Waterman","doi":"10.1159/000046455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The past 5 years have seen a burgeoning in the amount of data emerging from laboratories studying the early stages of embryogenesis. Much of this data implicates various aspects of glycobiology in the initiation and regulation of these processes. The level of analytical detail coming from these investigations has surpassed our ability to fully understand its overall significance within the context of the interactive/dynamic developmental process. This review proposes a pause in this seemingly endless quest for more detail so that we may take stock of our goals and objectives. The proposed goals include a mechanistic understanding of the process(es) involved in information managed at various 'transition points' during early embryogenesis, and an understanding of the mechanism(s) by which the spatial/temporal regulation of early development are managed. The 'transitions' which occur during cell to cell cluster, cell cluster to early organ architecture, and early organ architecture to functional organ development are fundamental and mirror the evolutionary process of biological information management. All of these 'transitions' involve increasing complexity, the development of hierarchies of information management systems (integrated bidirectionally), and spatial/temporal regulation which relies on historical events to map future structure and function. This review focuses on a relatively small number of studies which highlight these aspects of early development. A mechanism which involves glycocoding, an extension of the Roseman Hypothesis, and its direct use as an information management system is proposed and some supporting experimental evidence is presented. This extension of an existing hypothesis is related to several recent investigations, and is designed to broaden the experimental design of future studies so that these important process issues can be addressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"161 1-4","pages":"153-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046455","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20694047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blebs in the mouse cerebellar granular layer as a sign of structural inhomogeneity. 2. Posterior lobe vermis.","authors":"R Hawkes,&nbsp;E Gallagher,&nbsp;K Ozol","doi":"10.1159/000046445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>When the adult mouse cerebellum is perfusion-fixed with 70% ethanol, paraffin-embedded, sectioned, and the sections are rehydrated, the granular layer wrinkles into an elaborate array of blebs. In the posterior lobe vermis these blebs are seen in both transverse and sagittal sections, are symmetrical about the midline, reproducible between neighboring sections and between individuals, and bear a constant relationship to the Purkinje cell bands as revealed by zebrin II immunocytochemistry. The data suggest that blebs represent individual cytoarchitectonic units and thus that the mouse cerebellum is subdivided into several thousand modules, each comprising >10(2) Purkinje cells and their associated interneurons and glial cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 1","pages":"47-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20761637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innervation pattern of different cartilaginous tissues in the rat.","authors":"W Schwab,&nbsp;R H Funk","doi":"10.1159/000046497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000046497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The innervation of skeletal tissues by sensory nerves is poorly understood - especially of nerve fibres which reach into the bony and cartilaginous tissue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Samples of rat cartilaginous tissues from different locations (knee joint, vertebral column, temporomandibular joint) were fixed by perfusion and decalcified. The distribution of protein gene product (PGP) 9.5-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and tachykinin (TK)-immunoreactive axons was analysed using fluorescence immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nerve fibres were detected in the outer regions of the hyaline cartilage of the knee joint, in the hyaline cartilage of the vertebral body, in the fibrocartilage of the intervertebral disc and menisci, and in the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint. Predominantly, they were found to be CGRP-immunoreactive.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The neuropeptidergic innervation of the hyaline cartilage in different locations and the presence of nerve fibres in the fibrocartilage might indicate that in addition to the classical neuronal afferent and efferent pathway these fibres may also mediate trophic actions like tissue adaptation and repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"163 4","pages":"184-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000046497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20945314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}