Journal of Polymers and the Environment最新文献

{"title":"Cellulase-Derived Fully Deacetylated Chitooligosaccharides from Marine Shell Waste for Green Food Preservation","authors":"Alaa Ewais,&nbsp;A. AbdelGhany,&nbsp;Mahmoud Sitohy","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03730-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03730-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study prepared wholly deacetylated, low-molecular-weight chitooligosaccharides (COS) through cellulase disintegration of chitosan sourced from shrimp and crab to produce (SCO) and CCO, respectively. FTIR analysis showed that the employed conditions (55 °C, pH 5.2 in 24 h) enabled nearly complete deacetylation, 98.8% and 100%, with average molecular weights of 1.288 and 0.467 kDa, respectively. The ESI/MS findings revealed that the resulting COS consisted of monomers and polymers of D-glucosamine (1–6 units). The COS demonstrated a progressive increase in water solubility, culminating at 88% and displayed exceptional bioactivities, particularly in their scavenging activity against DPPH at concentrations of 1–6 mg/mL. SCO produced scavenging rates equivalent to 54.72 ± 2%-60.18 ± 1%, against 59.11 ± 1%- 65.29 ± 1% in the case of CCO. The antibacterial efficacy COS (1200 µg/mL) revealed maximum inhibition zones of 26 ± 1 and 22 ± 1 mm against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. The inclusion of COS in yogurt and orange juice reduced the total aerobic count by about 0.7 ± 0.1 log CFU/mL and garnered excellent sensorial acceptability ratings, exceeding 4 ± 0.0. This study is innovatively using cellulase, a cost-effective, widely available enzyme, to produce fully deacetylated, low-molecular-weight COS from marine shell waste. These ameliorated COSs offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic preservatives, particularly in yogurt and orange juice. They present a potential in green food preservation and an eco-friendly approach to transforming seafood waste into high-value bioactive compounds.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-025-03730-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidized Cassava Starch, a Sustainable Material for Rapid Ammonium Adsorption and Controlled Release","authors":"Andrés Felipe Chamorro,&nbsp;Nazly Gisela Chate Galvis,&nbsp;Enrique Miguel Combatt,&nbsp;Manuel Palencia","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03746-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03746-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ammonium (<span>(:{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+})</span>) is a widely used fertilizer; however, its presence in water sources poses significant risks to both human health and the environment. To address this issue, it is necessary to implement cost-effective strategies that control fertilizer release, mitigate environmental impact, and remove <span>(:{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+})</span> from water sources for reducing negative processes such as eutrophication. In this study, oxidized cassava starch was synthesized using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) as an oxidizing agent to introduce carboxylic groups, which can interact favorably with <span>(:{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+})</span> ions. The oxidation of starch was evaluated at different NaClO concentrations and pH values, and the resulting materials were characterized by ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM, carboxyl content determination, and swelling assays. Oxidation was confirmed by ATR-FTIR and TGA results. The optimal conditions were determined to be pH 7 and 2% NaClO, which produced the highest carboxyl content (0.19 ± 0.017) and a high gel fraction (82.6 ± 1.8%). Additionally, the materials exhibited a porous surface and high-water retention capacity, indicating hydrogel formation resulting from hydrogen bonding between starch polymer chains. The adsorption potential of the material for <span>(:{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+})</span> was evaluated, achieving a high retention capacity of 2790.3 ± 37.8 mg/g. This suggests a possible precipitation of the ion on the hydrogel surface; however, this was not observed experimentally. The adsorption process followed a Freundlich isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that adsorption occurs primarily through electrostatic interactions and in multilayers, likely involving the precipitation of <span>(:{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+})</span> on the material’s surface. In addition, the material exhibited a slow-release behavior, with less than 20% of <span>(::{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+}:)</span>released over 26 days. These results demonstrate that the material possesses a high potential for <span>(:{text{N}text{H}}_{4}^{+}:)</span>adsorption and controlled release, making it suitable for applications in both controlled nutrient delivery and the removal of cationic pollutants from contaminated water sources.