Arunkumar Anbalagan, Vimal Samsingh Ramalingam, Esther Florence Sundarsingh, B. Sakthi Abirami, P. V. Shravan
{"title":"Identification of Defect in Friction Stir Welding Processed Material Using Microwave Non-Destructive Evaluation and Image Processing","authors":"Arunkumar Anbalagan, Vimal Samsingh Ramalingam, Esther Florence Sundarsingh, B. Sakthi Abirami, P. V. Shravan","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01224-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01224-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Manufacturers are looking intently for more rapid Friction Stir Welding (FSW), speeds in a manufacturing environment to improve quantity. The variable regions increase as welding speed increases, potentially leading to an increase in the number of defects. Consequently, it’s essential to use an effective inspection method that uses non-destructive evaluation (NDE) to identify the surface defect origins. In the current proposal, a novel microwave-based non-destructive evaluation is utilized, employing an open-ended rectangular waveguide probe to detect defects in samples processed via FSW. The “Skin effect” approach is employed at microwave frequencies (8–12 GHz) for identifying potential external defects in welded samples. Further research indicated that the suggested interpolation image processing technique accurately identifies defects present within welded samples. This proposed microwave non-destructive evaluation model successfully predicted defects with a minimum deviation of 1 mm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145160837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequency Domain Time Reversal Adaptive Focusing on Nondestructive Testing Imaging Method for Composite Materials","authors":"Shan Tian, Xiaoqing Yang, Huajiang Peng, Ting Zhang, Feng Gao, Jieping Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01218-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01218-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Frequency constraints limit traditional microwave nondestructive testing (MNDT) methods, while time-domain time-reversal approaches suffer from restricted bandwidth and sampling resolution. These limitations reduce the ability to detect profound or subtle defects in composite materials. To overcome this, we propose a novel frequency-domain time-reversal microwave nondestructive testing (FD-TRMNDT) method. This method scans the material under test (MUT) using an adaptive source positioning principle derived from time-reversal theory and identifies internal defects by tracking phase variations in the frequency-domain response. A time-reversal operator is constructed from multi-frequency S-parameters to enhance focusing and resolution. Experimental validation was performed on composite samples containing simulated air bubble defects. The proposed technique successfully detected defects as small as 0.027 <span>(lambda )</span> (approximately 2 mm in diameter), with localization errors less than 0.1 <span>(lambda )</span>. The experimental results closely matched full-wave simulations, confirming the method’s accuracy and practical applicability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancements to the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique for Through-Transmission Ultrasonic Testing Applied to Concrete Elements","authors":"Vladimir Guilherme Haach, Lev Khazanovich","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01221-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01221-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) is a widely used method for image reconstruction in engineering applications, originally developed for ultrasonic pulse-echo testing. This study introduces an Enhanced Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (E-SAFT) specifically adapted for through-transmission ultrasonic testing in concrete elements. E-SAFT key innovations include: (1) suppression of mirror artifacts through the separation and subtraction of dual-image sets arising from symmetric wave paths, (2) retention and use of first-arrival signals to exploit diffraction effects and improve inclusion detection, and (3) application of bidirectional Hilbert transforms to enhance envelope uniformity in multi-directional measurements. The methodology is evaluated in three phases: numerical simulation, experimental testing, and performance quantification using different metrics. Results demonstrate that E-SAFT significantly improves image clarity and inclusion detectability, outperforming conventional SAFT. These findings underscore E-SAFT's potential to advance through-transmission ultrasonic testing in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of concrete structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hongyu Ren, Rui Pang, Bin Xu, Tongxin Han, Jie Ren, Ganggui Guo
{"title":"Experimental Study on Monitoring and Prediction of Earth-rockfill Dam Leakage Based on Infrared Thermography","authors":"Hongyu Ren, Rui Pang, Bin Xu, Tongxin Han, Jie Ren, Ganggui Guo","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01216-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01216-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study introduces an intelligent monitoring and prediction method for earth-rockfill dam leakage based on Infrared Thermography (IRT). To this end, a leakage simulation platform for earth-rockfill dam is designed and constructed to explore the thermal imaging characteristics and evolution process of dam leakage, and the impacts of various factors are evaluated by setting different slope surfaces, leakage scales, and weather scenes. Additionally, a leakage prediction method for earth-rockfill dams driven by IRT and image prediction model is proposed, offering a new approach to address the spatial limitations of traditional point-based leakage prediction methods. The E3D-LSTM network is utilized to capture the spatiotemporal features of temperature fields from infrared time-series data of dam leakage, enabling the prediction of future leakage trends. The results indicate that IRT can intuitively and accurately monitor leakage in earth-rockfill dams across most scenes. Under both the dynamic and transfer prediction strategies, the prediction results of earth-rockfill dam leakage reflect the distribution and development trend of leakage in spatiotemporal dimension.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daniel Rodrigues Carlos, Freddy Armando Franco Grijalba
