Acta anatomica最新文献

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Distribution and ultrastructure of the stomata connecting the pleural cavity with lymphatics in the rat costal pleura. 大鼠肋胸膜胸膜腔与淋巴管连接口的分布及超微结构。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147938
Q X Wang, O Ohtani, M Saitoh, Y Ohtani
{"title":"Distribution and ultrastructure of the stomata connecting the pleural cavity with lymphatics in the rat costal pleura.","authors":"Q X Wang,&nbsp;O Ohtani,&nbsp;M Saitoh,&nbsp;Y Ohtani","doi":"10.1159/000147938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147938","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the detailed distribution and ultrastructure of the stomata connecting the pleural cavity and the lymphatics in the rat costal pleura by scanning electron, transmission electron and light microscopy. The mesothelial cells lining the costal pleura appeared as both flattened and thick cell bodies. The thick cells possessed more rough endoplasmic reticula, Golgi complexes, mitochondria, and free ribosomes than the flattened cells. The thick cells were distributed in the intercostal regions each cephalic to the junction of the costal cartilage and bone, and in the band-like regions along the cephalic and caudal sides of each rib in the lateral and dorsal thoracic walls. In the regions lined with thick cells, there were stomata [12.9 +/- 10.3 microns2 (mean +/- SD) in area] consisting of prolongations of thick mesothelial cells and funnel-like projections of lymphatic endothelial cells that came up along the rims of the pores (5.9 +/- 3.2 microns2 in average area) in the submesothelial collagen fiber network. At the stomata, the basal lamina of the mesothelium was continuous with that of the endothelium. The mesothelial cells forming the stomata were mostly in close contact with the endothelial cells, but some gaps also existed between them. Valve-like endothelial flaps were frequently observed wherever endothelial cells constituting the stomata merged into the submesothelial lymphatics. Also present were lymphatic bulges that were either in close contact with the base of the thick mesothelial cells or exposed through the mesothelial pores. The lymphatic network was especially well developed in the submesothelial layer at and around the thick-cell regions. The initial lymphatics drained into the intercostal collecting lymphatics, which in turn led into either the parasternal or paravertebral lymphatic trunk. Our results suggest that the stomata play a major role in absorbing fluids and particulates in the pleural cavity. The thick mesothelial cells appear to secrete chemotactic substances to the endothelial cells. Understanding the heterogeneous distribution of the stomata could prove to be important clinically in inflammatory diseases and tumors in the chest.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 4","pages":"255-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147938","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20344499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Function and structure in early modern muscular mechanics. Four episodes and a dialogue between Stensen and Borelli on two chief muscular systems. 早期现代肌肉力学的功能和结构。四集,斯坦森和博雷利关于两个主要肌肉系统的对话。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01
T Kardel
{"title":"Function and structure in early modern muscular mechanics. Four episodes and a dialogue between Stensen and Borelli on two chief muscular systems.","authors":"T Kardel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The dispute on the movement of skeletal muscles in 1667 between Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, who maintained the ancient movement caused by inflation theory, and Niels Stensen (Nicolaus Steno), who proposed the first recorded theory of fibre contraction, had far reaching implications for understanding the relation between muscle morphology and function. A dialogue is reconstructed from citations from the two authors' main works. They had a similar dispute on the movement of the heart along the lines of the debate in the 1630s between William Harvey favouring contraction and René Descartes favouring swelling. Evidence is provided for the delayed general acceptance of fibre contraction in both heart and skeletal muscles. It is shown that the inflation interpretation of muscular mechanics elaborated by Borelli, Johann Bernoulli, his son Daniel, and by others, was maintained from ancient authors and Descartes in part due to a conceptual block resulting from the mechanical philosophy that denied any force of attraction in nature. The alternative theory, that of fibre contraction, was thought of as self-motion, which violated an accepted mechanical principle and therefore was rejected. In the mid-18th century, Albrecht von Haller recorded no microscopic structures in support of inflation. He adopted the view that contraction in fibres of muscles is generated through an 'irritability'. Research on this entity has taken place ever since with a clear preponderance of studies on single fibre properties and subcellular structures. Haller did not, however, refer to the original contribution of Stensen on fibre contraction. Haller even rejected Stensen's functional architecture of skeletal muscle. This structure, now called the unipennate, or semipennate, actuator, was overlooked and had to await confirmation by anatomical rediscovery and pragmatic demonstration through successful applications in computer models of muscular contraction in the 1980s.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 1","pages":"61-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20445830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anchoring and support system of pulmonary gas-exchange tissue in four bird species. 四种鸟类肺气体交换组织的锚定和支撑系统。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147962
