Di Wu, Wenhan Qu, Yintang Wen, Yuyan Zhang, Bo Liang
{"title":"The Application, Challenge, and Developing Trends of Non-destructive Testing Technique for Large-scale and Complex Engineering Components Fabricated by Metal Additive Manufacturing Technology in Aerospace","authors":"Di Wu, Wenhan Qu, Yintang Wen, Yuyan Zhang, Bo Liang","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01107-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01107-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) technology provides a direct and efficient way for large-scale, integrated, and sophisticated engineering components in the aerospace field. Non-destructive testing (NDT) technique has been proven to be a significant method for quality evaluation of MAM components without destructing the integrity and performance of the components. However, it is still a challenging task that how to accurately and efficiently achieve the quality evaluation of large-scale and complex MAM engineering components using NDT technique. Nowadays, most studies mainly focus on the quality evaluation of small specimens or simple structure components, with comparatively less on the assessment of large-scale or complex engineering components. Thus, this review briefly introduced three urgent demands for quality evaluation of as-fabricated large or complex structure components and eight conventional NDT techniques possibly used for the quality detection of MAM. Four main challenges and future development trends in NDT technique are discussed in detail according to testing ability, data processing ability, and test standards. Among the future development trends, the application of machine learning and digital twins in NDT technique are the most promising method for intelligent detection and quality prediction of components. This work aims to provide a insight to enlarge the application of engineering components fabricated by MAM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiaoxia Zhang, Chao Wang, Claude Delpha, Xusheng Hu, Xiaodong Xing, Chunhuan Guo, Jianwen Meng, Junjie Yang
{"title":"Incipient Near Surface Cracks Characterization and Crack Size Estimation based on Jensen–Shannon Divergence and Wasserstein Distance","authors":"Xiaoxia Zhang, Chao Wang, Claude Delpha, Xusheng Hu, Xiaodong Xing, Chunhuan Guo, Jianwen Meng, Junjie Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01105-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01105-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper introduces a novel approach for characterizing and estimating the size of incipient cracks, employing Jensen–Shannon divergence and Wasserstein distance for precise measurement. A novel signal correction method is proposed and coupled with Finite Element Modeling can extend the experimental data. The method is verified to accurately quantify incipient cracks with areas as small as 0.02 mm<span>(^2)</span>, with a maximum relative error of 3.5% in surface estimation, and accurately discern variations in crack sizes. This allows for more accurate predictions of crack dimensions crucial for structural health monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141640637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Esteban Guerra-Bravo, Arturo Baltazar, Antonio Balvantin, Jorge I. Aranda-Sanchez
{"title":"Classification of Time–Frequency Maps of Guided Waves Using Foreground Extraction","authors":"Esteban Guerra-Bravo, Arturo Baltazar, Antonio Balvantin, Jorge I. Aranda-Sanchez","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01101-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01101-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Guided waves propagating in mechanical structures have proved to be an essential technique for applications, such as structural health monitoring. However, it is a well-known problem that when using non-stationary guided wave signals, dispersion, and high-order vibrational modes are excited, it becomes cumbersome to detect and identify relevant information. A typical method for the characterization of these non-stationary signals is based on time–frequency (TF) mapping techniques. This method produces 2D images, allowing the study of specific vibration modes and their evolution over time. However, this approach has low resolution, increases the size of the data, and introduces redundant \u0000\u0000\u0000 information, making it difficult to extract relevant features for their accurate identification and classification. This paper presents a method for identifying discontinuities by analyzing the data in the TF maps of Lamb wave signals. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for low-rank optimization and then perform foreground feature extraction on the maps were proposed. These foreground features are then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Unlike traditional PCA, which operates on vectorized images, our approach focuses on the correlation between coordinates within the maps. This modification enhances feature detection and enables the classification of discontinuities within the maps. To evaluate unsupervised clustering of the dimensionally reduced data obtained from PCA, we experimentally tested our method using broadband Lamb waves with various vibrational modes interacting with different types of discontinuity patterns in a thin aluminum plate. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier was then implemented for classification. The results of the experimental data yielded good classification effectiveness within reasonably low computational time despite the large matrixes of the TF maps used.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10921-024-01101-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141643295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming Guo, Li Zhu, Youshan Zhao, Xingyu Tang, Kecai Guo, Yanru Shi, Liping Han
