Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced Glucose Sensing through Optimization of Glucose Oxidase and Osmium-Based Redox Polymer on Gold Electrodes","authors":"Xue Wang,&nbsp;Keerthi Booshan Manikandan,&nbsp;Hyug-Han Kim,&nbsp;Chang-Joon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00553-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00553-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Glucose oxidase (GOx)-based electrodes offer promising applications in glucose sensing and as potential power sources for implantable devices, yet their performance remains critically dependent on efficient electron transfer and enzyme immobilization strategies. This study systematically investigated the co-immobilization of GOx and a redox-active osmium polymer, poly (N-vinylimidazole)-[Os(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)₂Cl])^+/2+ (PVI-Os-dme), using poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) as a crosslinker to enhance both the catalytic and electron-transfer properties of the electrode. By varying the enzyme-to-mediator ratio and applying a layer-by-layer assembly approach, we demonstrated that both loading quantity and composition critically influenced current generation, charge transfer resistance, and overall electrode efficiency. While current output increased with additional layers, the catalytic activity per unit mass of enzyme or mediator decreased, indicating a trade-off at high loadings. The optimized electrode, composed of six composite layers (2 μg GOx, 3.6 μg PVI-Os-dme, 2.2 μg PEGDGE per layer), achieved the highest peak current of 23.7 ± 1.7 μA at 0.3 V and retained over 85% of initial current after 3 cycles and 57% after 5 cycles, demonstrating favorable reusability. Kinetic analysis revealed an apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (<i>K</i>_m^app) of 9.0 mM and a maximum current (<i>I</i>_max) of 29.2 μA, confirming the electrode’s high affinity and catalytic efficiency toward glucose. These results highlight the importance of optimizing GOx/PVI-Os-dme loadings, ratio, and the number of layers for enhancing the electrode performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"2835 - 2843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Thermofluidic Modeling and Open-Source Rigorous Simulation of Hydrogen Fueling Systems Validated with Real-World Data","authors":"Jongyeon Oh,&nbsp;Juri Lim,&nbsp;Kyuhwan Hyun,&nbsp;Gihoon Hong,&nbsp;Yunyeong Yang,&nbsp;Dongil Shin","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00551-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00551-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The process of refueling Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (HFCEVs) with compressed hydrogen gas faces two primary challenges: the temperature rise in the vehicle tank and delay in fueling speed. Since most Hydrogen Refueling Stations (HRSs) are addressing these challenges through cascade systems, there is a demand for performance evaluations of fueling systems under various HRS configurations and operating conditions. However, there is a lack of generalized and validated simulation codes, and experimental results are quite limited. In this study, we develop a model that can simulate real-world fueling processes, including the cascade system, and conduct case studies based on actual HRS configurations. By implementing a more detailed mathematical model than previous studies and simulation code for not only light-duty vehicles but also heavy-duty vehicles, the developed model accurately and extensively simulates the fueling process for various operating conditions and diverse types of vehicle tanks. The reliability of the developed model is validated using real-world data collected from operational HRSs, including extreme operating conditions. The implemented code is available as open-source and supports developing the configuration and operation guidelines of HRSs to be built forward or running now.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"3055 - 3069"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Recovery and High-Valued Utilization of Aluminum and Magnesium from Raffinate Acid via Stripping and Crystallization","authors":"Peilin Li,&nbsp;Yue Lan,&nbsp;Yanru Jin,&nbsp;Dehua Xu,&nbsp;Lin Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00545-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00545-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solvent extraction is a broadly employed method for removing impurities from wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA). However, the raffinate acid generated by this method remains underutilized due to its high viscosity and elevated metal impurity (Fe, Al, Mg) content and nonmetallic impurities (S, F), resulting in resource waste. This study employs P-15 as the extractant to purify raffinate acid and introduces an innovative stripping–crystallization process for the separation and recovery of Al³⁺ and Mg²⁺, yielding high-value products. A comparative analysis of various stripping agents identified a sulfuric acid solution containing ammonium sulfate as the optimal system. Under the optimized conditions (temperature: 303.15 K, organic–aqueous phase ratio (O/A): 1:1, sulfuric acid concentration: 30 wt.