Acta anatomica最新文献

{"title":"Modification of endometrial arteries during invasion by cytotrophoblast cells in the pregnant macaque.","authors":"A C Enders,&nbsp;T N Blankenship","doi":"10.1159/000147983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147983","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal trophoblast cells invade endometrial blood vessels and gain access to maternal blood within two days after the onset of blastocyst implantation in macaques. Soon thereafter, cytotrophoblast cells migrate well into the lumina of arteries and subsequently invade arterial walls. Using electron microscopy and light microscopy we investigated the interactions between invasive cytotrophoblast cells and the cellular and extracellular components in the walls of endometrial arteries. The placentas and adjacent endometrium of 22 macaques (GD 17 to term) were examined. Spiral arteries containing migratory cytokeratin-labeled cytotrophoblast cells were identified at all stages examined. Early modification of each artery showed that a plug of intraluminal cytotrophoblast cells temporarily filled the arterial lumen in the vicinity of the trophoblastic shell. Distal to this plug the group of cells tapered as a continuous mass, filling only a portion of the lumen. Endothelial cells were displaced from their basal lamina by closely apposed cytotrophoblast cell processes. Soon thereafter these processes penetrated the basal lamina and achieved contact with smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. As cytotrophoblast cells infiltrated the arterial wall they hypertrophied and secreted extracellular matrix, thereby differentiating into intramural cytotrophoblast. The patent lumen of the artery was reestablished concomitant with the migration of intraluminal cytotrophoblast cells through the arterial tunica intima and into the tunica media. The presence of clusters of cytotrophoblast cells in the arterial wall results in discontinuity of the tunica media and dispersion of the smooth muscle. The combined changes result in expanded circumferences of invaded arteries as well as diminished ability to contract. In portions of arteries adjacent to the trophoblastic shell cytotrophoblast usually occupied the entire perimeter and thickness of the artery wall, while in areas distal only a portion of the wall was invaded. Despite extensive arterial modification, evidence of cell death among the fetal and maternal tissues involved was rare. By later gestation only a few intraluminal cytotrophoblast cells were seen. Intramural cells were surrounded by a thick layer of matrix, but maintained contact with adjacent cells through cytoplasmic processes, some of which formed gap junctions. Maternal cellular and connective tissue elements were excluded from the cytotrophoblast-matrix pads and the cytotrophoblast cells retained attributes of glycoprotein producing cells to term. Spiral arteries were modified well into the spongiosum layer of the endometrium, and some were modified into the myometrium.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 4","pages":"169-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20525859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corticosterone induces hypoactivity of prolactin-immunoreactive cells.","authors":"J Carretero,&nbsp;M Rubio,&nbsp;F Sánchez,&nbsp;J J Cabo,&nbsp;G Vázquez,&nbsp;M Santos,&nbsp;R M Pérez,&nbsp;R Vázquez","doi":"10.1159/000147992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147992","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to determine whether corticosterone regulates activity of rat lactotrophs by acting directly at the pituitary level, immunohistochemical studies were carried out in adrenalectomized rats, subjected or not to treatment with corticosterone or colchicine, and in monolayer cultures after incubation with corticosterone. Adrenalectomy increased cellular and nuclear areas (p<0.01) of prolactin-immunoreactive cells without affecting their cytoplasmic area. Similar results were found in adrenalectomized and colchicine-treated animals. Corticosterone reversed the effects of adrenalectomy, although normal values were partially reversed. In cultured pituitary cells, exposure to corticosterone reduced numerical density and cellular, cytoplasmic and nuclear areas with respect to control dishes. Morphological differences in shape, arrangement and nuclear features were observed after treatment with corticosterone. These results demonstrate an inhibitory effect of corticosterone on the activity of rat pituitary prolactin cells and suggest that corticosterone induces hypoactivity by acting on the pituitary prolactin cells of male rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"160 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20562119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organization of the hypobranchial motor column of the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria, with comparisons to tetrapods.","authors":"D G Sperry,&nbsp;R L Boord","doi":"10.1159/000147993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147993","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Motoneurons that supply the clearnose skate's hypobranchial musculature, via the occipital nerve and first seven ventral spinal nerve roots, are located within a column that extends from a level just caudal to the obex through the corresponding rostral spinal cord segments. Individual muscle motoneuron pools within the column are considerably intermingled and overlap. Comparisons with tetrapods, particularly mammals, where the hypobranchial musculature is greatly modified, reveal general conserved features. The motor column's multisegmental organization is retained although, in mammals, the column begins rostrally at medullary levels, where hypobranchial muscle motoneurons are intimately associated with motoneurons to lingual muscles, and it is restricted caudally to fewer spinal cord segments. In addition, despite an intermingling of motoneurons that supply individual hypobranchial muscles there is a shared rostrocaudal sequence of the motor pools. Rostral most hypobranchial motoneurons supply the most ventral and anterior muscles (i.e., m. coracomandibularis, and likely m. coracohyoideus, of skate and the suprahyoid musculature, m. geniohyoideus, of tetrapods). Caudal hypobranchial motoneurons supply the skate's mm. coracohyomandibularis, coracoarcualis communis and coracobranchialis and the tetrapod's entire infrahyoid muscle complex. The intermingling of multisegmental motoneuron populations innervating different hypobranchial muscles might be attributed to intermixing of premuscle mesoderm derived from several postotic somites but the musculotopic organization along the rostrocaudal axis indicates that pre- and posthyoid muscle mesoderm may partially keep its identity during its migration to the floor of the pharynx and oral cavity.