Journal of Cluster Science最新文献

{"title":"Nanotechnology in Biofuel Production: Enhancing Efficiency and Sustainability Through Nanomaterials","authors":"Ashish Goyal,&nbsp;Pradeep Kumar Meena,&nbsp;Sagar Shelare","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02797-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02797-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing global dependence on biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuels has spurred extensive research into optimizing their production processes. Nanotechnology has emerged as a game-changing tool for enhancing biofuel yield, purity, and efficiency, offering significant commercial potential. This review critically examines the applications of various nanomaterials—such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, metallic nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and nanoscale biochar—in enhancing the conversion of diverse feedstocks, including lignocellulosic biomass, microalgae, and organic waste, into biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biogas. The novel integration of metallic nanoparticles and carbon-based nanomaterials in enzymatic hydrolysis, transesterification, and fermentation has markedly improved biofuel yields and reduced production costs, creating opportunities for scalable and commercially viable biofuel production. Additionally, nanomaterials enhance biofuel quality by facilitating advanced purification techniques that optimize separation processes. Despite these promising advancements, environmental and toxicity concerns surrounding the use of nanoparticles remain significant challenges. This study identifies key research gaps, including scalability, lifecycle assessments, and establishing regulatory frameworks, which must be addressed for effective commercialization. Future research must optimize the synthesis of eco-friendly, cost-effective nanoparticles while minimizing environmental risks. The findings emphasize the need for an integrated, nanotechnology-driven approach to achieve sustainable, economically viable biofuel production on a commercial scale.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative Nanostructured Lipid Scaffolds for Cilnidipine: Design and Optimization to Elevate the Therapeutic Potential in Hypertensive Therapy","authors":"Yogesh Mali,&nbsp;Rarchita Sharma,&nbsp;Yogeeta Agrawal,&nbsp;Kiran Patil","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02792-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02792-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hypertension is the foremost reason for death among patients with heart disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease. Cilnidipine (CLN), a fourth–generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, shows promising results for cardiovascular diseases, but its bioavailability (6–30%) negatively impacts its effectiveness. The synthesis of cilnidipine encapsulated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers was achieved through high–pressure homogenization and 3³ Box–Behnken Design was utilized for optimization. The physicochemical characterization evaluated the entrapment efficiency (%EE), size of the particle, its zeta potential, thermal behavior, crystallinity, and chemical interactions. The optimized formulation presented 190.21 ± 21.63 nm (mean particle size), 0.27 ± 0.12 (PDI), -29.25 ± 0.31 mV (Zeta), and 79.35% ± 3.13% (Entrapment efficiency). Analysis using DSC and XRD confirmed the transition of the drug’s crystalline form to an amorphous form within the nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), potentially improving its solubility and bioavailability. Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) affirmed compatibility between Cilnidipine and formulation excipients. The studies of <i>in–vitro</i> release showed an initial surge in release, followed by a gradual slow drug release from NLCs, exhibiting a dual–release pattern. This study aims to develop, optimize, and evaluate CLN–NLCs to boost the oral bioavailability of CLN, thereby improving its therapeutic effectiveness and patient compliance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structure, Optical and Radiation Shielding Features of Zn1 − xMgxO/Mn3O4/MnO Nanocomposites","authors":"Zein K. Heiba,&nbsp;M. M. Ghannam,&nbsp;Ali Badawi,&nbsp;Mohamed Bakr Mohamed","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02801-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02801-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Zn_1 − xMg_xO/Mn₃O₄/MnO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03) nanocomposite samples were produced using the solid-state reaction at low temperature. The phase analysis for the synchrotron x-ray diffraction data for all samples was performed using the search match software. We determined the phase percentages using the Rietveld method. The crystallite sizes for all phases were determined. FTIR and Raman spectra confirmed the presence of ZnO, MnO and Mn₃O₄ phases in the formed samples. The Rietveld analysis-determined crystallite size anisotropy is evident in the rod-like form using the scanning electron microscopy technique. The absorbance and reflectance spectra of all samples were determined using UV–Vis diffuse reflectance technique. The optical band gap value depended on the amount of Mg in the samples. All samples have three optical band gaps assigned to ZnO, Mn₃O₄ and MnO phases. In comparison to higher energy photons, Zn1-xMgxO/Mn₃O₄/MnO nanocomposite samples showed a greater absorption rate for minimal energy photons. The results obtained suggest that Mg-containing materials are less likely to interact with gamma rays than to pass through them. The greatest fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) value was shown by the nanocomposite containing 1% of Mg. Our Mg-containing nanocomposite samples exhibit remarkable neutron shielding properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel In-Situ Liquefying Carbonated SNEDDS