{"title":"Effect of Annealing Treatment on Electromigration Resistance of Low-Temperature Sn-57Bi-1Ag Solder Interconnect","authors":"J. L. Chen, S. B. Wang, J. Ren, M. L. Huang","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11402-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11402-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effect of annealing treatment on the electromigration (EM) resistance of low-temperature Cu/Sn-57Bi-1Ag (600 <i>μ</i>m)/Cu solder interconnects has been investigated. The annealing treatment of as-soldered Cu/Sn-57Bi-1Ag/Cu solder interconnects caused the obvious coarsening of Bi phases in the bulk solders and a slight reduction in the electric resistance of the solder interconnects. The coarsening of the Bi phases induced a decrease in the Bi/β-Sn phase boundaries and thus a decrease in the EM-induced atomic diffusion flux of Bi atoms during the subsequent current stressing, resulting in the segregation of a thinner Bi phase layer at the anode and a lower increase rate of electric resistance of the solder interconnects. The longer the annealing time, the higher the EM resistance of the solder interconnects. The reductions in both the effective diffusion coefficient of the Bi atoms and the electric resistivity of the bulk Sn-57Bi-1Ag solders induced by the annealing treatment were responsible for the higher EM resistance of low-temperature Sn-57Bi-1Ag solder interconnects.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synthesis of Graphene/Tungsten Carbide (WC) Nanocomposites from Palm Oil via Pulsed Arc Discharge in Liquid Medium: Morphological, Functional, and Gas Sensing Characterization","authors":"Siti Zubaidah Siddick, Shaifulazuar Rozali, Yew Hoong Wong, Nabilah Mohamad Yusof","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11371-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11371-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With recent trends moving towards sustainable approaches in adherence to environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards, research is actively focused on sustainable production of high-potential materials. In this study, a successful synthesis pathway was demonstrated for a graphene/tungsten carbide (WC) nanocomposite via pulsed arc discharge in liquid medium, utilizing crude palm oil and commercial cooking palm oil as liquid precursors. The synthesis of the graphene/WC nanocomposites was carried out by applying current with amplitude of 80 A and 100 A to the tungsten electrode immersed in the liquid palm oil, subjected to 150 arc discharges. A comparative investigation was performed to examine the morphological and functional characteristics of the materials synthesized from the different types of palm oil under different current conditions. In addition, the synthesized nanocomposites were assessed with respect to their gas sensing performance. Impressively, the CRG100(150) nanocomposite (produced from crude palm oil with current of 100 A) exhibited gas sensing response of 4.853% upon injection of 200 ppm of ethanol. The CRG100(150) nanocomposite also demonstrated short response and recovery time of 43 s and 182 s, respectively. Thus, the successful synthesis of CRG100(150), utilizing a natural precursor via arc discharge in liquid, paves the way for the development of sustainable gas sensing materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frequency Agile Bilayer Metamaterials for Radar Cross-Section Reduction","authors":"Khedidja Bouras, Chaker Mohsen Saleh, Djalaleddine Bensafieddine, Mouloud Bouzouad","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11394-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11394-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metamaterials (MTMs) are synthetic structures known for their ability to control electromagnetic wave propagation, offering innovative solutions for reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of objects. This paper proposes an agile bilayer MTM to reduce the RCS. Each layer consists of identical agile MTM unit cells embedded with switches to achieve agility. Depending on the switch state, we can obtain two types of unit cells: connected (ON state) and disconnected (OFF state), which exhibit two different behaviors. The switches are controlled using an external command system. By independently adjusting the switching states (ON/OFF) of the two layers, six agile reflection frequency stop bands are generated, corresponding to the four possible configurations of ON–ON, ON–OFF, OFF–ON, and OFF–OFF, and their reflection and transmission ranges are controlled. This design has the capability to control six distinct frequency bands with a − 1- dBm RCS reduction, comprising two bands within the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) and four within the Ka-band (25–40 GHz).</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"57 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Anilkumar, A. P. Abhilash, K. K. Indhu, Sherin Joseph, Honey John, Deepti Das Krishna, C. K. Aanandan
{"title":"Microwave Absorption of Natural Rubber Composites Based on PANI/CNT/Fe2O3 for Flexible Shielding Applications","authors":"R. Anilkumar, A. P. Abhilash, K. K. Indhu, Sherin Joseph, Honey John, Deepti Das Krishna, C. K. Aanandan","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11391-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11391-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electronic devices and communication systems are highly susceptible to interference from unwanted electromagnetic waves. High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding offers a solution to this issue. In this work, we discuss the design of an EMI shielding material composite using natural rubber (NR) filled with polyaniline (PANI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and ferric oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). Different properties of the material composite are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We tested the EMI shielding efficiency of the developed material in the X band and the Ku band. The measurements revealed improved shielding effectiveness when compared to similar microwave shielding materials. In terms of flexibility and cost-effectiveness, this novel composite also proved to be a better alternative.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinhui Li, Hanyu Yao, Yuanhong Wan, Yuping Sun, Xianguo Liu
