中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2011-11-28DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085874
Harry Li, R. Curiac
{"title":"Understanding of induction motors made easy","authors":"Harry Li, R. Curiac","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085874","url":null,"abstract":"Complex motor theories and constructions make understanding electric motors and their applications difficult, especially induction motors where the actual motor speed is not the same as the electrical frequency of the power supply. Why does the current vary inversely with the voltage when the motor is running, but vary proportionally with the voltage when the motor is starting? In addition, when there is a small unbalance in the voltage supply, the motor temperature rise increases rapidly. What is behind this phenomenon? Some motors are designed with wye connection and some are designed with delta connection. What is the difference between these designs? All the above questions are interesting and confusing and the answers can be confusing as well. This paper's purpose is to provide readers simple steps to analyze and answer these questions. First, the motor parameters will be visually linked to the motor components; second, the motor equivalent circuit is analyzed to answer these difficult questions. The intent of this paper is that through these analyses, readers would gain a simple, yet insightful understanding of induction motors, their parameters and applications.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88057806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2011-11-28DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085878
S. Parikh, Michael J. Sustarich, R. Hulett, Eric Reitler
{"title":"Considering process temperatures when designing electrical heat tracing for hazardous areas","authors":"S. Parikh, Michael J. Sustarich, R. Hulett, Eric Reitler","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085878","url":null,"abstract":"Hazardous areas in many industrial process facilities often represent design challenges for high temperature electrical heat tracing (EHT) applications. When there is a relatively close proximity of the maintenance temperatures and Auto-ignition Temperature (AIT) or T-Rating, Controlled Designs per IEEE-515-2004 are utilized to achieve the desired maintain temperatures. Other common techniques of reducing heat tracing sheath temperatures include improving tracer contact with the process pipe, decreasing tracer output and / or increasing the number of heat tracing passes. This paper will present design methods to establish maximum heat tracing sheath temperatures in Class I Division 2 gaseous environments. Design tradeoffs and resolution approaches when the process temperature exceeds the AIT or T-rating are also presented.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81582159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2011-11-28DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085900
D. Eaton, C. Schiro, Terry W. Perilloux, C. Goodwin
{"title":"Advanced cable diagnostics - evaluation, selection, application and experience on medium voltage shielded power cables at a petrochemical facility","authors":"D. Eaton, C. Schiro, Terry W. Perilloux, C. Goodwin","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2011.6085900","url":null,"abstract":"DC high potential and insulation resistance testing have historically been used as the primary means for field installation verification testing for medium voltage power cables. Since power frequency AC high potential testing is not a practical solution for the field environment other techniques have been developed to effectively test the integrity of cables and terminations before placing MV cables in service. Among these testing methods are very low frequency (VLF), partial discharge, and tan delta testing.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87929692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2011-01-01DOI: 10.1109/MIAS.2012.2215641
L. Sevov, T. Zhao, I. Voloh
{"title":"The power of IEC 61850 for bus transfer and load shedding applications","authors":"L. Sevov, T. Zhao, I. Voloh","doi":"10.1109/MIAS.2012.2215641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MIAS.2012.2215641","url":null,"abstract":"The new communications technology and the newly developed IEC61850[1] standard for generic object oriented substation events (GOOSE) bring many advantages to the industrial protection and control applications. Some of the applications benefiting the most are the ones associated with the bus transfer and the load shedding schemes, together with more beneficial communication-assisted schemes, like zone-interlocking, fast bus trip, arc-flash reduction, etc. Some Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are equipped with more than one high-speed Ethernet channel to transmit/receive hundreds of discrete and analog values. This offers two very big advantages over the copper wired IEDs: the first - a single pair of network cable either copper of fiber, can substitute a big number of standard copper wires, and the second - using two or more network channels provide very good data exchange redundancy and hence higher reliability. The savings on substituting a big number of copper wires by a communication media like Ethernet copper twisted pair cable, or a pair of fiber optic, can be easily calculated.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73596198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2010-12-13DOI: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666817
A. Long, Brad Boyd, J. Phillips, Ray Machado, E. Kelly, Marcelle Tremblay, Edward J Cialkowski
{"title":"Improving electrical saftey in an electrolytic cell line","authors":"A. Long, Brad Boyd, J. Phillips, Ray Machado, E. Kelly, Marcelle Tremblay, Edward J Cialkowski","doi":"10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666817","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the design and layout of the electrolytic cell production plant, electrical safety is challenging. The cells, which are connected in a series circuit creating a large layout, are powered by a 200–500 volt DC source, which is intentionally ungrounded to provide personnel and equipment protection. Detection of the first ground connection of the electrolytic cell line is critical to ensure safety to personnel. Traditional methods of ground connection monitoring of a cell line, such as midpoint zero-volt detection, require constant analysis of data to determine if the first ground exists. This method can easily lead to human error, since the zero-volt location changes when cells are removed or added to the cell line. Also, the midpoint zero-volt method only functions when the cell line is energized, which makes troubleshooting not only a safety concern but also difficult. Moreover, if the ground connection occurs at the zero-volt location, there is no indication of the increased electrical hazard. Protection from electrical shocks and electrocution is safety critical and requires an instrument that continuously monitors the dynamic insulation resistance-to-ground of the entire cell line. The instrument must perform this vital safety function whether the cell line is energized or de-energized, so that finding the first ground quickly is easy and can be achieved without applying power to the cell line. Existing DC ground fault detection equipment, or insulation monitoring device, used in the mass transit and other industries has been adapted to accomplish this necessary ground fault detection in the electrolytic cell line; thereby, improving electrical safety in an electrolytic cell line.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"37 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74210344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2010-12-13DOI: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666865
