Journal of Friction and Wear最新文献

{"title":"Dependence of Gear Tooth Wear on the Misalignment Angle in Gear Meshes","authors":"F. G. Nakhatakyan,&nbsp;D. F. Nakhatakyan","doi":"10.3103/S106836662470034X","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S106836662470034X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The dependence of gear tooth wear on the angle of skew is investigated. It is noted that in gear mechanisms, due to elastic deformations of the elements, manufacturing and installation errors, the symmetry of the system’s compliance is violated, and instead of nominal contact between the teeth, edge contact takes place. As a result, there is a concentration of stresses in the places of initial contact of the teeth, contact stresses sharply increase in these places, which in turn cause increased wear of the teeth in these zones. Because of this, the load capacity of the transmission is reduced, and the durability of the entire mechanism is also significantly reduced. From what has been said, it is important to establish the dependence of the wear value on the transmission load parameters, primarily on the angle of skew. The problem was solved using the method proposed in the paper using an elastic base model. In order to increase the accuracy of matching the specified model with the real picture, a bed with a variable base coefficient is used in the work. Formulas are obtained in closed form for the amount of wear as a function of the skew angle. Verification of these formulas according to the experimental data available in the literature has shown good convergence. It was found that the misalignment significantly increases tooth wear. The results can be useful in the design of gearboxes with cylindrical gears.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"228 - 232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Ultimate Functional Clearances of a Plain Bearing under Hydrodynamic Lubrication Conditions","authors":"O. A. Leonov,&nbsp;N. Zh. Shkaruba,&nbsp;Yu. G. Vergazova","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700338","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700338","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article discusses the factors affecting the operation of sliding bearings. It is shown that based on the fundamental principles of hydrodynamic lubrication theory, transitioning from the formula characterizing the load-carrying capacity of the lubricant layer in sliding bearings to the parameters of oil film thickness and clearance allows for the derivation of expressions to determine functional clearances within which the bearing will operate under conditions of hydrodynamic friction. As a result of the calculations conducted for the sliding bearing of the conveyor drive reducer the limiting functional clearances were defined for the use of bushings of various lengths in accordance with GOST ISO 4379–2006. A rational length for the sliding bearing trunnion is justified based on the value of the maximum functional clearance and its influence on the deviation of the center distance in the gear transmission of the reducer. A new <i>H</i>8/<i>f</i>7 fit is proposed instead of the recommended <i>H</i>8/<i>g</i>7 and <i>H</i>8/<i>e</i>7 fits according to GOST ISO 4379–2006, as this will ensure the presence of a hydrodynamic wedge at the beginning of operation and provide the most rational material reserve for wear. The practical significance of the research lies in the applicability of the proposed approach in the design of sliding bearings operating under conditions of hydrodynamic lubrication, aimed at determining the rational length and fit of the mating elements in the bearing assembly.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"223 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing the Wear Resistance of Structural Steel Parts by Ion Nitriding during Complex Surface Preparation Using the Dry Electropolishing Method","authors":"N. K. Krioni,&nbsp;A. A. Mingazheva,&nbsp;A. D. Mingazhev","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700326","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The article considers the results of studies on the wear resistance of machine parts made of structural steels with nitrided layers obtained during complex surface preparation before ion implantation and subsequent ion nitriding. Nitrided layers on parts made of structural steels produced using traditional technology are not able to fully realize their potential for wear resistance, since oversaturation of grain boundaries with nitrogen leads to a decrease in the strength of their boundaries, the formation of a nitride grid and to the staining of grains and their fragments during wear friction. The method developed by the authors for activating the surface layer of parts by high-energy ion implantation treatment, in some cases, eliminates the process of nitride mesh formation. However, the microgeometric and physicomechanical heterogeneity of the nitrided surface, as well as the presence of impurities on the surface, reduces the operational properties of the nitrided layer. It is shown that the use of dry electropolishing makes it possible to achieve the lowest surface roughness compared to other polishing methods, while ensuring the most homogeneous state of the surface layer material. It is also shown that the use of electroadsorption for surface cleaning makes it possible to eliminate impurities present on the surface of parts, which contributes to the most effective use of subsequent activation of the surface layer by high-energy ion implantation. It is also shown that as a result of the application of complex surface preparation of the part, it is possible to fully realize the possibilities of ion nitriding technology. Using the example of rotors of screw pumps operating under conditions of intense wear friction, the results of comparative wear tests are presented. It is shown that the use of complex surface preparation, including dry electropolishing and electroadsorption before activation of the surface layer by high-energy ion implantation increases the wear resistance of the nitrided layer by about 2 times.