{"title":"High-Performance FeSiAl Soft Magnetic Composites with Polyethyleneimine/Silicone Resin Double Organic Insulation Layers for 50 kHz–1 MHz Frequency Power Applications","authors":"Xinhui Li, Hanyu Yao, Yuanhong Wan, Yuping Sun, Xianguo Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11339-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11339-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their advantages of light weight, complete coating and good formability, the poor high-temperature stability of organic materials limits their use as insulation coatings for soft magnetic powders. Therefore, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)/silicone resin (SR) double organic insulation layer was exploited to release internal stress and maintain insulation stability during the high-temperature annealing process, which achieved low core losses (<i>P</i><sub><i>cv</i></sub>) and high effective permeability (<i>μ</i><sub><i>e</i></sub>). Cross-sectional scanning transition images indicate that the PEI/SR layer undergoes the following evolution during annealing at 500–900°C: coating → densification → crack → rupture, implying thermal stability up to 700°C. Because of the integrity of double inorganic shells and the weak pin on magnetic domain movement, FeSiAl@PEI/SR cores annealed at 800°C deliver remarkable AC soft magnetic performance at 50 and 100 kHz, that is, low <i>P</i><sub><i>cv</i></sub> of 61.6 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (50 mT, 100 kHz), 121.2 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (100 mT, 50 kHz) and 307.3 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (100 mT, 100 kHz), high <i>μ</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> of 55.6 up to 1 MHz and 140°C, and DC bias of 51.5% at 100 Oe. Eddy current loss reaches the minimum value at 700°C and deteriorates at 800°C, and hysteresis loss continues to decrease with increasing annealing temperature, confirming the evolution of the insulation layer. Moreover, cores annealed at 700°C deliver <i>μ</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> of 57.6 at 1 MHz and <i>P</i><sub><i>cv</i></sub> of 278 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 mT, 1 MHz), exhibiting great potential for 1 MHz frequency power applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation of Magnetic and Electrical Properties of GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 Bilayer Thin Films","authors":"Rekha Gupta, Ravindra Kumar Kotnala, Anurag Tyagi","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11399-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11399-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bilayer thin films of GdFeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>97</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> have been synthesized by RF–magnetron sputtering at different thicknesses of GdFeO<sub>3</sub>. A pure phase polycrystalline growth of GdFeO<sub>3</sub> and Fe<sub>97</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> has been confirmed by XRD measurements. Stress-induced room-temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy has been confirmed in all the bilayer thin films. A high magnetic moment has been induced in antiferromagnetic GdFeO<sub>3</sub> thin films resulting in the ferromagnetic character of all the samples. The ferromagnetic moment was found to be enhanced with increasing thickness of the GdFeO<sub>3</sub> layer. The maximum value of the room- temperature magnetic moment has been observed as M<sub>s</sub> ~ 9.3 emu/ml in 170-nm-thick GdFeO<sub>3</sub> film. Dielectric measurements confirmed the induced magnetocapacitance due to grain boundary accumulation of charge carriers. Magnetic field control of capacitance and current–voltage measurements of these thin films represents a strong potential for the existence of magnetoelectric coupling in GdFeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>97</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> films. A maximum 30% rise in magnetocapacitance and a 95.6% increase in tunneling current in an applied 1-kOe magnetic field was obtained for 170-nm-thick GFO thin film. These thin films possess applications in spintronic devices due to the presence of room- temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic control of the electric properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed Y. H. Thabit, Nabeel M. S. Kaawash, Devidas I. Halge, Pooja M. Khanzode, Asma B. U. Rahman, Sohel J. Shaikh, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Jagdish W. Dadge, Kashinath A. Bogle
{"title":"Ultra-Thin, Bendable PbS Photodetector on Paper for High-Performance Infrared Sensing","authors":"Mohammed Y. H. Thabit, Nabeel M. S. Kaawash, Devidas I. Halge, Pooja M. Khanzode, Asma B. U. Rahman, Sohel J. Shaikh, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Jagdish W. Dadge, Kashinath A. Bogle","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11398-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11398-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Researchers have created a modern infrared (IR) sensor that is both super-sensitive and highly flexible. This remarkable device possesses impressive properties of exceptional sensitivity (24,000%), high responsiveness (1.25 A/W), and fast response time (3 ms). This innovation stands out for its unique construction: an ultrathin layer of lead sulfide (PbS) deposited on a standard Whatman filter paper. This design achieves a photo-current 32 times greater than previous record-holding PbS thin films. The key advantage is its unmatched flexibility. This sensor can bend and flex without breaking, maintaining its IR detection capabilities even after enduring extreme bending cycles. This breakthrough paves the way for a new era of wearable IR photo sensors, flexible electronics, and medical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhaohe Guo, Xueyao Mo, Yan Xu, Xuena Xu, Liluo Shi, Hongri Wan, Limei Sun, Wenchang Zhuang, Ming Song