E Klika, D W Scheuermann, M H De Groodt-Lasseel, I Bazantova, A Switka
{"title":"Anchoring and support system of pulmonary gas-exchange tissue in four bird species.","authors":"E Klika,&nbsp;D W Scheuermann,&nbsp;M H De Groodt-Lasseel,&nbsp;I Bazantova,&nbsp;A Switka","doi":"10.1159/000147962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian air capillaries are delicate structures compared to the mammalian pulmonary alveolus. A transmission and scanning electron microscopic study was carried out on several species of birds with the aim of determining the support structures of the avian gas-exchange mantle. Lung tissue of two bird species belonging to strong flying birds (pigeon and barn owl) and two relatively flightless species (domestic fowl and quail) was subjected to standard processing for transmission and scanning electron microscopy after intratracheal inflation. Twisted profiles of lipoproteinaceous trilaminar substance as specific secretory product of avian squamous respiratory cells can be seen in the cell body and cytoplasmic extensions that are wedged between the blood capillaries, partly surrounding them. The intracytoplasmatically located trilaminar complexes form a three-dimensional intricate spiderweb-like system between the blood capillaries and air capillaries, which presumably function as an anchoring and support structure of the gas-exchange tissue. This system is strengthened by retinacula--pairs of attenuated parallel processes of squamous respiratory cells that project to the airway lumen--expanding and bridging the opposite side of air capillaries. The trilaminar substance is discharged in the form of a 15-nm-thick acellular lining layer which is uniquely adapted to the extremely thin respiratory epithelium. The trilaminar substance arises in the cytoplasm of squamous respiratory cells from profiles of granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The integrity and stability of the gas-exchange tissue is likely to be guaranteed by a specific arrangement of the squamous respiratory cells, in which the trilaminar substance plays a paramount role. This general pattern can be observed in strong flying bird species as in the relatively flightless birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 1","pages":"30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20445897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 28
Effects of continuous or cyclic administration of pamidronate on the skeleton in intact and oophorectomized young rats. 连续或循环给药帕米膦酸钠对完整和去卵巢幼鼠骨骼的影响。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147963
N Patlas, P Yaffe, A Kimyagarov, G Golomb, A Ornoy
{"title":"Effects of continuous or cyclic administration of pamidronate on the skeleton in intact and oophorectomized young rats.","authors":"N Patlas,&nbsp;P Yaffe,&nbsp;A Kimyagarov,&nbsp;G Golomb,&nbsp;A Ornoy","doi":"10.1159/000147963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption, and are therefore used for the treatment of various bone diseases including osteoporosis. We examined whether cyclic therapy with bisphosphonates in oophorectomized osteoporotic rats had any advantage over continuous treatment. We therefore treated intact and oophorectomized young female rats for 8 weeks with 1 and 5 mg/kg/day of pamidronate. The 8-week treatment was given continuously for 6 days/week or intermittently, i.e. 6 days of pamidronate (APD) and 3 weeks off, for 2 cycles. We found an increase in tibial wet and ash weight and in the mineral content in oophorectomized rats treated continuously or intermittently with APD in comparison to nontreated oophorectomized animals. Histomorphometric analysis showed an increase in the volume of metaphyseal cartilage and bone. No changes were found in the volume of epiphyseal or diaphyseal bone. Pamidronate had very little effect on the bone of intact rats. Pamidronate seems to be more effective in inhibiting bone resorption in bone that undergoes rapid turnover (i.e. in oophorectomized animals) when compared to bone with low turnover (intact rats). Although the results of cyclic treatment were similar to those of continuous treatment, we have to remember that cyclic therapy may be more advantageous since animals receiving cyclic therapy received only 25% of the dose of rats continuously treated.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 1","pages":"42-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20445898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Cartilage and synovium of the human atlanto-odontoid joint. An anatomic and histological study. 人寰齿状关节的软骨和滑膜。解剖和组织学研究。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147964
N A Ebraheim, H Yang, J Lu, A Biyani, R A Yeasting
