Journal of Electronic Materials最新文献

{"title":"Nano Diode-Type Protonic Transport in Hydrated 3 Mol.% Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (3YSZ) Nanopowders: Humidity Dependence and Isotope Effect (H2O/D2O)","authors":"Mahmoud Ibrahim,&nbsp;Heba A. Esawii,&nbsp;Zh. V. Mezentseva,&nbsp;Aleksandr Sergiyovich Doroshkevich,&nbsp;A. H. A. Elmekawy","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13063-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13063-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we report the formation of a chemically symmetric nanoscale rectifying junction at the interface between yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ, ZrO₂–3 mol.% Y₂O₃) nanoparticles of identical composition but different crystallite sizes. Nanopowders were synthesized via co-precipitation and thermally treated at 400°C, 500°C, and 700°C, yielding crystallite sizes ranging from approximately 7.5 nm to 14 nm, while preserving the cubic fluorite structure and chemical homogeneity. Rectifying contacts were fabricated in three configurations: 400–400, 400–500, and 400–700.Comprehensive structural characterization was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). SAXS analysis provided quantitative information on nanoscale domain size, surface roughness, and interparticle correlations, which are critical for understanding interfacial charge transport behavior.Electrical characterization was performed using current–voltage measurements under controlled relative humidity levels (65%, 75%, and 85%) in both H₂O- and D₂O-enriched atmospheres. Junctions formed between nanoparticles with different crystallite sizes (400–500 and 400–700) exhibited pronounced rectifying behavior that intensified with increasing humidity, whereas the symmetric 400–400 junction displayed an approximately ohmic response. Replacement of H₂O with D₂O led to a systematic decrease in current, confirming the dominant contribution of proton-mediated transport within the hydrated interfacial region. Our findings demonstrate that nanoscale size disparity alone, without compositional gradients, can induce diode-like behavior in homogeneous oxide systems. The results highlight the critical role of hydration-assisted interfacial proton conduction and offer a novel strategy for engineering nanoionic rectifiers and environmentally responsive oxide-based electronic devices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8891 - 8909"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical–Electrical–Thermal Effects on Efficiency Droop in Light-Emitting Diodes","authors":"Jyh-Chen Chen,&nbsp;Huy-Thinh Vo,&nbsp;Tuan Ngoc Anh Vo,&nbsp;Minh-Tuan Ho","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13083-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13083-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) experience efficiency droop, limiting high-power performance. This study investigates vertical thin-film chips (TFC) and lateral nervure-like chips (NLC) from chip to package levels via experiments and numerical simulations. To overcome the parameter distortion inherent to conventional single-pass simulations, this work introduces a closed-loop, absorption-aware iterative framework. By dynamically feeding volumetric optical losses back into the electrical rate equations, the proposed model extracts pure recombination parameters that are physically decoupled from macroscopic packaging degradation. Results indicate that current crowding intensifies with input power and junction temperature, causing non-uniform carrier distribution and enhanced non-radiative recombination. Fitted coefficients reveal higher high-injection losses in NLC (larger <i>C</i> and <i>α</i>₀) than TFC, correlating with earlier, more severe droop. Optical analysis shows that light extraction efficiency (LEE) decreases as input power rises; at 2.1 W, the LEE drop is 24.47% for NLC and 17.94% for TFC compared to 0.1 W operation. Critically, temperature-dependent absorption in the active region is essential to replicate experimental trends. These findings offer practical strategies for high-power LED packaging and current spreading designs to mitigate efficiency droop.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"9008 - 9023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defect-Engineered Mo-Doped Nb2O5 Nanoparticles: Structural Strain Modulation, Optical Bandgap Tuning, Photoluminescence Behavior, and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity","authors":"S. Sozhaveni,&nbsp;S. Johnson Jeyakumar,&nbsp;S. Ramalingam","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13090-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13090-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mo-doped Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles were prepared using a hydrothermal solution-assisted doping method followed by calcination at 400°C in various Mo concentrations ranging from 0 to 6 wt.