Acta anatomica最新文献

{"title":"Modification of endometrial arteries during invasion by cytotrophoblast cells in the pregnant macaque.","authors":"A C Enders,&nbsp;T N Blankenship","doi":"10.1159/000147983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal trophoblast cells invade endometrial blood vessels and gain access to maternal blood within two days after the onset of blastocyst implantation in macaques. Soon thereafter, cytotrophoblast cells migrate well into the lumina of arteries and subsequently invade arterial walls. Using electron microscopy and light microscopy we investigated the interactions between invasive cytotrophoblast cells and the cellular and extracellular components in the walls of endometrial arteries. The placentas and adjacent endometrium of 22 macaques (GD 17 to term) were examined. Spiral arteries containing migratory cytokeratin-labeled cytotrophoblast cells were identified at all stages examined. Early modification of each artery showed that a plug of intraluminal cytotrophoblast cells temporarily filled the arterial lumen in the vicinity of the trophoblastic shell. Distal to this plug the group of cells tapered as a continuous mass, filling only a portion of the lumen. Endothelial cells were displaced from their basal lamina by closely apposed cytotrophoblast cell processes. Soon thereafter these processes penetrated the basal lamina and achieved contact with smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. As cytotrophoblast cells infiltrated the arterial wall they hypertrophied and secreted extracellular matrix, thereby differentiating into intramural cytotrophoblast. The patent lumen of the artery was reestablished concomitant with the migration of intraluminal cytotrophoblast cells through the arterial tunica intima and into the tunica media. The presence of clusters of cytotrophoblast cells in the arterial wall results in discontinuity of the tunica media and dispersion of the smooth muscle. The combined changes result in expanded circumferences of invaded arteries as well as diminished ability to contract. In portions of arteries adjacent to the trophoblastic shell cytotrophoblast usually occupied the entire perimeter and thickness of the artery wall, while in areas distal only a portion of the wall was invaded. Despite extensive arterial modification, evidence of cell death among the fetal and maternal tissues involved was rare. By later gestation only a few intraluminal cytotrophoblast cells were seen. Intramural cells were surrounded by a thick layer of matrix, but maintained contact with adjacent cells through cytoplasmic processes, some of which formed gap junctions. Maternal cellular and connective tissue elements were excluded from the cytotrophoblast-matrix pads and the cytotrophoblast cells retained attributes of glycoprotein producing cells to term. Spiral arteries were modified well into the spongiosum layer of the endometrium, and some were modified into the myometrium.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 4","pages":"169-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20525859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticosterone induces hypoactivity of prolactin-immunoreactive cells.","authors":"J Carretero,&nbsp;M Rubio,&nbsp;F Sánchez,&nbsp;J J Cabo,&nbsp;G Vázquez,&nbsp;M Santos,&nbsp;R M Pérez,&nbsp;R Vázquez","doi":"10.1159/000147992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to determine whether corticosterone regulates activity of rat lactotrophs by acting directly at the pituitary level, immunohistochemical studies were carried out in adrenalectomized rats, subjected or not to treatment with corticosterone or colchicine, and in monolayer cultures after incubation with corticosterone. Adrenalectomy increased cellular and nuclear areas (p<0.01) of prolactin-immunoreactive cells without affecting their cytoplasmic area. Similar results were found in adrenalectomized and colchicine-treated animals. Corticosterone reversed the effects of adrenalectomy, although normal values were partially reversed. In cultured pituitary cells, exposure to corticosterone reduced numerical density and cellular, cytoplasmic and nuclear areas with respect to control dishes. Morphological differences in shape, arrangement and nuclear features were observed after treatment with corticosterone. These results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of corticosterone on the activity of rat pituitary prolactin cells and suggest that corticosterone induces hypoactivity by acting on the pituitary prolactin cells of male rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"160 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20562119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organization of the hypobranchial motor column of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria, with comparisons to tetrapods.","authors":"D G Sperry,&nbsp;R L Boord","doi":"10.1159/000147993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motoneurons that supply the clearnose skate's hypobranchial musculature, via the occipital nerve and first seven ventral spinal nerve roots, are located within a column that extends from a level just caudal to the obex through the corresponding rostral spinal cord segments. Individual muscle motoneuron pools within the column are considerably intermingled and overlap. Comparisons with tetrapods, particularly mammals, where the hypobranchial musculature is greatly modified, reveal general conserved features. The motor column's multisegmental organization is retained although, in mammals, the column begins rostrally at medullary levels, where hypobranchial muscle motoneurons are intimately associated with motoneurons to lingual muscles, and it is restricted caudally to fewer spinal cord segments. In addition, despite an intermingling of motoneurons that supply individual hypobranchial muscles there is a shared rostrocaudal sequence of the motor pools. Rostral most hypobranchial motoneurons supply the most ventral and anterior muscles (i.e., m. coracomandibularis, and likely m. coracohyoideus, of skate and the suprahyoid musculature, m. geniohyoideus, of tetrapods). Caudal hypobranchial motoneurons supply the skate's mm. coracohyomandibularis, coracoarcualis communis and coracobranchialis and the tetrapod's entire infrahyoid muscle complex. The intermingling of multisegmental motoneuron populations innervating different hypobranchial muscles might be attributed to intermixing of premuscle mesoderm derived from several postotic somites but the musculotopic organization along the rostrocaudal axis indicates that pre- and posthyoid muscle mesoderm may partially keep its identity during its migration to the floor of the pharynx and oral cavity.