{"title":"Intelligent Extraction of Surface Cracks on LNG Outer Tanks Based on Close-Range Image Point Clouds and Infrared Imagery","authors":"Ming Guo, Li Zhu, Youshan Zhao, Xingyu Tang, Kecai Guo, Yanru Shi, Liping Han","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01103-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01103-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Most of the studies on oil tanks have focused on the analysis of deformation and settlement, and more research needs to be done on crack extraction from external LNG tanks.</p><p>Oil tanks are more sensitive to temperature due to the lower temperature inside the tank. Using infrared images as a dataset for crack recognition can identify cracks that the naked eye cannot see, and a convolutional neural network that introduces a channel attention mechanism is used for crack recognition with a recognition accuracy of 85.9%.</p><p>The automatic extraction of three-dimensional (3D) crack point clouds using depth images is novel and accurate, with an accuracy of about 97.6%.</p>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141612927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Titanium Alloy Weld Time-of-Flight Diffraction Image Denoising Based on a Wavelet Feature Fusion Deep-Learning Model","authors":"Zelin Zhi, Hongquan Jiang, Deyan Yang, Kun Yue, Jianmin Gao, Zhixiang Cheng, Yongjun Xu, Qiang Geng, Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01099-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01099-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Images of titanium alloy welds detected by time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) have problems, including large noise signals and many interference streaks around the defects, all of which seriously limit the accuracy and effectiveness of defect recognition. Existing image denoising methods lack the knowledge of the noise characteristics of TOFD images of titanium alloy weld and the preprocessing experience of technicians in the field. In addition, it is difficult to select the parameters of the preprocessing methods, and they are easily influenced by the level of technical personnel, resulting in low efficiency and poor consistency in preprocessing. To address these problems, we proposed a denoising method based on the combination of wavelet band features and deep-learning theory for TOFD images of titanium alloy weld. First, based on the wavelet preprocessing method and the experience of nondestructive testing (NDT) technicians, we constructed an image pair dataset consisting of the original TOFD images of titanium alloy weld and the desired target images to realize the accumulation of engineers’ preprocessing knowledge. Second, we constructed a multiband wavelet feature fusion U-net image denoising model (WU-net) and designed a loss function under three constraints of image consistency, image texture information consistency, and structural similarity. This model was able to learn to achieve end-to-end adaptive denoising for TOFD images of titanium alloy weld. Third, we illustrated and validated the effectiveness of TOFD image preprocessing for titanium alloy weld. The results showed that the proposed method effectively eliminated TOFD image noise and improved the accuracy of defect recognition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pavel Blažek, Alexander Suppes, Dominik Wolfschläger, Tomáš Zikmund, Jozef Kaiser, Robert H. Schmitt
{"title":"Resolution Enhancement by Variable Zoom Trajectory in X-Ray Computed Tomography","authors":"Pavel Blažek, Alexander Suppes, Dominik Wolfschläger, Tomáš Zikmund, Jozef Kaiser, Robert H. Schmitt","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01093-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01093-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flat objects like electronic boards are challenging samples for high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scanning because their largest dimension significantly limits the magnification using circular trajectory scans. One way to improve spatial resolution for such samples is to utilize variable zoom trajectory. During variable zoom trajectory scanning, the source-to-object distance changes during the 360° rotation to maximize the magnification in the projections. Here, we propose an automatic variable zoom trajectory generation algorithm for arbitrary object and region of interest (ROI). We analyze how such a trajectory can enhance resolution in different cases and how isotropic is the resolution in the reconstructed volume. We demonstrate that the resolution can be improved without destroying the sample. However, the improvement is manifested mainly in directions in which we achieved the highest magnification in the projection.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10921-024-01093-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research on Ultrasonic NDT of Wire to Terminal Joints: Comparison of Combinations of Various CNNs and Signal Processing Technologies","authors":"Xu He, Xiaobin Jiang, Runyang Mo, Jianzhong Guo","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01094-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01094-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The wire to terminal joints are prepared using ultrasonic welding and find extensive application in various fields, such as new energy vehicles and aerospace. Traditionally, tensile strength tests have been employed for welding quality inspection. However, this study proposes an automatic nondestructive evaluation scheme to overcome the inefficiency and destructiveness associated with tensile testing. To achieve this, a 5 MHz/32-element array ultrasound probe is utilized for ultrasound detection and signal acquisition from two groups of joints categorized as OK (good quality) and NG (poor quality) based on their welding quality. Signal processing techniques including short-time Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and Gramian angular field are applied to convert one-dimensional time series into two-dimensional signal feature maps. Convolutional neural networks such as VGGNet, ResNet, DenseNet, and MobileNet are utilized for the classification of two-dimensional signal feature maps. The