% Mo. The obtained nanoparticle structural, optical, photoluminescence, and antibacterial properties were extensively analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the formation of the monoclinic structure of the Nb₂O₅ (JCPDS no. 43-1042) crystal phase with Mo⁶⁺ substitution for Nb⁵⁺ ions. According to the Williamson–Hall plot analysis, the crystallite size decreased non-monotonically (16–23 nm), whereas the microstrain, internal stress, and elastic energy density gradually increased (microstrain: 1.701–2.796 × 10⁻³, internal stress: 212.6–349.5 MPa, elastic energy density: 0.181–0.489 MJ m⁻³). The texture coefficient analysis showed an increase in (100) plane orientation due to the effect of precursor concentration. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis showed a stable Nb–O–Nb framework with a gradual decrease in the Nb=O and hydroxyl stretching modes due to oxygen vacancies created in the process. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra showed strong UV light absorption with some redshifts and high visible-light absorption tailing. From the Tauc plot, the bandgap energy was found to decrease due to the effects of defects and Mo 4<i>d</i>-Nb 4<i>d</i> orbital hybridization. Photoluminescence spectra showed that the deep-level emission of undoped Nb₂O₅ particles (at 520 nm) shifted to near-band-edge emission (between 340 and 350 nm) in doped nanoparticles, indicating optimized defect states, especially in 4 wt.% Mo-doped nanoparticles. As for the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Mo-doped Nb₂O₅, an increase in concentration with respect to antimicrobial activity was observed. It was also noted that the best bacterial inhibition zone was found for the 6 wt.% Mo-doped sample on <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (20 mm) due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and surface strain effects.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8910 - 8927"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexible Transparent Conductive Films with High Transparency, Low Resistance, and Thermal Stability up to 300°C Enabled by MgO@Ag Nanowires","authors":"Ming Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoying Xu,&nbsp;Min Shi,&nbsp;Xuanxu Pei,&nbsp;Jun Xie,&nbsp;Wei Guo,&nbsp;Pingwei Zhang,&nbsp;Hang Zhou,&nbsp;Yangfan Guo,&nbsp;Pengcheng Li,&nbsp;Shihui Yu","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13091-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13091-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silver nanowire (Ag NW)-based flexible transparent conductive thin films (FTCFs) are attractive for flexible optoelectronics, but their poor thermal stability severely limits practical applications. Here, high-temperature-resistant FTCFs were fabricated using MgO-coated Ag nanowires (MgO@Ag NWs) embedded in a colorless polyimide (cPI) matrix. The ultrathin MgO shell effectively suppresses the thermal instability of Ag NWs, while the partially embedded cPI structure improves junction contact, mechanical durability, and interfacial adhesion. The MgO@Ag NW FTCFs exhibit sheet resistance of 9.1 Ω/sq, transmittance of 85.4% at 550 nm, and a figure of merit of 251. Notably, the FTCFs maintain nearly unchanged electrical and optical performance after annealing at 300°C for 2 h in air. They also show excellent bending stability and strong resistance to tape-peeling and ultrasonication. The enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of MgO shell protection and cPI embedding, which suppresses nanowire coalescence and stabilizes the conductive network. This work provides a simple and effective route for developing high-temperature-resistant FTCFs for advanced flexible optoelectronic applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8880 - 8890"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Batteries: Electrochemical Properties, Ion Transport Mechanisms, and Performance Correlations","authors":"Mohan Jagan,&nbsp;S. P. Vijayachamundeeswari","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13041-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13041-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Because of their high ionic conductivity, sulfide solid electrolytes have emerged as important contenders for all-solid-state battery technology, which is a potential future technology delivering enhanced energy efficiency and security. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes including glassy, glass-ceramic, and crystalline forms display a broad spectrum of ionic conductivity (~ 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻² S cm⁻¹) and activation energy (~0.12–0.60 eV), largely dictated by their composition, structural features, and phase characteristics. Glassy systems generally exhibit conductivity in the range of ~ 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻² S cm⁻¹ with activation energy of ~0.22–to 0.37 eV, where the introduction of halides and network modifiers plays a key role in enhancing Li⁺ transport. Glass-ceramic electrolytes offer improved performance (~ 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻² S cm⁻¹; ~0.12–0.34 eV), primarily due to the emergence of highly conductive phases such as Li₇P₃S₁₁ and increased structural disorder. Among all crystalline