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"160 1","pages":"21-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20562120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheet plastination of the vascularity of the lunate bone--a morphological study.","authors":"M Schiltenwolf,&nbsp;D S Jakob,&nbsp;J Graf","doi":"10.1159/000147913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using the method of sheet plastination, the vascularity of the lunate bone can be investigated and analyzed. By intraosseous injection, the deep and superficial venous systems are visualized. Transparent sheets with slices of embedded specimens show a three-dimensional presentation of the vascularity of the human carpus different in functional aspects. Comparing hands with a normal and extended wrist position, three mechanisms of impairment of the venous drainage are observed. The anatomical results of this investigation support the hypothesis that venous congestion, resulting from intraosseous hypertension, plays a role in the development of the necrosis of the lunate bone.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 1","pages":"68-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20233008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning relational anatomy by correlating thin plastinated sections and magnetic resonance images: preparation of specimens.","authors":"M Magiros,&nbsp;M Kekic,&nbsp;G A Doran","doi":"10.1159/000147908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastination is a process whereby the tissue water and part of the tissue fat of anatomical specimens is replaced with a curable polymer. Several variations of this technique are available, depending on both the type of specimen and polymer being used. In this study, the efficiency of BIODUR PEM 11-prepared cross sections as a teaching aid for radiographic anatomy is investigated. A human cadaveric head was scanned on a magnetic resonance (MR) imager, recording images in a coronal plane of approximately 6 mm in thickness. Corresponding slices were then taken of this head and plastinated by the BIODUR PEM 11 method. In general, a good correlation existed between the plastinated sections and the MR scans. The plastinated slices displayed superior differentiation between musculature compared to the scans. In conclusion, the plastinated sections, used in conjunction with the MR scans, are a valuable tool in learning radiographic anatomy. Additionally, BIODUR PEM 11 is a viable alternative to plastination by other methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 1","pages":"37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20235010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetry of normal mandibular condylar shape.","authors":"V F Ferrario,&nbsp;C Sforza,&nbsp;A Miani,&nbsp;D Sigurtà","doi":"10.1159/000147939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morphological studies of the facial skeleton in human beings are usually made from radiographs (frontal and lateral projections and orthopantomographs). The conventional linear and angular measurements provide quantitative information only about size, and fail to define the shape and form of the skeletal features and their variations. Mathematical methods such as the Fourier series allow a correct quantitative analysis of the shape and its variations. The outlines of the mandibular condyles in the orthopantomographs of 20 men and 20 women (mean age 29 years) were traced and digitized. All subjects had a good dentition, no temporomandibular joint problems, and were referred to a dental surgery for periodontal problems. A Fourier analysis of the outlines was performed. Fourier coefficients and reconstructed outlines were compared to analyze the condylar symmetry of shape on an intra- and intersubject basis. A significant condylar asymmetry for shape as distinct from size was found on an intrasubject basis, i.e. the left and right condyles of a single individual had a different shape with a large interindividual variability. Conversely, the mean condyle shape of the male and female groups was symmetric.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 4","pages":"266-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20344500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Media hype: musculus sphenomandibularis.","authors":"J C Türp,&nbsp;T Cowley,&nbsp;C S Stohler","doi":"10.1159/000147925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The report of an allegedly so far unknown craniomandibular muscle ('the sphenomandibularis') in 1996 by Dunn and co-workers provoked much comment in journals and newspapers. The authors' hypothesized role of the 'm. sphenomandibularis' in temporomandibular disorders and headaches created hopes and expectations. The present article examines whether two detailed descriptions by Ramalho and co-workers [1978, in Portuguese], and by Zenker [1954, 1955, and 1956, in German] deal with the very same muscle. From the comparison of these descriptions it becomes evident that the 'm. sphenomandibularis' is not a new muscle, but corresponds to the 'medial portion' [Zenker], or 'deep portion' [Ramalho et al.] of the temporalis muscle. Further directed search identified descriptions of the muscle in question back into the 19th century.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 2","pages":"150-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20251479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative analysis of incongruity, contact areas and cartilage thickness in the human hip joint.","authors":"F Eckstein,&nbsp;R von Eisenhart-Rothe,&nbsp;J Landgraf,&nbsp;C Adam,&nbsp;F Loehe,&nbsp;M Müller-Gerbl,&nbsp;R Putz","doi":"10.1159/000147930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Joint incongruity and cartilage thickness have been shown to determine the contact stresses and the load partitioning between the solid and fluid phases of articular cartilage. Matrix stresses, which are relevant in the development of osteoarthrosis, can, however, not be determined experimentally but must be calculated using numerical methods. The aim of the present study was to quantify the incongruity and cartilage thickness of the human hip, in order to allow for the construction of morphologically accurate finite element models. Twelve cadaveric specimens (34-86 years), two fresh and ten fixed, were investigated. The loading configuration was based on in vivo measurements of hip joint