{"title":"Glycine as a Bi-functional Electrolyte Additive for Favorable Zn Deposition","authors":"Zhaohe Guo, Xueyao Mo, Yan Xu, Xuena Xu, Liluo Shi, Hongri Wan, Limei Sun, Wenchang Zhuang, Ming Song","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11397-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11397-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with advantages of low cost, high safety, and eco-friendliness hold immense potential as large-scale energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the uncontrollable side reactions and Zn dendrites severely compromise the reversibility and stability of zinc anodes, hindering the practical application of ZIBs. In this study, glycine is introduced as a bi-functional additive into the ZnSO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte to address these challenges. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the glycine can effectively modulate the solvation structure of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, thereby suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the formation of by-products. Additionally, glycine molecules preferentially adsorb onto the zinc anode, altering the interface between the Zn anode and the electrolyte. This increases the nucleation overpotential and inhibits the 2D diffusion of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, promoting the homogeneous deposition of Zn. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell with glycine additive displays a stable cycling performance for over 1500 h at 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and 1 mA h cm<sup>−2</sup>, and the Zn||Cu asymmetric cell exhibits a reversible plating/stripping process with the high stable coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.4% over 600 cycles. This study offers a low-cost, efficient, and environmentally benign electrolyte additive for favorable Zn deposition.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shinichi Endo, Yuki Ishikawa, Hina Shirakashi, Takeyasu Saito
{"title":"Effect of Hydroxyl Group Concentration Generated by Vacuum Ultraviolet Light on the Adhesion Between Epoxy Resin and Copper","authors":"Shinichi Endo, Yuki Ishikawa, Hina Shirakashi, Takeyasu Saito","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11379-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11379-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, pretreatment with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light changed the adhesion strength between an epoxy resin and directly sputtered copper in a printed circuit board manufacturing process. The adhesion strength was 0.9 N/cm without irradiation but had a peak value of 2.1 N/cm at 540 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> of VUV irradiation; with increasing VUV irradiation, the adhesion strength decreased. Based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the copper interface of copper peeled from the resin, we evaluated the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen at interfaces exposed to different VUV irradiation doses. We found that the change in the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen was similar to the change in adhesion strength between copper and epoxy resin after exposure to different VUV irradiation doses. We observed the interface between copper and resin via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and found a distributed layer of oxygen. The functional group concentration in STEM images suggested the presence of a material with an intermediate density. We used chemically modified XPS to evaluate changes in the functional group concentration on epoxy resin surfaces irradiated with VUV light. We found that the hydroxyl group (OH) formed by VUV irradiation and the copper formed by direct sputtering improved adhesion strength in a synergistic manner. We observed a correlation between OH concentration on the resin surface and adhesion strength. These results will help to optimize the VUV irradiation process for adhesion between epoxy resin and sputtered copper.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Khursheed Ahmad, Mohd Quasim Khan, Ali Alsulmi, Tae Hwan Oh
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Pt-Free Counter Electrode for Photovoltaic Application","authors":"Khursheed Ahmad, Mohd Quasim Khan, Ali Alsulmi, Tae Hwan Oh","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11390-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11390-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We report the synthesis of phosphorus (P)-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) using a hydrothermal method at 180°C for 7 h. Furthermore, the amorphous nature and phase purity of the hydrothermally synthesized P-rGO was studied by powder x-ray diffraction. The characteristic sheet-like surface structure of the P-rGO was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of P in the P-rGO was authenticated by using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and photoelectron x-ray spectroscopy. The synthesized P-rGO was employed as a low-cost and Pt-free counter electrode material for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effect of annealing temperature on the construction of the DSSCs using P-rGO was also studied, and the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.3% and photocurrent density of 15.37 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> were obtained at 200°C. The platinum counter electrode-based DSSCs exhibited the power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. The performance of the P-rGO counter electrode-based DSSCs was reasonable and can be further improved by developing novel device architectures. This work proposes the simple, eco-friendly, and Pt-free counter electrode for the construction of DSSCs with a decent performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}