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-025-03746-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Bioactive Nanocomposite Coatings on Titanium with Enhanced Corrosion Resistance and Biological Performance","authors":"Howida S. Mandour,&nbsp;Lobna A. Khorshed,&nbsp;Amr M. Abdou,&nbsp;Mervat F. Zayed,&nbsp;H. K. Abd El-Hamid","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03715-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03715-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study introduces a novel nanocomposite coating of tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), <i>Acacia arabica</i> extract (AA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) for titanium implants. Titanium’s use in biomedical applications is limited by its susceptibility to chloride-induced corrosion in simulated body fluid (SBF), which reduces bioactivity, may trigger inflammation, and offers inadequate antibacterial protection, potentially leading to implant failure. To address these challenges, the nanocomposite was synthesized via a green method and deposited on titanium using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Electrochemical evaluations, including open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), demonstrated marked corrosion protection, with inhibition efficiencies of 83.00% (PDP) and 95.18% (EIS). Surface characterization by UV-Vis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed successful, uniform coating deposition. Water contact angle measurements revealed enhanced hydrophilicity (54.2°) compared to uncoated Ti (67.5°), and adhesion testing indicated strong bonding with a pull-off strength of 5.1 MPa. Biological assessments confirmed potent antibacterial activity and reduced cytotoxicity, demonstrating the coating’s potential to improve implant performance. This work highlights TCP/AA/PVA/Ag-NPs as a promising multifunctional coating strategy to enhance titanium’s corrosion resistance, antibacterial efficacy, and biocompatibility for biomedical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10924-025-03715-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electroconductive PVA/Gelatin Nanocomposite: A Synergistic Platform for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration and Functional Assessment","authors":"Pardis Kavosh,&nbsp;Mojtaba Ansari,&nbsp;Farzaneh Chehelcheraghi,&nbsp;Afshin Nazari,&nbsp;Alireza Sabzevari,&nbsp;Hossein Eslami","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03729-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03729-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Injectable nanocomposite hydrogels composed of biodegradable biopolymers and conductive nanofillers were engineered to restore left-ventricular (LV) function after myocardial infarction (MI). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) served as the base matrix and was combined—in different formulations—with graphene oxide (GO), chitosan (Cs), boron (B), nanocellulose (Cell), gelatin (Gel), and gold nanoparticles (Au). The hydrogels were fabricated via freeze–thaw and chemical crosslinking, characterized for injectability and viscoelasticity, and evaluated in a rat MI model by intramyocardial injection followed by ECG, echocardiography, and histology at 14 days. Across groups, echocardiography showed significant between-group differences in ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO). The full composite (PVA + Gel + GO + Cs + B + Cell + Au) yielded the highest EF (62.97 ± 10.32%) versus control (57.10 ± 5.96%; P = 0.015). A simplified conductive/adhesive formulation (PVA + GO + Cs + B) maximized SV (169.84 ± 67.62 µl vs. 62.54 ± 23.63 µl in control; P = 0.004) and CO (44.27 ± 31.01 ml/min vs. 18.72 ± 5.22 ml/min in control; P = 0.004). ECG parameters were largely comparable between groups, with no adverse conduction abnormalities. Histology (Masson’s trichrome/HE) corroborated reduced collagen deposition and improved tissue architecture in hydrogel-treated hearts. Overall, the optimized PVA-based nanocomposites improved LV function after MI—most notably EF with the full composite and SV/CO with PVA + GO + Cs + B—highlighting a tunable platform for post-infarction cardiac repair. Unlike prior cardiac hydrogels that compare unrelated formulations, we held the total nanoparticle load constant and altered only the composition (GO, Cs, B, nanocellulose, Au) to isolate composition-dependent effects on injectability and repair, then validated the clinically intended ‘all-components’ formulation in vitro/in vivo. More investigate on specific mechanisms or systems such as extracellular vesicles on the proliferation-endorsing effect could cover the way for the development of a targeted biological therapeutic combination.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146082870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Masterbatch-Assisted Dispersion of Bacterial Nanocellulose in Polylactic Acid Composites Prepared by Cast Extrusion","authors":"Jimena Bovi,&nbsp;Franco Dominici,&nbsp;Debora Puglia,&nbsp;Celina Raquel Bernal,&nbsp;María Laura Foresti","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03754-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03754-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The development of nanocomposites made of polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulose nanofibrils by conventional melt mixing methods often requires strategies to incorporate the nanocellulose in a way that aggregation is minimized, and that the filler characteristics inherent to its nanoscale are preserved. In the current work, nanocomposite films of PLA and different contents of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) were obtained by cast extrusion. Aiming to limit nanofibril aggregation, three strategies of filler incorporation into the extruder were assayed: (i) direct addition of dried and milled BNC, (ii) use of PLA/BNC masterbatches prepared by solvent casting, and (iii) use of masterbatches of PLA and surface-acetylated BNC (AcBNC) prepared in the same way. Composite films were characterized in terms of morphology, optical, thermal, tensile and barrier properties. Results showed that masterbatch preparation notably enhanced nanocellulose dispersion within the PLA matrix, improving the optical, thermal, and barrier properties of the composites, although no significant gains in mechanical performance were observed. Overall, the masterbatch approach effectively minimized nanocellulose aggregation, serving as an attractive strategy to enhance filler dispersion in PLA-based composites processed by conventional thermoplastic processing techniques.