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"160 1","pages":"21-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20562120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheet plastination of the vascularity of the lunate bone--a morphological study.","authors":"M Schiltenwolf,&nbsp;D S Jakob,&nbsp;J Graf","doi":"10.1159/000147913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Using the method of sheet plastination, the vascularity of the lunate bone can be investigated and analyzed. By intraosseous injection, the deep and superficial venous systems are visualized. Transparent sheets with slices of embedded specimens show a three-dimensional presentation of the vascularity of the human carpus different in functional aspects. Comparing hands with a normal and extended wrist position, three mechanisms of impairment of the venous drainage are observed. The anatomical results of this investigation support the hypothesis that venous congestion, resulting from intraosseous hypertension, plays a role in the development of the necrosis of the lunate bone.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 1","pages":"68-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20233008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning relational anatomy by correlating thin plastinated sections and magnetic resonance images: preparation of specimens.","authors":"M Magiros,&nbsp;M Kekic,&nbsp;G A Doran","doi":"10.1159/000147908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastination is a process whereby the tissue water and part of the tissue fat of anatomical specimens is replaced with a curable polymer. Several variations of this technique are available, depending on both the type of specimen and polymer being used. In this study, the efficiency of BIODUR PEM 11-prepared cross sections as a teaching aid for radiographic anatomy is investigated. A human cadaveric head was scanned on a magnetic resonance (MR) imager, recording images in a coronal plane of approximately 6 mm in thickness. Corresponding slices were then taken of this head and plastinated by the BIODUR PEM 11 method. In general, a good correlation existed between the plastinated sections and the MR scans. The plastinated slices displayed superior differentiation between musculature compared to the scans. In conclusion, the plastinated sections, used in conjunction with the MR scans, are a valuable tool in learning radiographic anatomy. Additionally, BIODUR PEM 11 is a viable alternative to plastination by other methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 1","pages":"37-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20235010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetry of normal mandibular condylar shape.","authors":"V F Ferrario,&nbsp;C Sforza,&nbsp;A Miani,&nbsp;D Sigurtà","doi":"10.1159/000147939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147939","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Morphological studies of the facial skeleton in human beings are usually made from radiographs (frontal and lateral projections and orthopantomographs). The conventional linear and angular measurements provide quantitative information only about size, and fail to define the shape and form of the skeletal features and their variations. Mathematical methods such as the Fourier series allow a correct quantitative analysis of the shape and its variations. The outlines of the mandibular condyles in the orthopantomographs of 20 men and 20 women (mean age 29 years) were traced and digitized. All subjects had a good dentition, no temporomandibular joint problems, and were referred to a dental surgery for periodontal problems. A Fourier analysis of the outlines was performed. Fourier coefficients and reconstructed outlines were compared to analyze the condylar symmetry of shape on an intra- and intersubject basis. A significant condylar asymmetry for shape as distinct from size was found on an intrasubject basis, i.e. the left and right condyles of a single individual had a different shape with a large interindividual variability. Conversely, the mean condyle shape of the male and female groups was symmetric.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 4","pages":"266-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20344500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Media hype: musculus sphenomandibularis.","authors":"J C Türp,&nbsp;T Cowley,&nbsp;C S Stohler","doi":"10.1159/000147925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The report of an allegedly so far unknown craniomandibular muscle ('the sphenomandibularis') in 1996 by Dunn and co-workers provoked much comment in journals and newspapers. The authors' hypothesized role of the 'm. sphenomandibularis' in temporomandibular disorders and headaches created hopes and expectations. The present article examines whether two detailed descriptions by Ramalho and co-workers [1978, in Portuguese], and by Zenker [1954, 1955, and 1956, in German] deal with the very same muscle. From the comparison of these descriptions it becomes evident that the 'm. sphenomandibularis' is not a new muscle, but corresponds to the 'medial portion' [Zenker], or 'deep portion' [Ramalho et al.] of the temporalis muscle. Further directed search identified descriptions of the muscle in question back into the 19th century.