%, reaction time: 30 min), the stripping efficiency reached its optimal value. Theoretical stage calculations using the McCabe–Thiele method and cascade simulation determined that a two-stage countercurrent operation is required. To address crystallization inhibition caused by aluminum–fluoride complexes, silicon or boron (introduced as sodium silicate or borax) was incorporated to form more stable SiF₆²⁻or BF₄^- complexes, facilitating Al³⁺ release and its subsequent precipitation as NH₄Al(SO₄)₂·12H₂O. Further addition of ammonium sulfate enabled the formation of (NH₄)₂Mg(SO₄)₂·6H₂O. This study provides an efficient and environmentally friendly process for the valorization of raffinate acid from WPA production, offering significant industrial application potential and environmental benefits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"2967 - 2986"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Electrochemical Behavior of PANI/Mn-BTC Nanocomposite as Electrode for Superior Supercapacitor","authors":"Noor Jawad Kadhim,&nbsp;Mohsen Ghorbani","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00541-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00541-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of efficient electrode materials is crucial for high-performance energy storage devices. In this study, a polyaniline/metal–organic framework (PANI/Mn-BTC) nanocomposite was synthesized and structurally characterized to confirm its successful formation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently emerged as promising candidates for electrode fabrication due to their well-defined crystalline structures, accessible metal sites, and high specific surface areas. Polyaniline (PANI), known for its low cost, multiple redox sites, and facile synthesis, has also attracted considerable attention for energy storage applications. The integration of these two materials in the PANI/Mn-BTC nanocomposite offers synergistic advantages that enhance electrochemical performance. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated improved properties of the nanocomposite, indicating its potential as an effective electrode material for supercapacitors. The nanocomposite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 894 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, along with excellent cycling stability, retaining 98% of its capacitance after 1000 charge–discharge cycles. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed a low charge transfer resistance of the PANI/Mn-BTC electrode, which is attributed to the synergistic effects between the components and the large surface area of the nanocomposite.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"3021 - 3031"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Glass Particles on Sodium-Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Electrolytes","authors":"Niranjan Kumar,&nbsp;Y. K. Mahipal,&nbsp;Manju Sahu,&nbsp;Suleman Kujur,&nbsp;Dinesh K. Sahu","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00532-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00532-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Solid-state electrolytes are promising candidates to replace conventional liquid/aqueous electrolytes, which offer enhanced safety, mechanical integrity, flexibility, and better electrochemical performance. In the present study, a novel composite system has been developed by dispersing NB13 (1Na₂O:3B₂O₃) sodium borate glass powder into a poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) matrix: [70 PEO:30(50NaI + 50Na₃PO₄)] [1]. The NB13 glass was synthesized using the popular melt-quench method, ground into powder by mechanical ball milling and dispersed into the PEO-based SPE host matrix as the 2nd-phase dispersoid. Uniform, flexible, thin glass-composite polymer electrolyte (GCPE) films were synthesized using the hot-press method. The electrical, dielectric, and electrochemical properties of the novel composite membranes were investigated at room temperature using a precision LCR meter and cyclic voltammetry (CV) with symmetrical cells “SS||GCPE/SPE||SS” (SS stainless steel). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the amorphous nature of the NB13 glass powder and its complexation with the salt and polymer matrix, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed a significant reduction in crystallinity. The optimum conducting composition (OCC) of the GCPE film exhibited an enhancement of one order of magnitude in ionic conductivity at room temperature compared to the SPE host. The GCPE films demonstrated a stable electrochemical operating window of − 3.0 to 3.0 V, excellent electrochemical stability over 10 cycles, high ionic conductivity (~ 10⁻⁵ S/cm) at room temperature, low activation energy (E_a ~ 0.24 eV), and ionic transference number which is close to unity (~ 1). These results suggest the GCPE system is a potential candidate for solid-state battery applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 11","pages":"2543 - 2551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TiO2 Nanoparticles with