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of Retrograded Maize Amylopectin in Aged Starch Paste by Monascus Fermentation Under Solid Fermentation","authors":"Jiarui Yu,&nbsp;Zengfang Guo,&nbsp;Yuxian Lai,&nbsp;Yu Gou,&nbsp;Xijun Lian","doi":"10.1007/s10924-026-03768-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-026-03768-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Retrograded starch (type 3 resistant starch) has garnered significant research interest due to its laxative properties. Nevertheless, the inherently low levels of retrograded starch in aged starch paste restrict its practical applications. The higher the content of resistant retrograded starch in aged starch, the more pronounced its laxative effect, the lower the energy intake, and the greater its benefit for weight management. <i>Monascus strains</i> designated as M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5 were isolated from various types of red mold rice with a view to enhancing the content of retrograded maize amylopectin combined with gliadin at the expense of not-retrograded amylopectin in aged starch paste. The findings demonstrated that the maximum level of retrograded maize amylopectin was attained under the conditions involving a starch-to-coix-seed ratio of 1:1, fermentation using strain M2 for 15 days at 32 °C, and an escalation from 39.5% to 73.1%. The findings, derived from analysis of FT-IR, ¹³C solid-state NMR, XRD and DSC, indicated that the decomposition of maize amylopectin within the amorphous region of aged starch was initiated by <i>Monascus</i>. Retrograded maize amylopectin has been observed to typically exhibit reflections at 17°, 20°, and 22°, with the dominant reflection occurring at approximately 19–20° increasing after fermentation. This study proposes a novel method for enhancing the retrograded starch content in aged starch paste without causing environmental pollution, thereby broadening the application potential of gluten.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Characterization of Smart Biodegradable Nanocomposites Based on Nanoanthocyanin from Papaver Rhoeas L.: Structural, Thermal, Physicochemical, Mechanical, and pH-Responsive Colorimetric Insights for Intelligent Packaging","authors":"Fatemeh Gharahdaghigharahtappeh,&nbsp;Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini,&nbsp;Gholamhassan Asadi,&nbsp;Zhaleh Khoshkhoo","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03719-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03719-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, various studies have been conducted on eco-friendly nanofilms and packaging coatings. This study explores the innovation of nanocomposite based smart packaging by utilizing the molecular structure, thermal stability, barrier properties, pH sensitivity, and color responsiveness of nanoanthocyanin pigments extracted from papaver petals. Nanoanthocyanin was obtained via solvent-assisted ultrasonic extraction and incorporated into polylactic acid/carbopol matrices at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% to fabricate biodegradable films. In this research, permeability parameters, molecular analysis, and colorimetric measurements across a pH range of 1 to 14 were conducted.The results showed that the highest oxygen permeability was observed in the control sample (T₀) (3.733 meq/KgO₂), while the lowest was found in the treatment (T₄) (1.567 meq/KgO₂), containing 2% nanoanthocyanin. In other words, increasing nanoanthocyanin concentration in biodegradable nanocomposite films reduced oxygen permeability compared to the control film. On the other hand, optimized levels of 2% nanoanthocyanin and 0.2% carbopol (T₄) improved thermal stability (149.80 J/g) and crystallinity (44.2%) within the film matrix. Furthermore, the results revealed that treatment T₃ exhibited strong sensitivity to pH changes, especially between pH 2 and 6, positioning it as an ideal candidate for intelligent packaging. These advancements demonstrate that the presence of nanocarbopol as a reinforcing agent enhanced the network structure, uniformity, and flexibility of the films. Moreover, the incorporation of nanoanthocyanins and the improvement of their stability at specific pH levels make this nanocomposite a promising candidate for real-time visual monitoring of product freshness in environmentally friendly and sustainable packaging systems.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Polymer Composites for Smart Grids: Optimizing Environmental Footprint and Energy Efficiency","authors":"Doris Ifeoma Ogueri,&nbsp;Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy,&nbsp;Welson Bassi,&nbsp;Choon Kit Chan,&nbsp;Deekshant Varshney,&nbsp;Subhav Singh","doi":"10.1007/s10924-026-03771-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-026-03771-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rising variability in electricity supply and increasing power density in electronics created a need for thermal storage to protect devices and support grid flexibility. Biodegradable phase change materials provided latent heat storage but often exhibited low thermal conductivity and a risk of leakage. Previous studies rarely quantified durability, ageing and design optimization of biodegradable expanded-graphite composites. This work aims to develop and optimize biodegradable polymer/expanded graphite phase change composites that deliver high thermal conductivity, stable latent heat storage, and controlled ageing for smart-grid applications. Composite panels of PHB, PHBV, and PCL were impregnated into expanded graphite scaffolds, and their structures and