Journal of Friction and Wear最新文献

{"title":"Multicriteria Analysis and Comparison of Tribotechnical Characteristics and Physical and Mechanical Properties of Vegetable Oils for Selecting a Base of Lubricants","authors":"F. A. Grigoriev","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700194","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700194","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A multicriteria approach to the comprehensive analysis of the tribotechical characteristics and physical and mechanical properties of vegetable oils has been suggested for their comparison and selection as a lubricant base. Edible oils—refined rapeseed (RR), unrefined linseed (LO), and refined sunflower (RS)—were studied as well as industrial oils—rapeseed (RT) and castor (CT). Their fatty acid composition, viscosity index, flash and pour points, oxidative stability, friction coefficient, wear index, critical load, and welding load were analyzed. The objects of analysis were represented as points in the multidimensional space of their normalized physical and mechanical properties and tribotechical characteristics. An integrated criterion for comparison of oils as a measure of distance to a hypothetically inferior sample has been suggested. This allowed the oils to be ranked by suitability as a lubricant base (from best to worst): RT, LO, CT, RR, and SO. The position of oils in the principal component space was determined, and the directions and magnitudes of load vectors on the oil characteristics were established. A correlation between the physical and mechanical properties and tribotechical characteristics was revealed, which allowed these indicators to be related to the characteristics of the oils’ fatty acid composition. Based on the analysis of oil positions in the principal component space, the conclusion on the potential for developing a composition of RT, CT, and LO oils with a possible synergistic effect for improving load-carrying capacity, oxidative stability, and viscosity-temperature properties has been drawn. The results obtained can be used to develop effective biodegradable lubricants based on the plant-based raw materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"66 - 71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing the Wear Resistance of Polymer Samples with a Porous Structure Made by 3D Printing","authors":"A. V. Toporov,&nbsp;V. E. Ivanov,&nbsp;V. V. Kiselev,&nbsp;E. A. Toporova","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700182","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700182","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article examines the problem of increasing the wear resistance of materials. The primary objective of the study was to experimentally validate the effectiveness of 3D-printed porous polymer structures impregnated with lubricant to improve tribological performance by retaining the lubricant within the pores without chemical interaction with the base material. Experimental samples were fabricated from two types of polymers: polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), with a fill density of 90%. The samples were then impregnated with I-20 industrial oil and tested on an SMT-1 friction rig according to standard procedures. The macroscopic structure of the samples was simultaneously examined using an optical microscope. It was found that impregnation of the samples with industrial oil resulted in improved tribological performance compared to friction without lubrication. However, the PLA plastic samples exhibited a decrease in the friction coefficient of approximately 12%, while the ABS samples demonstrated a decrease of approximately 60%. This is due to the specific distribution of lubricant within the porous structure of polymers. Although the PLA sample contained 38% more oil than the ABS sample, it was bound, preventing its release in the friction zone. For the PLA sample, the friction coefficient was comparable to that of a bath-lubricated sample. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of porous structures created by 3D printing, followed by impregnation with lubricant, is an effective way to reduce wear and improve the performance of polymeric materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"61 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Friction Machines for Friction-and-Wear Testing of Drive Roller Chains","authors":"L. A. Pletnev,&nbsp;A. D. Breki","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700108","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700108","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modern methods and equipment for testing and studying chain transmissions including specialized benches for testing bicycle drivetrains are considered. Advantages, limitations, and future development trends, such as the use of next-generation sensors and the automation of testing processes are considered. Special attention is paid to the standardization of testing and the adaptation of industrial methods to the specific needs of the bicycle industry and scientific research. It has been established that in most cases, the industry uses standard calculation methods and universal test machines, which explains a limited use of such testing benches and friction machines. Despite a widespread use of bicycle transport there is very little available literature concerning the wear and efficiency of bicycle chains. Thus, this paper can serve as a useful resource for professionals engaged in designing, testing, and analyzing the properties of material composing drive roller chains under the conditions of friction and wear.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determining Load-Bearing Capacity for Metal–Polymer Plain Bearings under Dynamic Loading with the Use of Finite Element Simulation","authors":"K. Yu. Zerschikov,&nbsp;A. S. Elkin,&nbsp;I. V. Sergeichev","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700170","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>By using the finite element method, the effect of loading exerted on the stress–strain state of reinforced metal-fluoroplastic plain bearings under static and dynamic loading conditions has been investigated. Metal-fluoroplastic bearings are considered as three-layer composites. Stresses and strains in the, antifriction and adhesive layers, as the main ones responsible for the bearing capacity under load, are studied. The difference in the stress-strain state under static and dynamic loading conditions of bearings is demonstrated. It has been established that the load capacity of bearings under dynamic loading depends on a ratio batween the effective stress– strain level and the strength characteristics of the adhesive layer material. The obtained results of calculations are compared with experimental data. The satisfactory correlation between the calculated and experimental data makes it possible to use this method for to determine the dynamic load capacity of plain bearings.