Mixed Anatase–Rutile Phase Structure Doped with Different Concentrations of Iron for Photocatalytic Activity in Degrading Methylene Blue","authors":"Paulus Lobo Gareso,&nbsp;Heryanto Heryanto,&nbsp;Sri Suryani,&nbsp;Dahlang Tahir,&nbsp;Paulina Taba,&nbsp;Didik Aryanto,&nbsp;Muh Ade Artasasta","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00539-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00539-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The photodegradation of Fe-doped anatase-rutile mixed-phase TiO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) under visible light to degrade methylene blue has been studied. TiO₂ NPs were successfully synthesized using the co-precipitation method. These nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, UV–Vis, FTIR, FESEM, HRTEM, and EDX. The XRD analysis revealed that the diffraction patterns exhibited two-phase structures, namely, anatase and rutile phase structures, where the intensity of the rutile phase structures was greater than that of the anatase phase structures. The UV–Vis result indicated a reduction of the band-gap energy of the Fe-TiO₂ NPs. FESEM micrographs revealed that agglomerations formed clusters, and SEM results showed that the nanoparticles aggregate to create surface structures resembling edelweiss flowers. Based on Kramers–Kronig analysis, there is a reduction in optical phonon <span>((Delta ({text{LO}} - {text{TO}})))</span> cm⁻¹ difference with a decrease in the rutile fraction as a function of Fe. The reduction in the rutile phase fraction correlated with a decrease in photocatalytic activity, indicating that the rutile phase plays a crucial role in the photodegradation process (1wt% achieved. <span>(k)</span>_ads rate: 0.00273 min⁻¹). These results suggest that Fe-doped anatase–rutile mixed-phase TiO₂ nanoparticles are suitable as photocatalysts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"2951 - 2966"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"D-Sorbitol Xanthate-Based Hydrogel Polymer for Cost-Effective and Efficient Removal of Potentially Toxic Elements from Aqueous Solutions","authors":"Arbind Chaurasiya,&nbsp;Poorn Prakash Pande,&nbsp;Ravi Shankar,&nbsp;Kopal Kashaudhan,&nbsp;Suyash Pandey","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00536-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00536-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Three grades of D-sorbitol xanthate-based hydrogel (DSXHs-1, DSXHs-2, and DSXHs-3) were synthesized using the free radical solution copolymerization technique, with acrylic acid and acrylamide as a monomer, KPS as an initiator, and methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker. The DSXHs hydrogels were characterized using Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, point of zero charge (ΔpH_PZC) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The synthesized DSXHs hydrogels were employed for the removal of Cu²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions from wastewater. The percentage swelling ratio (%SR) of DSXHs-3 was found to be 25,145% in distilled water, 21,148% in tap water, and 18,652% in grey wastewater in 840 min. The percentage water retention ratio (%WRR) was seen as 81.85% in distilled water, 79.47% in tap water, and 77.67% in grey water in 24 h. The extreme removal of metal ions was detected as 95.25% for Cu²⁺ and 93.67% for Co²⁺ ions using the DSXHs-3 hydrogel under optimal conditions. The adsorption data fit well with Langmuir isotherm (LI) model, exhibiting a maximum adsorption capacity of 531.91 mg/g for Cu²⁺ and 515.46 mg/g for Co²⁺ ions using DSXHs-3 hydrogel. The adsorption kinetics data was better explained with the help of pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model, with rate constants of 1.4 × 10^–4 g/(mg min) for Cu²⁺ and 1.5 × 10^–4 g/(mg min) for Co²⁺ ions. Additionally, DSXHs-3 hydrogel demonstrated good reusability. After the fourth cycle, the removal efficiency remained at 84.27% for Cu²⁺ and 82.44% for Co²⁺ ions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 11","pages":"2745 - 2761"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Z-Scheme/Type-II ZnO/Bi2MoO6/AgFeO2 Ternary Heterojunctions for Persulfate-Assisted Photocatalytic Elimination of Several Dyes Exposure to Visible Light","authors":"Behrouz Golzad-Nonakaran,&nbsp;Seyed Masoud Seyed Ahmadian,&nbsp;Mohammad Ghorbanpour,&nbsp;Ali Reza Amani-Ghadim","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00514-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00514-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Photocatalysis serves as an effective and environmentally friendly approach for the treatment of wastewater and water, with ZnO-based photocatalysts exhibiting significant efficacy in this area. Consequently, we present a novel method that integrates solvothermal, calcination, and hydrothermal processes to produce a ZnO/Bi₂MoO₆/AgFeO₂ ternary photocatalyst, which has shown a remarkable photocatalytic activity in eliminating methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and methylene blue (MB) when exposed to persulfate (SO₅²⁻) under visible light. The ZnO/Bi₂MoO₆/AgFeO₂ photocatalysts facilitate the activation of SO₅²⁻ ions, thereby enhancing the degradation of pollutants under visible light exposure. In the presence of the ZnO/Bi₂MoO₆/AgFeO₂ (20%)/SO₅²⁻ system, MB was entirely decomposed within 75 min, whereas only 39.8% of MB was eliminated using the ZnO/Bi₂MoO₆/AgFeO₂ (20%) sample without SO₅²⁻. This indicates a synergistic effect between SO₅²⁻ activation and visible-light photocatalysis in the ZnO/Bi₂MoO₆/AgFeO₂ (20%) system. