Gayeon Lee, Md. Rakibul Islam, Hyun-Soo Kim, Ilwoo Kwak, Jeabum Park, Kijin Kwon, Hyung-Ryul Rim, Sangjin Moon, Hong-Ki Lee, Soyeon Kim, Joongpyo Shim
{"title":"Effect of Organic Solvent Addition on Catalyst Ink Preparation for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells","authors":"Gayeon Lee, Md. Rakibul Islam, Hyun-Soo Kim, Ilwoo Kwak, Jeabum Park, Kijin Kwon, Hyung-Ryul Rim, Sangjin Moon, Hong-Ki Lee, Soyeon Kim, Joongpyo Shim","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00754-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00754-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A comprehensive analysis is conducted to evaluate the effect of organic solvent addition on catalyst ink preparation for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Three ester-based organic solvents—methyl acetate (MAc), ethyl acetate (EAc), and methyl formate (MF)—are selected and added to catalyst inks using a mixed solvent system of water and alcohol. The surface area, homogeneity, and uniform particle size distribution of the catalyst powders are found to strongly influence ionomer adsorption behavior and dispersion stability, thereby suppressing particle agglomeration and enhancing the hydrophilicity of the electrode surface. Among the solvents, the catalyst ink containing MAc in a water/isopropanol system exhibits superior homogeneity, improved dispersion characteristics, a reduced contact angle (116.0°), and a smaller average particle size (0.204 μm) compared to those prepared with other organic solvents. In addition, catalyst inks containing 10% MAc show narrower particle size distributions both with and without ionomer, along with a reduced mesoporous band. As a result, the electrode fabricated from the MAc-containing catalyst ink achieves the highest electrochemical performance. These results clearly demonstrate that the controlled addition of MAc during catalyst ink preparation significantly enhances ink dispersion quality and PEMFC performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"3143 - 3153"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison on the Absorption Capacity of Dipentaerythritol Esters for HFC-134a and HFO-1234ze(E): Solubility Measurement and Modelling","authors":"Cheng Lu, Baoli Sang, Xiaopo Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00757-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00757-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Due to the extremely low global warming potential (GWP) and good performance, trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E)) is considered as one of the substitutions for widely used 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) in refrigeration industry. The solubility of HFO-1234ze(E) with lubricant is essential for the optimization of refrigeration system. Dipentaerythritol ester (DiPE) is one of the pure components of polyol ester (POE) lubricant. In order to elucidate the absorption capacity of DiPEs for HFO-1234ze(E), its solubilities in three DiPEs including dipentaerythritol hexapentanoate (DiPEC5), dipentaerythritol hexaheptanoate (DiPEC7), and dipentaerythritol isononanoate (DiPEiC9) were measured from 283.15 K to 343.15 K in this work. Meanwhile, for comparison purpose, the solubilities of HFC-134a in DiPEs were also determined. The measurement was carried out using isochoric saturation method. The experimental data were correlated using the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) model, achieving an absolute average relative deviation of less than 1% for HFO-1234ze(E)/DiPEs and HFC-134a/DiPEs mixtures. In addition, the comparison for absorption capacity of DiPE for HFO-1234ze(E) and HFC-134a was conducted. At the same conditions, HFO-1234ze(E) is more soluble in DiPEs than HFC-134a.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"3103 - 3115"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Uma Sankar Behera, Ganpati S Nayak, Dharmendra Kumar Bal, Hun-Soo Byun
{"title":"Optimization-Driven Synergistic CO2 Capture Using a Polyacrylamide-Based Hydrogel with Enhanced Stability and Regenerability","authors":"Uma Sankar Behera, Ganpati S Nayak, Dharmendra Kumar Bal, Hun-Soo Byun","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00748-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00748-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The urgent need for efficient, cost-effective, and regenerable materials for CO<sub>2</sub> capture is key to addressing climate change. A novel hydrogel composed of polyacrylamide, alpha-olefin sulfonate, and chromium (III) acetate was synthesized and investigated for its CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption performance for multiple cycles. The inclusion of AOS enhanced gel’s surface activity and porosity, while Cr(III) acetate served as cross-linker, providing structural stability and active CO<sub>2</sub> binding sites. Regeneration was achieved by mild heating at 50–60 °C, and the material was reused for 5 cycles, retaining a CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity of 0.60 mmol g⁻¹. Hydrogel maintained excellent mechanical integrity and adsorption capacity, highlighting its suitability for sustainable CO<sub>2</sub> capture applications. To further enhance performance, an artificial neural network (ANN) based optimization framework was employed to identify optimal gel compositions. The predictive capabilities of Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and genetic algorithm (GA) assisted ANN models were compared. Among these, the ANN-PSO model exhibited superior predictive accuracy, achieving a correlation coefficient of 89.73%, outperforming ANN-GA (84.16%) and ANN-LM (75.77%). The strong agreement between experimental and predicted results highlights the effectiveness of ANN-PSO as a powerful tool for optimizing hydrogel-based CO<sub>2</sub> capture systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"3011 - 3027"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jimin Jeon, Junghwan Im, Jaehyung Kim, Wootae Kim, Seacheon Oh