Loaded with Atorvastatin Calcium: An Approach for Overcoming Dosage and Stability Challenges","authors":"Abdelrahman Y. Sherif,&nbsp;Mohamed Abbas Ibrahim","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02791-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02791-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) enhances atorvastatin calcium bioavailability, formulation leakage from capsules and drug degradation limits its pharmaceutical application. The traditional solidifying adsorption approach failed to overcome the instability issue and produced a powder with a high dosage. Combining in-situ liquefying (poloxamer 188) and pH-modifying agents (sodium bicarbonate) was invented to address these challenges while maintaining dissolution performance. Therefore, five formulations were prepared, namely: liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS), solid SNEDDS (S-SNEDDS), carbonated SNEDDS (C-SNEDDS), in-situ liquefying SNEDDS (IL-SNEDDS), and in-situ liquefying carbonated SNEDDS (IL-C-SNEDDS). Oil and cosurfactant ingredients were selected based on the solubility of the drug and poloxamer 188, respectively, while surfactant was selected based on transmittance measurement. Moreover, the prepared formulations were characterized using a Zetasizer, pH meter, thermal behavior, SEM, FTIR, PXRD, and dissolution apparatus. Finally, the stability of prepared formulations was studied to assess the impact of formulation type on drug stability. Results showed that atorvastatin calcium exhibited the highest solubility in imwitor 308 (181.4 mg/g) among tested oils. The optimized SNEDDS formulation displayed a transmittance value of 98.62%, indicating excellent emulsification with a particle size of 10.5 nm. The optimized L-SNEDDS formulation comprises tween 80, propylene glycol, and imwitor 308 (2: 1: 1). The results showed that Syloid successfully adsorbed L-SNEDDS, which was present in an amorphous state. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated that all SNEDDS formulations achieved &gt; 90% drug dissolution. However, notable drug degradation was observed with liquid and solid SNEDDS (&gt; 10%) compared to &lt; 5% in IL-C-SNEDDS. The present study demonstrates that IL-C-SNEDDS effectively addresses dosage and stability challenges without increasing the total dosage.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite for In Vitro Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Dolichandrone falcata (Wall. ex DC.) Seem. Leaf Extracts","authors":"MohamadYusuff Aysha,&nbsp;Kuppusamy Selvam,&nbsp;Ramachandran Adhavan,&nbsp;Palanisamy Prakash,&nbsp;Muthugounder Subramanian Shivakumar","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02812-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02812-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study Chitosan- Zinc oxide nanocomposite (CS-ZnO NCs) was green synthesised using <i>Dolichandrone falcata</i> aqueous leaf extract. The synthesized CS-ZnO NCs were characterized using UV (Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) with EDAX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray) and DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). The formation of CS-ZnO NCs was confirmed by the absorbance peak of 327 nm. XRD analysis revealed hexagonal structure of NCs with crystalline size of 25 nm. Synthesized NCs shows the functional groups such as alcohol, amine, alkene, sulfoxide, nitro and halo compounds. SEM analysis revealed the aggregated spherical in shape of NCs. The particle size of the synthesized NCs is 54 nm. Moreover, the nanocomposites (NCs) displayed strong antioxidant activity against DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), H₂O₂ (Hydrogen peroxide) and Metal chelating activity assays at 250 µg/mL concentration. The antibacterial properties of the CS-ZnO NCs were assessed using disc diffusion method, revealing the highest zone of inhibition on Gram positive strains. The synthesized CS-ZnO NCs showed potent anti-inflammatory activity on albumin denaturation. Additionally, NCs exhibited significant anticancer properties against skin cancer cell line A431 with IC₅₀ value of 50.00 µg/mL. Based on our findings, biologically synthesized nanocomposites (NCs) demonstrate significant potential for various biomedical applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Cassava Pulp for Formalin Detection","authors":"Suranan Anantachaisilp,&nbsp;Rawisara Chokdeepanich,&nbsp;Nirinthana Ungudonpakdee,&nbsp;Chuleekorn Seesuea,&nbsp;Kanokorn Wechakorn","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02806-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02806-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cassava (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>) is an agricultural plant produced in a high amount. It’s processing for flour leads to excessive amounts of waste, such as inedible pulps, to be left over, which can be difficult to dispose of. Advantageously, cassava pulps are rich in carbon, being comprised of over 56% starch. In this study, cassava pulp was used to create nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) through hydrothermal carbonization. These N-CDs were employed as sensors to detect formalin using a silver mirror reaction. When formaldehyde (FA) was added, it caused fluorescence quenching and a significant color change, with an absorbance peak at 406 nm, due to the formation of silver nanoparticles. Using UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, N-CDs in the presence of Ag⁺ and Tollen’s reagent demonstrated remarkable sensitivity for FA with detection limits of 96.5 µg/L and 83.6 µg/L, respectively. Additionally, N-CDs showed good selectivity for FA compared to other analytes. It was shown that N-CDs derived from cassava pulp have the potential to be an effective and environmentally friendly FA detection method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-Innovation in Bi-Metallic Oxides: Pioneering Solutions for Dye Contamination and Bacterial