{"title":"Sensitivity of Barkhausen Noise in Monitoring the Surface Integrity of SAE 4340 Hardened Steel After Turning Process","authors":"Daniel Rodrigues Carlos, Freddy Armando Franco Grijalba","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01226-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01226-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work investigates the feasibility of using the non-destructive testing technique based on the measurement of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) to assess the surface integrity of SAE 4340 hardened steel after the turning process. The experiments were conducted using ceramic inserts and divided into two distinct experimental setups. In Experiment 1, the cutting parameters were kept within the levels recommended by the tool manufacturer. In Experiment 2, cutting parameters above these levels were applied. For the resulting samples, measurements of roughness, hardness, and residual stress were performed. MBN measurements were taken in the longitudinal direction to the cutting direction, and from the obtained signals, the MBN<sub>rms</sub> e MBN<sub>peak−position</sub> parameters were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that the MBN technique was unable to differentiate the hardness levels generated in the samples from both experiments, where a relatively low variation ( < ± 7,4%) was found. Regarding the roughness levels, it was found that, for the levels generated below Ra = 4, the MBN parameters were not influenced. However, when comparing the MBN results with the residual stress levels obtained by X-ray technique, the method demonstrated high efficiency for the analyzed conditions, showing a strong linear correlation (R² > 0,93). Finally, it was found that the presence of a white layer drastically influences the MBN signal, interfering with its sensitivity in measuring residual stress. Furthermore, this work suggests that the MBN technique also demonstrates sensitivity in detecting changes in the material induced by cutting tool wear.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145169272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiayi Ji, Guoliang Liu, Ganyun Huang, Liaoliang Ke
{"title":"Avalanche-Like Dynamics of Indentation-Induced Plastic Deformation in AZ31 Revealed by Acoustic Emission","authors":"Jiayi Ji, Guoliang Liu, Ganyun Huang, Liaoliang Ke","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01219-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01219-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indentation-induced plastic deformation in the AZ31 alloy was investigated via analysis of acoustic emission (AE) signals. By the Kaiser effect and statistical analysis of amplitudes on the basis of Shannon entropy, an efficient method to single out the signals reflecting plastic deformation has been proposed. Further analysis of the obtained signals revealed power-law scaling between the probability distribution density and the amplitude, duration, and energy. The results demonstrate that dislocations induced by macro-indentation also follow the avalanche-like dynamics and the self-organized criticality features as those induced by nanoindentation, which cannot be observed only from the indentation force versus displacement curves. The median frequency of the acoustic emission signals has also been found to be correlated with the strain hardening rate of the AZ31 alloy. Suspected detwinning signals are also observed during the unloading process. The results may help better understand the plastic deformation in the alloy and render the indentation technique a more powerful tool for characterizing mechanical properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on the Impact of Thermal Effects on Electro-Mechanical Impedance Technique-Based Structural Health Monitoring","authors":"Tejas Shelgaonkar, Arun Narayanan, Umesh Basappa","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01217-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01217-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has been one of the most crucial domains of engineering structures, which entails assessing the current robustness of the structures. Due to several instances of failures and destruction that resulted in significant loss of life and property over the past two decades, SHM has emerged as the key concern for distinct types of structures. Nowadays, the use of piezoelectric materials as a viable tool for SHM has been earning prominence and recognition because of their advantageous remarks. The piezoelectric Lead-Zirconate-Titanate (PZT) patches, when surface bonded to the structural substrate, are exposed to the environmental impacts. For an effective monitoring system to be established, the sensors attached on or embedded inside structural surface should be able to withstand the temperature loads and provide the refined responses extracted out of those due to temperature disturbance. So, the investigation of temperature dependency of the PZT patches is imperative for employing those in non-destructive evaluation (NDE) applications in high-temperature environments. Despite the fact that there have been several studies on the SHM through PZT based electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) technique, the following article delivers some insight into a review of the past researches on the influence of the thermal loads on EMI-based monitoring system involving PZT patches.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahdi Mirzapour, Ali Keshavarz Nasab, Amir Movafeghi, Effat Yahaghi
