3D Graphene-Coupled Aerogel Nanoarchitectures: Emerging Paradigm Toward Sustainable Applications in Fuel Cell

Graphene aerogel (GA) is an ultra-lightweight material with high porosity, exceptional mechanical strength, and excellent electrical conductivity, making it highly attractive for a wide range of applications, including energy storage, electronics, and environmental remediation. Over the past two decades, advancements in the synthesis and functionalization of GA have led to significant innovations in fuel cell technology, particularly in enhancing catalytic activity, mass transport, and structural stability. The three-dimensional (3D) network morphology of graphene-based aerogels provides a large surface area, interconnected porous structure, and tunable properties, which are critical for optimizing fuel cell performance. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of GA applications in fuel cell systems, focusing on its role in key components such as the anode, cathode, catalyst support, and membrane. By leveraging its unique properties, GA has demonstrated remarkable potential in improving fuel cell efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing sustainability. For instance, GA-based catalysts have shown comparable or superior performance to conventional platinum-based catalysts (Pt/C), while significantly reducing the reliance on expensive and scarce precious metals. Beyond its technical advantages, the adoption of GA in fuel cell technology aligns with global sustainability efforts, particularly with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action). By enabling cleaner energy conversion and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, GA contributes to the transition toward a low-carbon economy and mitigating climate change impacts. This study also highlights the challenges in scaling up GA production, ensuring long-term durability, and achieving cost-effectiveness for commercial applications. Furthermore, it explores future opportunities for optimizing GA-based fuel cells through advanced synthesis techniques, novel functionalization strategies, and integration with other nanomaterials. By addressing these challenges and leveraging its unique properties, GA has the potential to revolutionize fuel cell technology and pave the way for next-generation sustainable energy solutions.