Troy Rains, Bipin Satavalekar
{"title":"Harmonizing ventilation requirements for indoor lighter than air hazardous atmospheres","authors":"Troy Rains, Bipin Satavalekar","doi":"10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666865","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the major concepts in ventilation requirements contained in API RP 500/505 and IEC 60079–10, specific to indoor, lighter than air, natural gas hazardous atmospheres. Engineering professionals rely on API 505 as the basis for area classifications. Previously, IEC and North American standards have been successfully adopted in the body of API 500/505 (79–10 Mod). However, the informative appendices of both standards covering ventilation calculations are not entirely consistent. This paper presents case studies for ventilation/classification and an attempt is made to harmonize ventilation calculations to offer further uniformity in global standards. This will be of interest to those involved with area classification activities, as the result may offer reduced mechanical ventilation demands, while maintaining equivalent levels of safety and reliability.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"47 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81290572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2010-12-13DOI: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666845
R. Hanna, D. W. Schmitt
{"title":"Failure analysis of 7500 HP induction motors driving reciprocating compressors with three years service","authors":"R. Hanna, D. W. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666845","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the failure analysis and field measurements of five 7500 HP induction motors driving reciprocating compressors for a natural gas compression station. The motors were in service for less than three years when two of them suffered cooling fan failures. Four of the five motors were individually sent one at a time to a motor repair shop to be fitted with a modified cooling fan per the manufacturer's recommendation. It was during one of the fan replacement processes that the repair shop, accidentally, discovered that many of the magnetic wedges were missing. The end user is not always aware if a motor is provided with magnetic or non-magnetic wedges unless identified in the motor engineering specification. This paper presents the findings on the failure analysis of both the cooling fans and magnetic wedges for these motors. This failure analysis examined fan design, vibration, motor operating temperature, compressor loading profile, number of motor starts, and ambient temperature. The paper also presents a comparison between direct on line motor starting and soft starting using an adjustable speed drive and the impact on motor performance. The settings and historical data gathered from the microprocessor protection relay for the motors will also be covered and discussed.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82601343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2010-12-13DOI: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666862
M. Adamiak, M. Schiefen, G. Schauerman, B. Cable
{"title":"Design of a priority-based load shed scheme and operation tests","authors":"M. Adamiak, M. Schiefen, G. Schauerman, B. Cable","doi":"10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666862","url":null,"abstract":"Many large industrials operate internal co-generation systems to provide a substantial portion of their own power as well as to use the resulting output heat as part of their industrial process. Depending on the amount of co-generation, on loss of connection to the main grid or instability of the grid, these industrials may have the option of supplying all internal electrical loads from the co-generation or rather, shed a portion of the load in order to maintain plant stability. In order to maintain and maximize plant operations during either an islanded condition, a severe (and dropping) underfrequency condition, or a prolonged under voltage condition, a load shed scheme needs to dynamically monitor the load-generation unbalance in the plant and, upon detecting or determining any of the above conditions, needs to quickly initiate shedding of the optimal amount of load — based on a user-determined priority schedule. Examples of an actual load shed test are shown and analyzed.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76186680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2010-12-13DOI: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666827
R. Pragale, T. Dionise, D. Shipp
{"title":"Harmonic analysis and multi-stage filter design for a large bleach production facility","authors":"R. Pragale, T. Dionise, D. Shipp","doi":"10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666827","url":null,"abstract":"Modern sodium chlorate or sodium hypochlorite-making processes (commonly known as “bleach”) takes salt and water through an electrolytic process. The electrolytic process requires a significant amount of DC power. Bleach production plants, equipped with rectifiers, can generate potentially damaging harmonic currents if not mitigated or controlled. This paper presents a combination of harmonic mitigation methods applied at a large bleach production facility. The harmonic mitigation methods consisted of transformer phase shifting and multi-stage harmonic filter banks applied at 34.5 kV to satisfy IEEE Std 519–1992 harmonic distortion limits [1] at the point of common coupling. The authors faced several challenges with the harmonic filter design that included various operating conditions within the facility as well as numerous utility substation loading and capacitor combinations.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"50 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87753091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
中国石油和化工(企业版)Pub Date : 2010-12-13DOI: 10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666837
C. Mozina
{"title":"Improvements in protection and commissioning of digital transformer relays at medium voltage industrial facilities","authors":"C. Mozina","doi":"10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCIC.2010.5666837","url":null,"abstract":"The application of multifunction digital relays to protect medium voltage power transformers has become a common industrial practice. Industrial transformers, unlike utility transformers, frequently use neutral grounding resistors to limit ground current during faults to 200–400A range on medium voltage systems. This paper will discuss why these types of transformers require sensitive ground differential protection. The paper will also discuss the basics of transformer protection including: phasing standards, through-fault withstand capability, differential/fusing/overcurrent protection, slope, CT requirements, harmonic restraint, and communicating these requirements properly when programming and commissioning new digital relays. The rationale for providing transformer overexcitation protection on all major transformers within industrial facilities is also addressed. Advancements in digital technology have allowed relay manufacturers to include more and more relay functions within a single hardware platform as well as address more and more transformer winding configurations. This has resulted in digital transformer relays requiring an Einstein to set and an Edison to commission. Since there are few Einstein's and Edison's among us, the next generation of transformer relays needs to concentrate on this complexity issue in addition to technical improvements. This paper addresses these issues that the author believes are the major shortcomings of existing digital transformer protective relays.","PeriodicalId":67291,"journal":{"name":"中国石油和化工(企业版)","volume":"118 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89219702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}