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"217 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Analysis on the Friction Performance of Improved Soil Stabilized by Lime in Subgrade","authors":"Yubian Wang,&nbsp;Rui Li,&nbsp;Ruilin Chen,&nbsp;Rong Huang","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700375","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700375","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the continuous improvement of transportation infrastructure construction, it not only improves the road traffic conditions, but also promotes the development of the national economy. After many highways are put into use, it is found that although the quality and performance meet the design requirements, the anti-skid performance of the pavement gradually decreases with the wear of vehicles. Therefore, it is considered to add a curing agent in the base material to improve the anti-skid and wear resistance of the pavement. The viscosity of concrete strength is reduced and the internal friction angle is also reduced due to the continuous dry-wet cycle. The above reaction changes prove that the quality of concrete strength can be predicted according to the decline rate of elastic modulus, and the quality and acceptance of subgrade engineering can be technically demonstrated. In this paper, based on the influence of solidified polymer on the quality and performance of pavement base material, according to the physical structure and chemical reaction changes of different polymers on pavement base material, we use different additives such as lime to form adhesion between concrete materials. We hope to improve the wear resistance and permeability of polymer on pavement base material. According to the changing trend of the strength of the pavement base material caused by the different proportions of the stabilizer in the conjugate test, we designed the soil-lime solidification stabilizer. We further optimized the selected materials and the proportion scheme to meet the requirements of the strength, permeability, durability, and other indicators of different roadbeds, which is to improve the wear resistance of the roadbed and form the corresponding material proportion model. Through experimental analysis, from the test parameters and microscopic observation, we prove that the curing agent has a setting effect on the pore structure of the concrete bonding surface, which provides a scientific basis for solving the requirements of complex pavement in highway construction.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"245 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temperature Gas-Abrasive Wear Resistance Tests of Deposited Alloys","authors":"A. A. Artem’ev,&nbsp;D. V. Priyatkin,&nbsp;I. V. Zorin,&nbsp;V. I. Lysak","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700296","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700296","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A method and a device for testing materials for resistance to gas-abrasive wear at normal temperatures and temperatures elevated to 1000°C is developed. The test results provide a substantiated choice of surfacing materials for restoring working surfaces of parts of exhaust fans, industrial fans, top-charging gear, gas turbine units, and other equipment. The dependences of the wear of some surfacing alloys on the test temperature, gas-abrasive flow velocity, and the angle of its attack on the sample surface is determined. It is shown that under conditions of high-temperature gas-abrasive wear at small attack angles and increased speed of abrasive particles, it is advisable to use eutectic alloys with a reduced content of expensive carbide-forming elements and carbon, and at high attack angles and low-speed abrasive, heat-resistant and refractory austenitic steels. It is found that the foreign deposited C6.0Cr23Nb7Mo7W2Si2VT alloy, characterized by the highest alloying level and volume fraction of strengthening phases, has the highest resistance to gas-abrasive wear at normal temperatures among those tested. When the test temperature increases to 600°C, its wear resistance decreases by 2.5 times, yielding to the indicator of the experimental C2.8Cr14Ni6Mn6Mo3Ti2Nb2 alloy. The processes of destruction of thin surface layers of alloys are studied using the electron-ion microscopy method, which makes it possible to evaluate the influence of their structural and phase composition on the high-temperature wear mechanism. The study of the wear pattern of the C2.8Cr14Ni6Mn6Mo3Ti2Nb2 alloy showed that under the impact action of the abrasive, cracks are formed in lamellar carbides Me₃C₂ and Me₇C₃, but the high plasticity of nickel-alloyed austenite reduces the likelihood of breakdown of the resulting fragments. At the same time, small carbides (Ti,Nb,Mo)_<i>x</i>C_<i>y</i> and Mo₂C of a compact form restrain the plastic deformation of the austenite-carbide eutectic without destruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"196 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependence of Tribological Characteristics on Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformations of Zirconia-Based Composite Ceramics","authors":"A. A. Dmitrievskiy,&nbsp;N. Yu. Efremova,&nbsp;G. V. Grigoriev,&nbsp;V. M. Vasyukov,&nbsp;P. N. Ovchinnikov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700284","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700284","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of silica addition (in the concentration range of <span>({{C}_{{{text{Si}}{{{text{O}}}_{2}}}}})</span> from 0 to 6 mol %) to alumina toughened zirconia ceramics (stabilized in the tetragonal phase with calcium oxide) on its friction coefficient and wear intensity is investigated. It is found that with an increase in the SiO₂ concentration, both characteristics undergo non-monotonic changes with a general tendency to increase. A comparative analysis of the dependences of mechanical properties (microhardness, fracture toughness and brittleness index), transformability of the tetragonal phase <i>t</i>-ZrO₂, and wear intensity on the SiO₂ content in the composite ceramics is performed. It is shown that the non-monotonic nature of the dependence of the wear intensity on the SiO₂ concentration is due to the competitive effect of changes in microhardness, fracture toughness, and transformability of <i>t</i>-ZrO₂ caused by the introduction of silicon dioxide into the ceramics. A proposal is made on the feasibility of producing silicon-containing ceramics (with increased fracture toughness and compressive strength, as well as a margin of ductility at room temperatures) with a surface layer that does not contain SiO₂, retaining the preferred values of microhardness, friction coefficient, and wear intensity.