thermal responses were examined using microstructural and thermal analysis techniques under both fresh and aged conditions. Molecular dynamics simulations and response surface methodology were used to characterise interfacial transport and optimise graphite loading and processing temperature. The composites achieve strong in-plane thermal transport while preserving latent-heat capacity, as increased graphite content within 9–17 wt% raised conductivity by 30% with modest reductions in melting enthalpy. Latent heat retention during 500 thermal cycles remains high, with PCL- and PHBV-based panels retaining 94–97% of their initial enthalpy, and ageing in air produced mainly surface-localized oxidation while the internal function remained intact. Response surface analysis identifies expanded-graphite loading as the dominant design variable, with conductivity sensitivity near 0.031 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹ per wt%. These findings support the use of biodegradable fixed-form composites as durable thermal buffers for demand-side management, waste-heat utilization and thermal regulation of power electronics within smart grids. Future work targets life-cycle assessment and scale-up of the manufacturing route for industrial deployment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective Adsorption of Lead (Pb²⁺) Ions from Contaminated Water via Y2O3 Modified Chitosan Adsorbent","authors":"Laila S. Alqarni,&nbsp;Mohamed N. Goda,&nbsp;Fehaid Mohammed Alsubaie,&nbsp;Alaa M. Younis,&nbsp;Suzan Makawi,&nbsp;Mukhtar Ismail,&nbsp;A. Modwi","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03742-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03742-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper details the synthesis, characterization, and application of a green Y₂O₃@Chitosan (YCS) nanocomposite, fabricated using a simple technique, for the removal of Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized YCS were analyzed employing several techniques to assess elemental composition, crystalline structure, surface properties, interlayer spacing, and functional groups. The substantial surface area of 67.4 m² g⁻¹ facilitated the efficient adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions at starting metal ion concentrations ranging from 5.0 to 200 mg. L^− 1. The study examined an adsorption contact duration of 1440 min, beginning solution pH levels of 1, 3 and 5 and an adsorbent dosage of 10 mg. Adsorption experiments indicated that optimal elimination of Pb²⁺ ions occurred within 63.5 min after achieving adsorption equilibrium, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 247.2 mg. g⁻¹ at pH 5.0, 10 mg dose, at room temperature. The adsorption rate of Pb²⁺ ions conformed to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics, exhibiting a rate constant of about 6 × 10⁻⁴ g mg⁻¹. min⁻¹, an initial adsorption rate (h₀) of 5.12 mg. g⁻¹ min⁻¹, and a half-life of ≈ 19 min. The elemental mapping, EDS, and FT-IR investigations confirmed that the Pb²⁺ ions adsorption by electrostatic interaction with the adsorbent’s –OH, –NH₂, and –COOH functionalities. After four rounds of recycling, the composite maintained good stability and performance, with an adsorption efficiency of approximately 86.9%. The green Y₂O₃@Chitosan demonstrated good regeneration and reuse for Pb²⁺ ions over four cycles without loss of adsorption competence, which was essential for an effective adsorbent.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on the Advancement of Biopolymer Electrolytes for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications","authors":"A. L. Saroj,&nbsp;Loh Kah Hoe,&nbsp;Shahid Bashir,&nbsp;Thibeorchews Prasankumar,&nbsp;Jarrar Ali Jaffri,&nbsp;Riaz Hussain,&nbsp;Khishn Kumar Kandiah,&nbsp;Zahid Bashir,&nbsp;S. Ramesh,&nbsp;K. Ramesh","doi":"10.1007/s10924-025-03721-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10924-025-03721-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the growing demand for energy worldwide, energy storage devices like supercapacitors have been extensively researched due to their several advantages, including high power density, fast charging, and excellent cyclic stability. Synthetic polymer-based electrolytes exhibit high mechanical stability and tuneable ionic conductivity; however, these materials still suffer from low ionic conductivity at room temperature and poor interfacial compatibility with electrodes. Biopolymers, especially polysaccharides are naturally abundant and can be sustainably extracted from renewable resources. Biopolymer-polymer blending enhances the mechanical strength of solid, gel, and composite electrolytes while improving electrode-electrolyte interfacial properties, making them suitable for next generation supercapacitors. This review provides fundamental insights about biopolymers and its potential applications for energy storage device. On the basis of growth mechanism, biopolymer electrolytes are classified and discussed according to materials composition and recent developments. Furthermore, the importance of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in optimizing electrolyte formulations and elucidating ion conduction mechanisms is highlighted. In addition, the classification of supercapacitors according to electrode and electrolyte compositions, along with the influence of solid, gel, and plasticized composite biopolymer electrolytes on electrochemical performance, is comprehensively explored. Lastly, it highlights the key findings, challenges, and future outlook of biopolymer electrolytes in energy storage devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":659,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Polymers and the Environment","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}