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"49 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure and Tribotechnical Properties of Polymer Composite Materials Based on Polytetrafluoroethylene and Palygorskite","authors":"Iu. V. Kapitonova,&nbsp;P. N. Tarasova,&nbsp;N. N. Lazareva,&nbsp;A. A. Okhlopkova,&nbsp;I. A. Kurzina,&nbsp;A. P. Vasilev,&nbsp;D. N. Sidorova,&nbsp;A. M. Spiridonov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700145","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700145","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has a low friction coefficient and high chemical inertness, which makes it popular for the manufacture of tribological materials. However, its main disadvantage is low wear resistance. To improve the characteristics of PTFE, fillers are used, among which natural silicates, including palygorskite, are promising due to their availability, mechanical strength, and ability to improve tribological properties. Thus, the aim of the work is to develop polymer composite materials based on PTFE and natural palygorskite silicate with improved tribological characteristics. The starting materials were PTFE powder grade PN-90 and natural palygorskite of Ural origin. Structural analysis of the samples was performed using IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive analysis, hardness was measured using the Shore A method. The results showed a significant improvement in the tribological characteristics of composites with palygorskite compared to the original PTFE. With the addition of 5 wt % mechanically activated palygorskite, the wear rate decreased from 120 to 0.36 mg/h, and wear resistance increased 330 times. The friction coefficient increases slightly, but remains at a fairly low level, which is due to changes in the microstructure of the friction surface. The results of the conducted studies of the friction surface of composite samples confirm the formation of a strong wear-resistant surface layer (secondary structure). The resulting composites are promising for use in friction units in engineering and industrial equipment, where high wear resistance is required at a low friction coefficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"31 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of MAX Phase Volume Fraction in Oxide Tribofilm Formation and Wear Mechanism of Cu–Ti3SiC2 and Cu–Ti3AlC2 Composites","authors":"O. S. Novitskaya,&nbsp;E. E. Ryumin,&nbsp;M. G. Krinitsyn","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700133","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700133","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper presents a comparative analysis of the tribological behavior of copper-based composite materials with different contents (30 and 50 vol %) of the MAX phases Ti₃SiC₂ and Ti₃AlC₂, obtained by extrusion additive manufacturing. The samples were manufactured using a multi-stage technology: powder mixing, extrusion, additive formation, decomposition of the polymer binder, and heat treatment. Tribological tests were conducted under dry sliding friction conditions using the pin-on-disk scheme with a counterbody made of AISI 52 100 steel. The wear surfaces were examined using laser confocal and scanning electron microscopy with elemental mapping. Composites with 30 vol % MAX-phase (Cu–30%Ti₃SiC₂, coefficient of friction (COF) = 0.46; Cu–30%Ti₃AlC₂, COF = 0.51) demonstrate significantly higher values of the average friction coefficient in composite – AISI 52100 steel tribosystem compared to the samples containing 50 vol % MAX-phase (Cu–50%Ti₃SiC₂, COF = 0.28; Cu–50%Ti₃AlC₂, COF = 0.27). An oxide layer formed by oxides of the composite components was detected on the wear surfaces of all samples. The wear mechanism is defined as combined oxidative and adhesive, with similar wear particle morphology for all compositions. The tribological properties of composites are determined by both the volume fraction of the MAX phase and its chemical composition. The increased susceptibility of Ti₃SiC₂ to oxidation significantly influences the formation of the tribofilm and, consequently, the friction coefficient and wear resistance of the material.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"26 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Ionic Copper Alloying of Structural Steel Surface to Increase the Performance of Heavy-Loaded Dry Sliding Friction Pairs","authors":"D. A. Kozlov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700169","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700169","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article presents the results of a study examining the effectiveness of copper ion implantation in the steel surface for a similar friction pair without lubricant. It is shown that under steady-state friction conditions with implanted ions at irradiation doses of 10¹⁷ and 5 × 10¹⁷ ion/cm², the steel wear resistance increases by 2 and 1.5 times, respectively. The effect of preliminary implantation of iron ions at a dose of 10¹⁶ ion/cm² is examined. It is found that the use of preliminary implantation leads to a 2.5-fold increase in wear resistance. The friction surface of samples pre-implanted with iron ions exhibits minimal damage and the highest wear resistance. The article describes structural changes in the surface plastic deformation zone during sliding friction of steel with a copper-based coating. It is shown that the increase in wear resistance is associated with the presence of a “long-range effect,” which contributes to an increase in the wear resistance of surface layers. The mechanism of the long-range effect in