{"title":"Cartilage and synovium of the human atlanto-odontoid joint. An anatomic and histological study.","authors":"N A Ebraheim,&nbsp;H Yang,&nbsp;J Lu,&nbsp;A Biyani,&nbsp;R A Yeasting","doi":"10.1159/000147964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The surface area, thickness and composition of articular cartilage of the atlanto-odontoid joints were investigated in twenty human cadaveric cervical spine specimens. The specimens were also examined grossly and by light microscopy to determine the location of the synovium. The anterior arch of the atlas and ventral and dorsal articular surfaces of the dens were covered with hyaline cartilage. The mean values of the articular surface areas on the ventral surface of the dens and anterior arch of the atlas were 55.10 and 58.24 mm2, respectively. The mean thickness of the articular cartilage of the anterior arch of the atlas, ventral and dorsal surfaces of the dens was 0.80, 0.81 and 0.82 mm, respectively. Synovial membranes were associated with the joint capsules and surrounding tissues of both anterior and posterior atlanto-odontoid joint spaces, where the synovial membranes were attached to the margins of the articular surfaces of the dens and anterior arch of the atlas anteriorly and the region of the cruciate ligament immediately peripheral to the cartilage region apposed to the dens and dens cartilage itself, posteriorly.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 1","pages":"48-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147964","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20445899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Perineal muscles and their innervation: metabolic and functional significance of the motor unit. 会阴肌及其神经支配:运动单元的代谢和功能意义。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147979
A Ishihara, A Hori, R R Roy, Y Oishi, R J Talmadge, Y Ohira, S Kobayashi, V R Edgerton
{"title":"Perineal muscles and their innervation: metabolic and functional significance of the motor unit.","authors":"A Ishihara,&nbsp;A Hori,&nbsp;R R Roy,&nbsp;Y Oishi,&nbsp;R J Talmadge,&nbsp;Y Ohira,&nbsp;S Kobayashi,&nbsp;V R Edgerton","doi":"10.1159/000147979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cross-sectional areas and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities of muscle fibers in the rat levator ani (LA) and bulbocavernosus (BC) were determined and compared with those of the soleus (SOL) and superficial (TAs) and deep (TAd) portions of the tibialis anterior (TA). In addition, cell body sizes and SDH activities of spinal motoneurons innervating the LA and BC were examined. Histochemical myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase) staining reactions following alkaline and acid preincubations revealed that all the muscle fibers in the LA and BC were type IIB. Gel electrophoresis, however, showed that the LA and BC contained 2.9 and 2.4% type IIx myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform, respectively. Immunohistochemical analyses using MHC antibodies showed that the muscle fibers in the LA and BC had types IIx / IIa (approximately 3%) or type IIb MHC isoforms. The mean fiber cross-sectional areas in the LA and BC were significantly smaller than those in the SOL, TAs, or TAd. The mean fiber SDH activities in the LA and BC were significantly lower than those in the SOL or TAd, and similar to TAs. The population of alpha motoneurons innervating the LA and BC had similar SDH activities, irrespective of their cell body sizes. These data indicate that the LA and BC are comprised of a relatively homogeneous population of small, fast and low oxidative fibers innervated by a relatively homogeneous population of spinal motoneurons. These characteristics of the muscle fibers and motoneurons are consistent with their function in short, high-intensity activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 2-3","pages":"156-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20495961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Sheet plastination of the larynx for whole-organ histology. 喉部全器官组织学的薄片塑化。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147914
C Sittel, H E Eckel, S Ricke, E Stennert
{"title":"Sheet plastination of the larynx for whole-organ histology.","authors":"C Sittel,&nbsp;H E Eckel,&nbsp;S Ricke,&nbsp;E Stennert","doi":"10.1159/000147914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whole organ serial sections of the larynx are recognized to improve the assessment of laryngeal pathology. The human larynx with its complex anatomy of different types of tissue with their marked differences in hardness complicate the cutting process. The methods established are either very costly, time consuming and prone to artefacts, or sections are too thick for a histological work-up. Prior decalcification causes major shrinkage, thus morphometry is not feasible. We describe a technique of sheet plastination to produce whole-organ sections which allows a full-scale histological investigation without prior decalcification. Deep-frozen larynges are cut into 4-micron-thick sections using an ordinary slicing machine. Slices are dehydrated in acetone and plastinated in Biodur E50/E7/ AE10/E700. These specimens are cut into sections of about 80 microns thickness using a diamond-wire saw. An ultra-milling device reduces the section thickness down to about 10 microns. Surface staining of different kinds like Richardson, methylene blue or Paragon yields sufficient contrast for exact diagnosis. Deplastination and consecutive paraffin-like staining is possible, but results are not yet fully satisfying. Histological sheet plastination produces almost artefact- and shrinkage-free whole-organ sections in a period of about 1 week. The technique is useful for studies of micromorphometry or tumor spread. Theoretically, application of immunohistochemical staining methods seems to be possible. This might lead to mapping the proliferation activity of laryngeal cancer as it is presented on whole-organ sections.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20233009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Mitochondrial density of ventral horn neurons in the rat spinal cord. 大鼠脊髓前角神经元线粒体密度。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000148018