electrolytes, the LGPS-type and argyrodite families in particular achieve superior ionic conductivity (~10⁻² S cm⁻¹) with relatively low activation energy (~0.15–0.25 eV), owing to their well-defined Li⁺ conduction pathways. Overall, the evident inverse correlation between activation energy and ionic conductivity underscores the importance of compositional design and structural optimization, establishing doped sulfide electrolytes as promising candidates for advanced all-solid-state lithium battery technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8377 - 8401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Al2O3 Content on the High-Frequency Magnetic Properties of Fe-Si Soft Magnetic Composites Prepared by SPS","authors":"Fugui Liu,&nbsp;Yupeng Chen,&nbsp;Changgeng Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Lin,&nbsp;Yongjian Li,&nbsp;Kai Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13088-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13088-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fe-Si soft magnetic composites (SMCs) typically suffer from deteriorated permeability stability and increased eddy-current loss under high-frequency operating conditions, which limits their application in advanced power electronics. In this work, Fe−6.5 wt.% Si SMCs coated with Al₂O₃ insulating layers were fabricated by high-energy ball milling followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The influence of Al₂O₃ content on the microstructure, electrical resistivity, and magnetic properties was systematically investigated over a frequency range below 500 kHz. The results show that the introduction of Al₂O₃ effectively enhances the electrical insulation between Fe-Si particles, leading to increased resistivity and reduced high-frequency core loss. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) line-scan results indicate that, as the Al₂O₃ content increases from 2.5 wt.% to 7.5 wt.%, the coating layer on the surface of Fe-Si particles evolves from incomplete coverage to a more continuous Al₂O₃ insulating coverage. This structural evolution is accompanied by improved permeability stability and a substantial reduction in magnetic loss. Among the investigated samples, the SMC containing 7.5 wt.% Al₂O₃ achieves the most favorable balance between permeability stability and core-loss reduction. The improved magnetic properties are mainly attributed to the enhanced interparticle insulation and the suppression of eddy-current effects provided by the Al₂O₃ coating. These results provide useful insights into the optimization of Fe-Si soft magnetic composites for high-frequency applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8866 - 8879"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Capacity Nickel-Doped ZnS Electrodes: A Cost-Effective Solution for Advanced Supercapacitors","authors":"Emmanuel Tom,&nbsp;Abhijai Velluva,&nbsp;Anit Joseph,&nbsp;Tiju Thomas,&nbsp;Rakesh K.E,&nbsp;Mithra Geetha,&nbsp;Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni,&nbsp;Joji Kurian","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-12969-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-12969-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employs a cost-effective chemical co-precipitation method to enhance zinc sulfide (ZnS) for supercapacitor applications through nickel (Ni) doping. ZnS samples with varying Ni concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) were synthesized and analyzed for electrochemical performance. Nickel doping significantly enhanced the specific capacitance of ZnS, with the Ni 3%-ZnS sample achieving 893.5 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, compared to 460.7 F/g for undoped ZnS. Structural and morphological studies confirmed uniform incorporation of Ni ions into the ZnS lattice, leading to reduced crystallite size and enhanced porosity. Electrochemical analyses in a three-electrode setup revealed that Ni doping improved ion transport, decreased charge-transfer resistance, and enhanced charge–discharge kinetics. The Ni 3%-ZnS electrode demonstrated excellent cyclic stability, retaining high capacitance after 1000 cycles. These improvements, attributed to an optimized pore structure and increased surface area, highlight the potential of Ni-doped ZnS as an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8696 - 8711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11664-026-12969-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bimetallic Sulfide Electrode Material Ni3:Sb2S3 for Energy Storage and Catalytic Purposes in Supercapacitors","authors":"Amal BaQais,&nbsp;Shaan Bibi Jaffri,&nbsp;Khurum Shahzad Ahmad,&nbsp;Mansour Alhabradi,&nbsp;Manal Alruwaili,&nbsp;Bhumikaben Makawana,&nbsp;Ram K. Gupta","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13062-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13062-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A bimetallic sulfide electrode Ni₃Sb₂S₃ was fabricated by using a single-source precursor approach to reveal its supercapacitive efficiency. A narrow bandgap of 1.8 eV and average crystallite size of 