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 2","pages":"150-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20251479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheet plastination of the larynx for whole-organ histology.","authors":"C Sittel,&nbsp;H E Eckel,&nbsp;S Ricke,&nbsp;E Stennert","doi":"10.1159/000147914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147914","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Whole organ serial sections of the larynx are recognized to improve the assessment of laryngeal pathology. The human larynx with its complex anatomy of different types of tissue with their marked differences in hardness complicate the cutting process. The methods established are either very costly, time consuming and prone to artefacts, or sections are too thick for a histological work-up. Prior decalcification causes major shrinkage, thus morphometry is not feasible. We describe a technique of sheet plastination to produce whole-organ sections which allows a full-scale histological investigation without prior decalcification. Deep-frozen larynges are cut into 4-micron-thick sections using an ordinary slicing machine. Slices are dehydrated in acetone and plastinated in Biodur E50/E7/ AE10/E700. These specimens are cut into sections of about 80 microns thickness using a diamond-wire saw. An ultra-milling device reduces the section thickness down to about 10 microns. Surface staining of different kinds like Richardson, methylene blue or Paragon yields sufficient contrast for exact diagnosis. Deplastination and consecutive paraffin-like staining is possible, but results are not yet fully satisfying. Histological sheet plastination produces almost artefact- and shrinkage-free whole-organ sections in a period of about 1 week. The technique is useful for studies of micromorphometry or tumor spread. Theoretically, application of immunohistochemical staining methods seems to be possible. This might lead to mapping the proliferation activity of laryngeal cancer as it is presented on whole-organ sections.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"158 1","pages":"74-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20233009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anchoring and support system of pulmonary gas-exchange tissue in four bird species.","authors":"E Klika,&nbsp;D W Scheuermann,&nbsp;M H De Groodt-Lasseel,&nbsp;I Bazantova,&nbsp;A Switka","doi":"10.1159/000147962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147962","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Avian air capillaries are delicate structures compared to the mammalian pulmonary alveolus. A transmission and scanning electron microscopic study was carried out on several species of birds with the aim of determining the support structures of the avian gas-exchange mantle. Lung tissue of two bird species belonging to strong flying birds (pigeon and barn owl) and two relatively flightless species (domestic fowl and quail) was subjected to standard processing for transmission and scanning electron microscopy after intratracheal inflation. Twisted profiles of lipoproteinaceous trilaminar substance as specific secretory product of avian squamous respiratory cells can be seen in the cell body and cytoplasmic extensions that are wedged between the blood capillaries, partly surrounding them. The intracytoplasmatically located trilaminar complexes form a three-dimensional intricate spiderweb-like system between the blood capillaries and air capillaries, which presumably function as an anchoring and support structure of the gas-exchange tissue. This system is strengthened by retinacula--pairs of attenuated parallel processes of squamous respiratory cells that project to the airway lumen--expanding and bridging the opposite side of air capillaries. The trilaminar substance is discharged in the form of a 15-nm-thick acellular lining layer which is uniquely adapted to the extremely thin respiratory epithelium. The trilaminar substance arises in the cytoplasm of squamous respiratory cells from profiles of granular and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The integrity and stability of the gas-exchange tissue is likely to be guaranteed by a specific arrangement of the squamous respiratory cells, in which the trilaminar substance plays a paramount role. This general pattern can be observed in strong flying bird species as in the relatively flightless birds.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 1","pages":"30-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147962","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20445897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of continuous or cyclic administration of pamidronate on the skeleton in intact and oophorectomized young rats.","authors":"N Patlas,&nbsp;P Yaffe,&nbsp;A Kimyagarov,&nbsp;G Golomb,&nbsp;A Ornoy","doi":"10.1159/000147963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000147963","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of bone resorption, and are therefore used for the treatment of various bone diseases including osteoporosis. We examined whether cyclic therapy with bisphosphonates in oophorectomized osteoporotic rats had any advantage over continuous treatment. We therefore treated intact and oophorectomized young female rats for 8 weeks with 1 and 5 mg/kg/day of pamidronate. The 8-week treatment was given continuously for 6 days/week or intermittently, i.e. 6 days of pamidronate (APD) and 3 weeks off, for 2 cycles. We found an increase in tibial wet and ash weight and in the mineral content in oophorectomized rats treated continuously or intermittently with APD in comparison to nontreated oophorectomized animals. Histomorphometric analysis showed an increase in the volume of metaphyseal cartilage and bone. No changes were found in the volume of epiphyseal or diaphyseal bone. Pamidronate had very little effect on the bone of intact rats. Pamidronate seems to be more effective in inhibiting bone resorption in bone that undergoes rapid turnover (i.e. in oophorectomized animals) when compared to bone with low turnover (intact rats). Although the results of cyclic treatment were similar to those of continuous treatment, we have to remember that cyclic therapy may be more advantageous since animals receiving cyclic therapy received only 25% of the dose of rats continuously treated.</p>","PeriodicalId":6885,"journal":{"name":"Acta anatomica","volume":"159 1","pages":"42-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1159/000147963","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20445898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}