A Ishihara, S Hayashi, R R Roy, Y Tamada, C Yokoyama, Y Ohira, V R Edgerton, Y Ibata
{"title":"Mitochondrial density of ventral horn neurons in the rat spinal cord.","authors":"A Ishihara,&nbsp;S Hayashi,&nbsp;R R Roy,&nbsp;Y Tamada,&nbsp;C Yokoyama,&nbsp;Y Ohira,&nbsp;V R Edgerton,&nbsp;Y Ibata","doi":"10.1159/000148018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000148018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondrial density in neurons of the dorsolateral region of the ventral horn at the L5 spinal cord segment in rats was examined using electron microscopy. The gamma motoneurons had a higher density of mitochondria (25.1 +/- 4.2%, n = 19) in the cytoplasm compared to the alpha motoneurons which had a mitochondrial density of 19.4 +/- 4.5% (n = 38). An inverse relationship between cell body size and mitochondrial density was found for alpha (n = 38) and alpha plus gamma (n = 57), but not for gamma (n = 19), motoneuron populations. The higher densities of mitochondria in the smaller neurons correspond well with their metabolic properties since the smaller neurons have the highest oxidative enzyme activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"160 4","pages":"248-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000148018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20645778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 18
Measurements of the carotid canal in skulls from Anatolia. 安纳托利亚颅骨颈动脉管的测量。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147922
E. Çalgüner, H. Turgut, R. Gözil, E. Tunc, A. Sevim, S. Keskil
{"title":"Measurements of the carotid canal in skulls from Anatolia.","authors":"E. Çalgüner, H. Turgut, R. Gözil, E. Tunc, A. Sevim, S. Keskil","doi":"10.1159/000147922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147922","url":null,"abstract":"Since widespread applications of microsurgery are being employed for aneurysms, clival tumors, etc., precise knowledge of the skull base measurements has become vital, and a study of 307 adult skulls--130 female and 177 male--has been undertaken. Measurements were made between the landmarks chosen in accordance with the study of Lang in 1983 and our average values were similar to his series, being closer to his female data. There was no significant difference between the right and left sides of the skull.","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"29 1","pages":"130-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87249107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 13
Organization of forelimb motoneuron pools in two bat species (Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis lucifugus). 两种蝙蝠前肢运动神经元池的组织结构(褐斑蝙蝠和lucifugus)。
Acta anatomica Pub Date : 1997-01-01 DOI: 10.1159/000147921
J. M. Ryan, Jeremy T. Cushman, C. Baier
{"title":"Organization of forelimb motoneuron pools in two bat species (Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis lucifugus).","authors":"J. M. Ryan, Jeremy T. Cushman, C. Baier","doi":"10.1159/000147921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147921","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation provides further evidence of the conservation of motor nuclei in amniotes. The position of six forelimb and shoulder motor pools were mapped in two species of bat, Eptesicus fuscus and Myotis lucifugus. The intraspinal locations of motor pools were revealed by labeling with the retrograde neuronal tracer WGA-HRP injected into the bellies of six muscles: m. pectoralis, m. spinodeltoideus, mm. triceps brachii (long and lateral heads), m. infraspinatus, m. supraspinatus, and m. biceps brachii. The positions of the labeled motor pools were reconstructed from serial transverse and horizontal sections of the spinal cord. WGA-HRP-labeled cells were located midway between cervical spinal nerves four and five to midway between cervical spinal nerve eight and the first thoracic spinal nerve. Individual motor pools formed fusiform clusters of cells with little intermingling of neurons between adjacent motor pools. The pectoralis motor pool contained significantly more motoneurons than all other motor pools for M. lucifugus. The pectoralis pool in E. fuscus contained more motoneurons than the biceps, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus, but not the spinodeltoid or the triceps brachii. The biceps, spinodeltoid, infraspinatus and supraspinatus pools were located rostrally; the pectoralis and triceps pools caudally. The pectoralis pool was the most medial and the spinodeltoid pool was the most lateral. These data suggest that the locations of shoulder and forelimb motor pools are ontogenetically and phylogenetically conserved across tetrapods and independent of the function of the muscles in adults.","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"52 1","pages":"121-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80395507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
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