40 nm were obtained. The presence of metal sulfide bonds was indicated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. A nonuniform nanorod morphology was revealed in this bimetallic chalcogenide. The electrochemical charge storage behavior was tested in this study. According to cyclic voltammetry results, the generated electrode revealed excellent charge storage abilities, with a specific capacitance of 2773.074 F g⁻¹. This implies that the electrode has strong potential for storing energy. Additionally, electrochemical impedance studies revealed a series resistance of <i>R</i>_<u>s</u> = 2.5 Ω. The electrocatalytic performance of the electrode revealed an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential of 306 mV coupled with a Tafel slope of 145 mV dec⁻¹. Conversely, its hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity exhibited an overpotential of 132 mV with a corresponding Tafel slope of 43 mV dec⁻¹ and supported favorable electrochemical activity.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8681 - 8695"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of Sandwich-Structured Flexible Piezoelectric Sensors Using PVDF/BaTiO3 Composite Films Printed by Near-Field Electrohydrodynamic Direct-Writing","authors":"Jiaqi Wang,&nbsp;Huifang Liu,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Fu Zhao,&nbsp;Luyao Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13084-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13084-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Driven by rapid advances in wearable and flexible electronics, flexible piezoelectric sensors show great promise for wearable devices, motion tracking, and artificial electronic skin. Herein, a sandwich-structured flexible piezoelectric sensor was fabricated via near-field electrohydrodynamic direct-writing (NFEDW) of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/barium titanate (BaTiO₃) composite films. Key NFEDW parameters affecting film performance were studied. Optimization identified optimal conditions: 3700 V voltage, 1000 mm/min printing speed, 0.3 mm printing distance, 0.35 μL/min flow rate, and 15 wt.% solution concentration. Under these conditions, the sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 361.1 mV/N, a response time of 5.34 ms, and a recovery time of 5.99 ms. This enables rapid, accurate detection of external mechanical stimuli. XRD and microscopic morphology confirmed the film’s excellent piezoelectric properties, surface quality, and uniformity. The sensor showed outstanding stability over 6000 vibration cycles, confirming long-term dependability. With a thickness of only 0.22 mm and excellent flexibility, the sensor precisely records subtle biological signals, highlighting its promise for human motion monitoring. This work defines the optimal NFEDW process window for PVDF/BaTiO₃ composite films, clarifies parameter regulation mechanisms, and offers a theoretical and technical foundation for controlled fabrication of high-performance flexible piezoelectric sensors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8526 - 8545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Binder-Free Architecture of SnO2-Fe2O3-SnFe2O4 Mixed Oxide Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor Electrode","authors":"Amanpreet Kaur,&nbsp;Navneet Kaur,&nbsp;Avtar Singh,&nbsp;Vandana Shinde,&nbsp;Raminder Kaur","doi":"10.1007/s11664-026-13064-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11664-026-13064-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A cost-effective synthesis of a novel SnO₂-Fe₂O₃-SnFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was achieved using the sol–gel method, followed by comprehensive characterization. Phase formation was verified through x-ray diffraction (XRD), while Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provided information on the chemical bonding. The surface morphology and microstructure were examined via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and the elemental composition was confirmed using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Importantly, the nanoparticles were directly fabricated into a binder-free anode without the need for any pre- or postheat treatment, simplifying the preparation process. The electrochemical performance was investigated in NaOH and Na₂SO₄ electrolytes using a three-electrode setup. Techniques including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to evaluate energy storage properties. The findings emphasize the critical influence of electrolyte choice on electrochemical behavior and its charge storage mechanism. The electrode performed better in NaOH electrolyte, with a specific capacitance of ~514 F/g due to the improved ionic conductivity in an alkaline medium. The resulting anode demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance, indicating strong potential for high-performance supercapacitor applications.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"55 10","pages":"8668 - 8680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148909590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}