ion-alloyed metallic materials under contact deformation conditions is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"44 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Results of Tribotechnical Tests of Rollers for a Pendulum Mill Made of IChKh28N2 Wear-Resistant Cast Iron and ShKh15SG Steel","authors":"L. R. Razetdinova,&nbsp;M. A. Skotnikova,&nbsp;G. V. Ivanova,&nbsp;E. O. Kuoma","doi":"10.3103/S106836662670011X","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S106836662670011X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of the work was a comparative analysis of the results of metallographic and tribotechnical properties of industrial working rollers made of ShKh15SG steel (before and after operation) and IChKh28N2 wear-resistant cast iron (before operation) to select the material of the rollers and increase the service life of pendulum mills. Metallographic studies were performed on IM7000 optical microscopes with a Thixomet image analyzer and a microvizo-MET microimage. Microhardness measurements were carried out automatically using the Vickers method at a load of 50 g over the entire cross section of industrial rollers. Tribotechnical tests were performed on a SMC-2 friction machine according to the “roller–abrasive roller” scheme (rotation speed 500 rpm, load 45 N, test time 2 h) with an assessment of the coefficient of friction, wear, and surface roughness. It was found that ShKh15SG steel in its initial state had a homogeneous structure of low-pressure martensite with a carbide heterogeneity of (Cr,Fe)₃C (HV 828) with an average hardness of HV 630. After 3 months of operation, under the influence of softening processes (temperature and plastic deformation), martensite was transformed into tempering troostite in the subsurface layers, and bands with martensitic and martensitic–troostite structures were formed with an average hardness of HV 443, which is 1.5 times less than the hardness (HV 630) in the initial state. Internal arc-shaped cracks were found. IChKh28N2 cast iron had a white pre-eutectic cast iron structure consisting of alloyed austenite (670–750 HV), cementite-type carbides (Cr,Fe)₃C (856 HV), and complex carbides (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ (1389 HV). The average hardness of the cast iron was HV 781, which is 1.2 times higher than the hardness of the steel in its initial state. Tribotechnical tests have shown that cast iron had a lower coefficient of friction (0.58 versus 0.68–0.85 for steel), 1.7 times less wear (214 mg versus 358 mg for steel) and the ability to run in under friction (reducing the roughness of <i>R</i>_<i>a</i> by 3.7 times). Based on the structural characteristics, hardness, and tribotechnical properties, IChKh28N2 wear-resistant cast iron is recommended as a material for the manufacture of rollers of pendulum mills operating under conditions of intense abrasive wear, which will increase their service life.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"8 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifractal Analysis of Fatigue Failure in Friction","authors":"A. Kh. Janahmadov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700157","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700157","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper explains the need to combine synergetics and fractal analysis to study the contacting elements in friction and wear, as part of self-organizing into open systems dissipative structures known as a fractal behavior. The concept of multifractal analysis introduces the new quantitative parameters for the structures, characterized by a spectrum of generalized fractal dimensions and reflected by the degree of randomness. In accordance with the diversity of types of tribological process, various scenarios of system evolution seem possible. The most adequate description of these scenarios is achieved not in real physical space, but in a hypothetical space with ultrametric topology. Different levels of structures (micro, mesa, and macro scale) are described in the framework of multifractal analysis. It has been established that the frictional contact under study is a non-uniform fractal, that is, a multifractal. The procedure for calculating the multifractal dimension of this structure and the results of numerical calculations are presented, which confirm that the analyzed friction unit is a non-uniform fractal, i.e., a multifractal.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"39 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Deep Subsurface Fatigue Degradation in Rolling and Sliding Tribocontacts under Variable Loading","authors":"D. D. Marchenko","doi":"10.3103/S1068366626700121","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366626700121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The paper evaluates the effectiveness of soft gas nitriding of alloyed structural steels 38KhMYuA, 38KhN3MA, and 38KhN3MFA, used in highly loaded gear transmissions, and establishes the limits of application of thin nitrided layers in terms of contact fatigue. The studies are conducted after nitriding at a temperature of 580°C and a duration of 7 hours using microhardness testing, layer-by-layer chemical analysis by high-temperature gas analysis, X-ray structural analysis, and contact fatigue testing of rollers simulating rolling and sliding conditions, typical for helical gearing. It is found that soft nitriding ensures the formation of a hardened layer 0.18–0.25 mm thick with a microhardness of 4.8–5.5 GPa while maintaining a ductile core with a hardness of 240–260 HB. It is shown that under elevated contact stresses, failure of nitrided samples initiates in the subsurface layers and develops via a deep contact fatigue mechanism, accompanied by the formation of deep spalling and a so-called white etching area. The results obtained demonstrate the limited effectiveness of thin nitrided layers under high contact loads and point to the feasibility of using materials with thicker hardened layers (0.8–1.2 mm) or design and technological solutions aimed at reducing contact stress and increasing the service life of gears.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"47 1","pages":"17 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148292384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}