{"title":"Numerical Investigation of Chlorine Bypass Probe Installation Position in Cement Pyroprocessing","authors":"Jimin Jeon, Junghwan Im, Jaehyung Kim, Wootae Kim, Seacheon Oh","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00747-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00747-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One of the key challenges for sustainable cement production is the development of plastic waste co-processing technology. When plastic waste is utilized as alternative fuels, the chlorine concentration in pyroprocessing increases with the fuel substitution rate, resulting in flow path blockage and localized corrosion. Chlorine bypass (CBP) systems have been applied as a control technology for such chloride deposition issues; however, design optimization studies are still required to ensure efficient system operation. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the optimal probe installation position that satisfies the required bypass ratio under fuel substitution rates exceeding 80%, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Analysis of kiln gas flow fields and dust particle behavior showed that the probe installation position caused noticeable differences in pressure loss, cooling performance, and the particle size distribution of bypassed dust. In the center installation, only fine particles smaller than 16 µm were carried into the bypass stream. In contrast, the right and left installations allowed coarse particles larger than 20 µm to represent approximately 54% and 56% of the total bypassed mass flow rate, respectively. These results indicate that the center installation more effectively promotes chlorine removal by selectively capturing fine particles. The findings of this study provide useful design and operational guidelines for chlorine bypass probes in cement pyroprocessing</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"2987 - 2999"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jyoti Agrawal, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Vitthal L. Gole, Ravi Shankar
{"title":"Ultrasound Coupled Chemical Leaching of Metals from W-LIBs using Organic Acids: An Intensify Green Approach","authors":"Jyoti Agrawal, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Vitthal L. Gole, Ravi Shankar","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00737-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00737-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study explores a sustainable and efficient approach for the extraction of valuable metals such as lithium (Li), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe) from waste lithium-ion batteries (W-LIBs) with weak organic acids (gluconic acid (G.A.) and citric acid (C.A.)) and ultrasound (US) intensified weak organic acids chemical leaching method. In this study, a systematic investigation has been performed to estimate the synergetic effect of G.A. and C.A. with total concentration of 1 M under variable operative parameters. The operative parameters include leaching temperature (45–125 °C), solid to liquid ratio (10–30 g/L), leaching time (0–240 min), and ultrasound (US) power (20–100%) for Li and other metal recovery. It has been found that maximum recovery has been achieved at 0.5 M: 0.5 M G.A.: C.A. composition, temperature- 125 °C, time- 210 min, S/L ratio- 10 g/L (for Li, Co), 25 g/L (for Fe, Ni, and Mn), power rate- 60%. This study revealed that, 99.84, 96.74, 98.34, 99.40, & 99.87% of Li, Co, Fe, Ni & Mn respectively can be recovered at optimized condition. While comparing the US intensified weak organic acids chemical leaching method with weak organic acids based leaching method, it improves Li, Co, Fe, Ni & Mn recovery by 15.84, 6.64, 12.53, 13.09 & 4.3% respectively at optimized conditions. In addition, the W-LIBs powder and leaching residue have been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with elemental mapping and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX). Collectively, current study can establish a novel synergetic leaching approach coupling with mixed weak acids with US power system. Overall it is demonstrating an extremely effective and ecologically benign route for the leaching of precious metals from W-LIBs powder.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"2929 - 2944"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James T.M. Amphlett, Richard I. Foster, Wonseok Yang, Stuart Aberdeen, Sungyeol Choi