comprehensive evaluation of different feature maps and combinations of neural networks is conducted from various perspectives including network complexity, recognition accuracy, memory consumption, and inference time. The study findings indicate that wavelet transform feature maps achieve the highest accuracy across diverse neural networks, reaching up to 95% accuracy in VGGnet13 despite higher associated costs. In MobileNet-Small and ShuffleNet-V2 networks, the accuracy stands at approximately 85%, accompanied by faster inference times and lower costs. Considering all factors holistically, the combination of wavelet transforms feature maps with MobileNet and ShuffleNet demonstrates superior cost-effectiveness and suitability for ultimate deployment and application on mobile devices facilitating automated non-destructive assessment of wire to terminal joints quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Hellmann, Michael Liesenfelt, Jason P. Hayward
{"title":"High Energy X-Ray Source Characterization at 0.450, 3, 6, 9, and 15 MVp","authors":"David Hellmann, Michael Liesenfelt, Jason P. Hayward","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01068-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01068-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As the availability and importance of high energy X-ray sources grows, accurate source characterizations provide critical information for field flatness corrections, beam hardening corrections, detector response corrections, and radiation shielding assessments. This study uses MCNP6.2 to create accurate high definition angular and energy dependent X-ray source definitions for the most common high energy industrial X-ray sources at 450 kVp, 3 MVp, 6 MVp, 9 MVp, and 15 MVp.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10921-024-01068-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141548819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity of Interfaces During Loading-Unloading Cycle: Combined Effects of Elastoplastic Nonlinear Spring, Crack-Clapping, and Adhesion","authors":"Alberto Ruiz, Jin-Yeon Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01098-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01098-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Experimental results are presented for the contact acoustic nonlinearity of interfaces between two solid surfaces in dry contact which experience a moderate level of plastic deformation. The current research aims at investigating the effects of the elastoplastic hysteresis, surface roughness, and possible adhesive force on the acoustic nonlinearity. The ultrasonic results are compared with results from the elastoplastic contact model of Kim and Lee (2007) and the clapping model of Blanloeuil et al. (2020), which reveals that the nonlinearities are dominated by clapping of lightly contacting cracks at the interface at low pressures and by the elastoplastic nonlinear spring at high pressures. On top of this major trends, there are consistent minor trends which are attributed to the effects of adhesive force. There is a critical pressure level at which the adhesive clapping of cracks starts being more pronounced. As predicted by the model, the nonlinearity increases with the surface roughness and thus is always lower during unloading in the high pressure regime. The effects of the adhesion are investigated by measuring the nonlinearity at two different relative humidity levels. Some systematic, physically reasonable trends in the experimental results illustrates possible effects of the adhesive force on the acoustic nonlinearity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141375193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aastha Arya, Jorge Martinez-Garcia, Philipp Schuetz, Amirhoushang Mahmoudi, Gerrit Brem, Pim A. J. Donkers, Mina Shahi
{"title":"Characterizing Changes in a Salt Hydrate Bed Using Micro X-Ray Computed Tomography","authors":"Aastha Arya, Jorge Martinez-Garcia, Philipp Schuetz, Amirhoushang Mahmoudi, Gerrit Brem, Pim A. J. Donkers, Mina Shahi","doi":"10.1007/s10921-024-01092-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10921-024-01092-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermochemical storage using salt hydrates presents a promising energy storage method. Ensuring the long-term effectiveness of the system is critical, demanding both chemical and mechanical stability of material for repetitive cycling. Challenges arise from agglomeration and volume variations during discharging and charging, impacting the cyclability of thermochemical materials (TCM). For practical usage, the material is often used in a packed bed containing millimetre-sized grains. A micro-level analysis of changes in a packed bed system, along with a deeper understanding involving quantifying bed characteristics, is crucial. In this study, micro X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is used to compare changes in the packed bed before and after cycling the material. Findings indicate a significant decrease in pore size distribution in the bed after 10 cycles and a decrease in porosity from 41.34 to 19.91% accompanied by an increase in grain size, reducing void space. A comparison of effective thermal conductivity between the uncycled and cycled reactor indicates an increase after cycling. Additionally, the effective thermal conductivity is lower in the axial direction compared to the radial. XCT data from uncycled and cycled experiments are further used to observe percolation paths inside the bed. Furthermore, at a system scale fluid flow profile comparison is presented for uncycled and cycled packed beds. It has been observed that the permeability decreased and the pressure drop increased from 0.31 to 4.88 Pa after cycling.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":655,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation","volume":"43 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10921-024-01092-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141372260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}