forces during midstance. The incongruity and contact areas were determined using a polyether casting technique, in the minimally and the fully loaded state. The cartilage thickness was measured at identical coordinate points with an A-mode ultrasonic system. Generally, the contact started at lower loads at the edge of the lunate surface, and the joint space increased towards its central aspects. In some specimens the contact started in the acetabular roof, leaving a joint space of up to 2 mm in the horns of the lunate surface. In others, the initial contact was observed in the anterior and posterior horns of the lunate surface with a joint space width of up to 0.75 mm in the acetabular roof. The size of the contact areas increased from about 20% of the lunate surface to 98% at higher loads. The articular cartilage thickness ranged from 0.7 to 3.6 mm, the maxima being located in the ventral aspects of the femoral head and acetabulum. These quantitative data on joint space width, contact, and cartilage thickness in the human hip joint may be used to construct and validate finite element models which are required to elucidate the mechanical factors involved in osteoarthrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 3","pages":"192-204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20323216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkaline phosphatase distribution in rat endometrial epithelium during early pregnancy: a scanning electron-microscopic study.","authors":"A Winkelmann,&nbsp;U M Spornitz","doi":"10.1159/000147936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147936","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The participation of apical membranes of uterine epithelial cells in the process of blastocyst adhesion makes them an interesting object in the study of changes occurring during early pregnancy. In the study of these changes alkaline phosphatase (AIP), a typical brush border enzyme, was chosen for demonstration with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) by means of a backscatter detector. Thus the temporal and spatial pattern of enzyme activity on the uterine luminal surface was made visible with lead salt procedures. AIP activity was shown to be located on apical membranes and microvilli of endometrial epithelial cells with high activity on day 2 of pregnancy decreasing to virtually no activity on day 5. This decrease in overall AIP activity was shown to be asymmetrical with respect to the uterine cavity. It begins on the antimesometrial half of the uterine lining on day 2. A distribution pattern demarcating a presumptive implantation site along the uterine horn was not found. However, on day 5 of pregnancy, a characteristic pattern of surface folds was found, dividing the uterine horn into 'implantation segments'. In addition, SEM investigation revealed a marked variation of AIP activity from one individual cell to the next on day 2 of pregnancy resulting in a mosaic-like pattern. This pattern is lost with the decrease of AIP activity on day 5. Thus heterogeneity of uterine epithelial cells in AIP activity is apparently a feature of nonreceptive epithelium in contrast to the homogeneous epithelium on day 5. It is proposed that epithelial cell homogeneity could be a marker for uterine receptivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 4","pages":"237-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147936","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20344496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trophoblast cell-mediated modifications to uterine spiral arteries during early gestation in the macaque.","authors":"T N Blankenship,&nbsp;A C Enders","doi":"10.1159/000147935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147935","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A specialized subset of invasive embryonic cytotrophoblast cells gains access to maternal uterine arteries early in the gestation of higher primates. These cells continue to migrate extensively within the lumina of spiral arteries, converting them to the highly modified uteroplacental arteries of pregnancy. Although trophoblast cell-mediated modifications are considered critical to the progress of normal pregnancy, few studies have addressed the cellular interactions between maternal arteries and embryonic cells in situ. Macaque placentas and endometrial tissues were collected from 12 animals from day 14 of gestation (blastocyst implantation begins on day 9) to day 49. Standard indirect immunoperoxidase methods were used to identify matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-9), cathepsin B, cathepsin D, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, cytokeratins, smooth muscle actin, CD68, and factor VIII-related antigen. Cytotrophoblast cells were located deep within spiral arteries in each of the specimens examined. In some examples tightly packed clusters of cytotrophoblast occluded the lumina of invaded arteries. Initial penetration of arterial tunica intima was revealed by discontinuities in the staining pattern for factor VIII and cytotrophoblast intrusion was indicated by cytokeratin staining of the trophoblast cells. Continued cytotrophoblast intrusion into the tunica media was apparent by gaps in the smooth muscle. MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 were localized within intraluminal and intramural cytotrophoblast. By contrast, neither cathepsin B nor cathepsin D were present, although both were seen in uterine macrophages and stromal cells. Upon reaching the surrounding uterine stroma the cytotrophoblast cells ceased migration. As cytotrophoblast accumulated in the arterial wall the vascular lumen expanded. Evidence of cell death was rarely encountered in associated maternal or embryonic tissues. We conclude that intra-arterial cytotrophoblast cells express several proteinases with substrate specificities sufficient to permit independent remodeling of the extracellular matrix comprising uterine artery walls. The remodeling of the arteries, which involves extensive displacement of maternal endothelium and smooth muscle, in addition to degradation and synthesis of extracellular matrix, is accomplished with little evidence of cell death or loss of the integrity of the arteries. This process provides an interesting example of cooperation between different types of interacting tissues from genetically distinct individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 4","pages":"227-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20344497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}