{"title":"Solvometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ionic Liquids","authors":"James T.M. Amphlett, Richard I. Foster, Wonseok Yang, Stuart Aberdeen, Sungyeol Choi","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00749-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00749-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As global society moves away from conventional fossil-based energy sources and towards greater electrification, the amount of waste lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) generated is only going to increase. This waste needs effective management and treatment to ensure that, at the very least, environmental damage and safety concerns can be minimized. Beyond this, ensuring that the critical materials can be recovered and recycled is an opportunity that should not be wasted. Here we present an experimentally verified proof-of-concept flowsheet for the dissolution of LIB cathode material, and subsequent separation of the dissolved metals using solvometallurgical methods. Leaching efficiencies of up to 100% for LiNi<sub>0.33</sub>Co<sub>0.33</sub>Mn<sub>0.33</sub>O<sub>2</sub> into the deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride – ethylene glycol are possible using a novel electrochemical method. Non-aqueous solvent extraction was used to selectively separate the Co and Mn using Aliquat 336, followed by aqueous stripping. Manganese can be selectively recovered from the strip solution using bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphoric acid dissolved in heptane. Final routes for the recovery of products used in battery cathode production are discussed based on verified literature and commercial methods, with recovery as Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub>, Mn(OH)<sub>2</sub>, and Co(OH)<sub>2</sub> proposed. A presented proof-of-concept flowsheet shows the potential of the described novel dissolution technique, green solvents, and solvometallurgy for use in battery cathode recycling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"3001 - 3010"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11814-026-00749-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Investigation on the Effects of GO-Al Nanoparticles on CO₂ Hydrate Formation Kinetics","authors":"Weiwei Jian, Faguang Li, Zaiyuan Zhang, Mingzhu Sun, Yujin Hong, Danzhu Ma, Zhuang Li","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00752-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00752-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) capture via a hydrate-based method is a promising technique due to its high efficiency, low energy consumption, and operational simplicity. Despite these advantages, its practical application is hindered by slow kinetics, notably prolonged induction times and low gas storage capacities. To address these challenges, this study investigates the kinetic enhancement of CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate formation using graphene oxide (GO) and GO modified with aluminum nanoparticle (GO-Al). GO-Al nanocomposites were synthesized with varying GO-to-Al mass ratios (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 1:8), and their performance was assessed at additive concentrations of 0.003, 0.005, and 0.01 wt%. For pristine GO, the lowest dosage (0.003 wt%) demonstrated the most significant promotional effect, reducing the induction time to 81.6% of that observed in pure water. Introduction of Al further enhances the mass and heat transfer during the formation of CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate. Compared to the pure water and the GO system, the incorporation of GO-Al markedly enhanced CO<sub>2</sub> consumption while simultaneously reducing the induction time. Among the tested samples, the 0.005 wt% GO-Al<sup>5</sup> system displayed the shortest induction time of 105 min, representing a 16% reduction relative to the GO system. In addition, the 0.01wt% GO-Al<sup>1</sup> system exhibited the shortest reaction time of 170 min, reflecting a substantial reduction of 72.58% compared to the GO system. The highest gas consumption and gas storage capacity were observed for the 0.003 wt% GO-Al<sup>8</sup> system, reaching 48.33 m<sup>3</sup>/m<sup>3</sup>. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms through which GO-Al nanoparticles promote hydrate formation were systematically examined.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"3045 - 3061"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing CCUS–Methanol Integrated Systems Using a Two-Stage Framework: Enhancing Profitability and Sustainability of Coal in the Carbon-Neutral Era","authors":"Jimin Hong, Farshad Khavari, Yosoon Choi","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00742-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00742-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global expansion of renewable energy for carbon neutrality is accelerating. Nevertheless, fossil fuels continue to account for a significant share of energy demand. Coal, in particular, cannot be fully replaced in the short term due to its economic feasibility and supply stability, which underscores the need for complementary technologies to enable its continued utilization. Against this background, the importance