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"189 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Surface Modification on Tribological Properties of VT22 and Ti-5553 Titanium Alloys","authors":"M. S. Aseeva,&nbsp;E. V. Torskaya,&nbsp;G. T. Zainetdinova,&nbsp;A. V. Morozov,&nbsp;P. O. Bukovsky","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700302","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700302","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tribological properties of VT22 and Ti-5553 titanium alloys are improved due to the chemical-thermal treatment of their surfaces and the application of a wear-resistant titanium nitride coating. The tribological properties were compared for samples without additional surface treatment, with surface modification by nitriding, with the titanium nitride coating, as well as with a two-stage treatment of sample surfaces, including primary nitriding of the surface followed by the application of a titanium nitride coating on it. It was found that low wear resistance is observed in titanium samples without coatings, while the wear resistance of samples with a nitrided surface layer increases for both types of tested alloys. Minimal wear occurs for the samples with two-stage formation of a titanium nitride coating while on samples without an intermediate nitrided sublayer, when tested with a ceramic ball, delamination of the coating is observed; the formation of the sublayer prevents this type of destruction.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"204 - 210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergetic Principles and Regularities of Materials Fracture under Low-Cycle Fatigue Conditions","authors":"A. Kh. Janahmadov","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700363","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700363","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work discusses the synergetic principles of fatigue failure, which allow for the identification of fundamental mechanical characteristics of materials and the assessment of damage kinetics during metal failure through critical parameters that control bifurcation points. Fatigue failure herewith is considered as a kinetic process dependent on the order of energy input from cyclic loading. Based on the principles of physical mesomechanics and synergetics, it is shown that the mechanical characteristics of cyclically loaded tribocontacts are important material parameters that determine the level of deformation energy introduced in each loading cycle at every scale. It has been identified that in tribocontacts, for practical purposes, it is necessary to ensure that the stress between the coating and the substrate corresponds to the ultimate elasticity of the materials, according to Griffith’s criterion, while for viscous materials, a different value of critical stress is taken into account: Irwin–Orawan modification. Criteria for transitional contact modes are presented, considering that the coating should undergo changes in full accordance with the substrate when the system is deformed under cyclic loading. The results of the research on assessing the mechanical characteristics of materials in the “coating–substrate” system can be used as diagnostic indicators when analyzing the development of damage in tribocontacts operating under conditions of cyclic fatigue loading.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"238 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diamond-Like Coatings for Friction Units of Space Applications","authors":"M. A. Bronovets","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700351","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700351","url":null,"abstract":"<p>When developing materials for moving joints and friction units operating in outer space, the wear resistance of friction pairs with friction coefficients from 0.05 to 0.1 is of particular importance. The values of the friction coefficients determine the heating of the interfaces and the power of the drives. Wear resistance regulates the service life of friction units. The choice of diamond-like coatings as one of the elements of the friction pair determines the high wear resistance of the interface when working with solid lubricant coatings due to their high chemical inertness and the absence of substance transfer from the solid lubricating coating to the diamond-like coating. This paper presents the results of testing diamond-like coatings during friction on EONIT-3 solid lubricant coating and tests in air and vacuum up to 10^–6 mm Hg according to the shaft-bushing scheme in the temperature range from –50 to +50°C. A diamond-like single-crystalline coating 20 μm thick was applied to a shaft made of ShKh-15 hardened steel; EONIT-3 coating with a thickness of 15 μm is applied to a steel bushing. Tests were carried out under a normal load of 100 N; shaft rotation speed—200 rpm; sliding speed—0.12 m/s; and test duration—1 h. The friction coefficients and wear of the solid lubricant coating were measured. No wear of the diamond-like coatings was detected. The wear of the solid lubricant coating ranged from 1.065 × 10^–8 mm³/m to 3.195 × 10^–8 mm³/m at temperatures from –50 to +50°C in air and in vacuum of 10^–6 mm Hg.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"233 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Wear Features and Destruction Mechanisms of the Working Stages of a High-Speed Pump","authors":"I. S. Splavskiy","doi":"10.3103/S1068366624700314","DOIUrl":"10.3103/S1068366624700314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The results of research on the modernized SKI LX bench, which provides addition to the model fluid of various kinds of abrasive particles, the nature and properties of which can correspond to real operating conditions, are presented. In developing the program and methodology of these studies, we used the after exploitation analysis of high-speed pumping units carried out at the fields of various companies in the Russian Federation. The features of wear and the mechanisms of destruction of the working stages of the 92ELNC85-2250-e2OE-10ETS high-speed pump series were investigated. On a real design of a high-speed pump the possibility to determine the wear rate of tribo-contraction elements by the method of its weight determination with a forecast for the resource and to reveal the ways of its increase in a wide range of the number of suspended abrasive particles in the model fluid, and in particular, in water is shown. The results in this work are the basis for the development of scientifically based methods for studying the wear resistance of bearing assemblies of high-speed centrifugal pumps in conditions of a wide variety of reservoir fluids and suspended particles contained in them.</p>","PeriodicalId":633,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Friction and Wear","volume":"45 4","pages":"211 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142811111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}