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of this system is attributed to the activation of SO5²⁻ ions by electrons, leading to the generation of sulfate radicals (^⦁SO₄⁻), improved charge carrier separation, and increased visible light absorption by Bi₂MoO₆ and AgFeO₂. Ultimately, the proposed mechanism for the significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities involves multiple Z-scheme/type II heterojunctions. The findings of this study confirm that the ZnO/Bi₂MoO₆/AgFeO₂ system is a viable visible-light-driven nanocomposite for the purification of water and wastewater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"2919 - 2933"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Study on the Effect of Reaction Parameters on Low-temperature Catalytic Ozonation of Single- and Multi-component VOCs Using Response Surface Methodology","authors":"Qi Shao,&nbsp;Haoran Xiao,&nbsp;Huiming Chen,&nbsp;Lei Gao,&nbsp;Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Long","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00528-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00528-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, ozone catalytic oxidation technology has been widely concerned because it can efficiently remove VOCs at low temperatures. However, the influence of different factors on the catalytic ozonation of VOCs, especially of multi-component VOCs, is still indeterminate. Herein, the effect of each reaction parameter on catalytic ozonation of single- and multi-component of toluene and dimethyl carbonate was systematically evaluated using a highly efficient catalyst (Mn/Y). Simultaneously, a multiple quadratic regression model was established by response surface methodology to compare the difference of the contribution of different reaction conditions to single- and multi-component VOCs reaction systems. It was found that the effect of different factors on VOCs conversion followed reaction temperature &gt; space velocity &gt; input concentration of ozone. In addition, the effect of the reaction conditions on ozone conversion in DMC reaction system and CO_x selectivity in toluene reaction system (reaction temperature &gt; input concentration of ozone &gt; space velocity) is different from the other reaction systems (reaction temperature &gt; space velocity &gt; input concentration of ozone). Satisfactorily, the results of the catalytic reaction experiment are highly consistent with the data fitted by the multiple quadratic regression model. It can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing the reaction parameters of catalytic ozonation of VOCs in different reaction systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 11","pages":"2627 - 2636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144923196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using Platinum–Iron Oxide Catalysts Supported on Activated Carbon Spheres","authors":"Arzu Ekinci,&nbsp;Abdurrahman Akdag,&nbsp;Kaan Büyükkanber,&nbsp;Ömer Şahin","doi":"10.1007/s11814-025-00516-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11814-025-00516-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, the electrochemical performance of Fe₃O₄-supported Pt/C catalysts was evaluated in a Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with a focus on enhancing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles reduced catalyst particle sizes and improved structural stability. Among the catalysts tested—Pt-Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)/C, Pt/ Fe₃O₄ MNP-C, and Pt/ Fe₃O₄ activated carbon sphere (ACS)-C—the Pt/ Fe₃O₄ MNP-C variant achieved the highest power density (215 mW/cm² at 346 mA/cm²) and displayed superior activity. Analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM–EDX, and TEM confirmed the superior crystallinity and phase purity of the Pt/ Fe₃O₄-based catalysts. Particle sizes were found to be 3.16 nm, 2.71 nm, and 4.70 nm, respectively, for Pt-Fe₃O₄ MNP/C, Pt/ Fe₃O₄ MNP-C, and Pt/Fe₃O₄ ACS-C. The high ORR activity of Pt/Fe₃O₄ MNP-C is attributed to the high surface area and conductivity provided by activated carbon spheres, alongside enhanced Pt-Fe₃O₄ interactions. Mass activities were recorded at 2829, 2307, and 1893 mA/mg_Pt, with Pt-Fe₃O₄ MNP/C showing the fastest kinetics and highest efficiency. Pt/ Fe₃O₄ MNP-C emerges as a promising low-platinum, high-efficiency electrocatalyst for PEMFCs, marking a significant step toward sustainable fuel cell technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":684,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"42 12","pages":"2935 - 2950"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145181482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}