of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies has been increasingly recognized. In this study, we propose an integrated energy resource system that combines salt-cavern-based CCUS with solar power generation. To capture both daily demand–supply fluctuations and seasonal cycles, a two-stage optimization framework was developed. This framework simultaneously maximizes daily profit and ensures long-term operational efficiency. A case study conducted in South Australia shows that the proposed system secures the seasonal periodicity of <span>(:{text{C}text{O}}_{2})</span> injection and withdrawal while increasing annual profitability by 25.1% compared with conventional methods. In addition, by converting the stored <span>(:{text{C}text{O}}_{2})</span> into methanol, the system can produce 452.6 tons of methanol per year, demonstrating a clear value-added benefit. These results suggest that coal-based power generation, when integrated with salt-cavern CCUS and renewable energy, should not be viewed solely as a phase-out target. Instead, it can serve as a competitive and viable option in the transition toward carbon neutrality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"2945 - 2960"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pomelo Peel-derived Active Carbon Aerogel for Methane Adsorption: Performance Evaluation and Mechanism Study","authors":"Xuxin Li, Juanhua He, Qing Zhang, Xuewei Hu, Rongwei Mao, Changxiong Chen, Zengyi Liu, Conggao Yang, Qian Wang, Yingjie Li, Senlin Tian, Weihao Tang","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00753-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00753-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) is a greenhouse gas, as well as a clean energy source. The key to reducing its emissions and enabling its resource utilization lies in the efficient capture of CH<sub>4</sub> from the environment. This study utilized pomelo peel as a raw material to prepare a pomelo peel-derived activated carbon aerogel (PPACA), PPACA was characterized and used as adsorbent for CH<sub>4</sub>. Its adsorption capacity and mechanism for CH<sub>4</sub> were investigated, and its CH<sub>4</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> selectivity and cyclic stability were also explored. The results indicated that KOH activation significantly optimized the pore structure and improved the surface chemistry of the material, resulting in a high specific surface area, abundant ultramicropores, and an increased content of surface basic groups. The resulting ultramicropore filling effect plays a dominant role in enhancing CH<sub>4</sub> adsorption, while the increased content of surface basic groups plays a secondary auxiliary role. Increased adsorption temperature and higher gas flow rate adversely affected the adsorption, while increasing the adsorption pressure increased the adsorption capacity. The equilibrium adsorption process of CH<sub>4</sub> on PPACA was accurately described by the Sips model and was identified as physisorption. The adsorption kinetics followed the Bangham model, indicating that the adsorption rate is controlled by pore diffusion. Furthermore, at 298 K and 1 bar, the CH<sub>4</sub> adsorption capacity of PPACA achieved 1.92 mmol·g<sup>− 1</sup>, and its IAST selectivity (CH<sub>4</sub>/N<sub>2</sub>, 10/90 v/v) reached 6.41, which is competitive with or better than many other adsorbents. It also exhibited good cyclic stability. These findings provide a reference and theoretical basis for the application of such novel adsorbents in CH<sub>4</sub> adsorption and capture.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 11","pages":"3029 - 3044"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148903333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Materials and Microstructure in Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells: Linking Performance and Durability","authors":"Giwon Kim, Jaesung Kim","doi":"10.1007/s11814-026-00740-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-026-00740-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) represent a transformative technology for the efficient production of green hydrogen and syngas from water and carbon dioxide, leveraging high operating temperatures to enhance reaction kinetics and thermodynamic efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the critical correlations between material properties, electrode microstructure, and overall SOEC performance. We delve into the impact of triple-phase boundary density, electronic/ionic conductivity, and surface chemistry on cell efficiency and current densities. Furthermore, the paper highlights significant performance improvements achieved over time, including higher current densities, reduced operating temperatures, and enhanced long-term durability, alongside major breakthroughs such as industrial-scale demonstrations, high-pressure operation, direct CO<sub>2</sub> electrolysis, and the development of reversible solid oxide cells. Understanding these advancements and the underlying material science challenges is crucial for accelerating the commercialization of SOEC technology for a sustainable energy future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"43 on","pages":"1939 - 1973"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}