{"title":"Retinex Theory Based Automated Contrast Enhancement of Gamma Radiographic Images of Pipe Welds","authors":"Mahdi Mirzapour, Ali Keshavarz Nasab, Amir Movafeghi, Effat Yahaghi","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01214-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01214-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gamma radiography has found widespread use for the inspection of welded pipelines enabling the detection of a various type of defects, including surface, subsurface, and deeper flaws. However, Radiography Testing, RT, images are susceptible to poor image quality with several factors contributing to the blurring of radiographs and necessitating image-enhancing methods. In this study, a Retinex-based (RB) enhancement technique was implemented and applied to enhance the contrast of twenty-three radiographic images acquired using gamma and film. The outcomes were also compared with those from Total Variation (TV) and Non-Local Operators (NO) based algorithms. It was found that the application of the RB algorithm to RT radiographs obtained by Gamma-ray significantly improves the visualization of defect areas, the weld root, and the Image Quality Indicator (IQI) region. Comparing the RB approach to the methods based on TV and NO algorithms, it was found that the RB and NO methods yielded similar results in identifying different regions within the radiographs and the TV method did not enhance the IQI, nor the visualization in the slug regions. The outcome of the evaluation by RT radiographers indicated that the RB method was more effective in increasing the image contrast than both the TV and NO methods, allowing for better visibility of various weld regions. Given the single parameter and hence the shorter optimization requirement for the RB algorithm, the overall time for RT image enhancement using the RB approach was shorter. Furthermore, the RB approach is expected to be more suitable for automation of the image enhancement process, lending itself to the potential of AI (Artificial Intelligence)-based analysis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145167338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Computer Vision-Based Quantitative Detection of Bolt Loosening Using Two-Stage Perspective Distortion Correction Method","authors":"Ru Zhang, Chaodong Guan, Xiaodong Sui, Nahai Ding, Yang Ding, Lianying Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01206-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01206-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bolt connected joints are widely used in mechanical assembly structures. Identifying the looseness condition of bolts is essential for maintaining the integrity of the whole structure. This paper presents a two-stage perspective distortion correction method based on computer vision, aimed at accurately detecting bolt loosening from images with significant angular tilt. In the first stage, perspective transformation is applied to correct the overall perspective distortion of the bolt images. In the second stage, the Faster R-CNN model is utilized to locate the bolt positions, while the Hough transform is applied to extract the marked line features. These features are then processed using the convex hull algorithm and affine transformation to correct the local perspective distortion. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a bolt loosening recognition accuracy exceeding 90% when the image shooting tilt angle is within 40°, by performing perspective correction at both the overall and local levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"WOA-based Parameter Adaptive VMD Combined with Wavelet Thresholding for Bearing Fault Feature Extraction","authors":"Xiaoqiang Wang, Linfeng Deng, Cheng Zhao, Weiqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10921-025-01205-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-025-01205-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) is widely used in fault feature extraction for rotating machinery to identify anomalies and fault characteristics. However, in most studies, VMD parameters are typically pre-set, which introduces a degree of randomness in the signal decomposition process, making it difficult to obtain reliable fault diagnosis results. Consequently, this study proposes a whale optimization algorithm (WOA)-based parameter-adaptive VMD method integrated with wavelet threshold denoising (WTD), termed the WOA-VMD-WTD approach, for analyzing bearing fault signals. This method can adaptively determine the optimal parameter combination for the number of modes and the quadratic penalty term. First, an index based on the kurtosis and the maximum mutual information coefficient is developed, named the maximum kurtosis mutual information coefficient. Next, the index serves as the optimization goal, and WOA is employed to fine-tune the VMD parameters. And meanwhile, this index is utilized for screening reconstruction of signal decomposition modes. Finally, the reconstructed signal undergoes secondary denoising using the WTD method to obtain a more accurate Hilbert envelope spectrum, which enhances the feature representation of bearing faults. Three case studies demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, and comparisons with other two methods taking the same function highlight its superiority in feature extraction and fault identification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"44 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145168571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}