Challenges","authors":"P. Rosaiah,&nbsp;Radhalayam Dhanalakshmi,&nbsp;Kilari Naveen Kumar,&nbsp;Masoom Raza Siddiqui,&nbsp;G. V. Lokeswara Reddy,&nbsp;N. Nanda Kumar Reddy,&nbsp;Liwen Zhang,&nbsp;Guru Prakash Nunna,&nbsp;Tae Jo Ko","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02794-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02794-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study delineates the synthesis of bimetallic bismuth nickel oxide (BNO) nanoparticles employing a microwave combustion method that integrates a green synthesis approach using <i>Trachyspermum ammi</i> (Ajwain) seed extract. The nanoparticles were subjected to an exhaustive suite of analytical techniques to assess their morphological, structural, optical, and electronic characteristics. Techniques utilized included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Photocatalytic performance of the synthesized BNO nanoparticles was evaluated through the degradation of Malachite Green (MG), a prevalent synthetic dye and notable aquatic contaminant. The nanoparticles exhibited a photodegradation efficiency of 97.18% for MG, following pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.04669 min^− 1. The degradation mechanism was elucidated through the scavenging of reactive oxygen species, particularly superoxide (O₂•-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), identifying them as the primary reactive species. In addition to photocatalytic activities, the BNO nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial efficacy of 93.97% and 96.69% against two bacterial strains such as <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (Gram-positive) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (Gram-negative) respectively, demonstrating significant antibacterial properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Approach to Synthesize Nano-Sized SnO2 Via Low Temperature Solid-State Reaction","authors":"He Zhao,&nbsp;Bocheng Meng,&nbsp;Yanhong Wang,&nbsp;Shikai Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02813-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02813-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study presents a novel method for quickly preparing nanoscale SnO₂ materials through a low-heat solid-state reaction. This method utilizes SnSO₄ and H₂O₂ disinfectant powder (H₂O₂ as a reactive substance) as raw materials. When the mixed powders were heated to 90 °C, a rapid reaction occurred, which resulted in the formation of SnO₂. X-ray diffraction results showed that the prepared SnO₂ material was amorphous, The powder exhibited good dispersion, and SnO₂ nanoparticles were approximately 20 nm in size. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that the sample surface was rich in hydroxyl. Finally, a reaction mechanism for preparing nanoscale SnO₂ materials through a solid-state reaction was proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pyridine and Cyclohexylamine Fluorescence Paper Sensors Based on Two cubane-type Cu4I4 Clusters","authors":"Xin-Yang Du,&nbsp;Li Song,&nbsp;Xin-Yu Wei,&nbsp;Ying-Ying Zhang,&nbsp;Yu-Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Xia-Qun Zeng,&nbsp;Hao-Nan Hu,&nbsp;Zhou-Hang Jiang,&nbsp;Yong Zhang,&nbsp;Wen-Xiang Chai","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02811-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02811-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A cubane-type Cu₄I₄ cluster 3-PhPy₄Cu₄I₄ (<b>1</b>) was designed and synthesized (3-PhPy = 3-phenylpyridine). The cluster was characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that cluster <b>1</b> presents a supramolecular interlocking chain structure. Similar cluster 4-PhPy₄Cu₄I₄ (<b>2</b>) was also prepared and re-determined. The TD-DFT calculations reveal that their UV-Vis absorption and luminescence originate from the hybrid [(X + M)LCT] excited states. Based on the cluster <b>1</b>, a paper-based sensor (<b>1)</b> was prepared through a composite process, it shows a remarkable PL quenching response for pyridine (Py) / cyclohexylamine (CYA) detection with good selectivity. Using this sensor, an amazing sensing speed of T₉₀ = 5 s was achieved for the detection of Py and T₉₀ = 10 s for CYA. In the fluorescence sensing response of these two volatile organic compounds, their maximum fluorescence quenching efficiency reached outstanding 98%. The sensor (<b>2</b>) based on cluster <b>2</b> also demonstrated similar fluorescence sensing performance for selective detection of Py or CYA.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants Over CuBi2O4/Ag2CrO4 Photocatalyst with Core-Shell Heterostructure: S-Scheme Mechanism","authors":"Zaid H. Jabbar,&nbsp;Bassim H. Graimed,&nbsp;Ayah A. Okab,&nbsp;Huda S. Merdas,&nbsp;Ahmed Makki Al-Sulaiman,&nbsp;Ali Majdi","doi":"10.1007/s10876-025-02803-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10876-025-02803-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Developing solar-light-responsive photocatalysts attracted exciting prospects in the energy and environmental sectors. This study focuses on coating CuBi₂O₄ nanorods with Ag₂CrO₄ shell to yield robust S-scheme CuBi₂O₄/Ag₂CrO₄ composites with a core-shell heterostructure. The CuBi₂O₄/Ag₂CrO₄ photocatalyst exhibited boosted charge separation behavior and upgraded surface area, reflecting beneficial impacts on the catalytic capacity. Under visible light (117 W-LED) irradiation, CuBi₂O₄/Ag₂CrO₄ could enhance the methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR) degradation by exhibiting 75% and 85% of removal efficiency within 75 min, respectively. The optimized CuBi₂O₄/Ag₂CrO₄-25% recorded the best MB degradation kinetics (0.01918 min⁻¹), surpassing pure CuBi₂O₄ (0.00739 min⁻¹) and Ag₂CrO₄ (0.00910 min⁻¹) by factors of 2.59 and 2.11, respectively. Besides, the MB degradation over CuBi₂O₄/Ag₂CrO₄-25% was evaluated based on catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and MB concentration. Besides, the S-type reaction mechanism demonstrated the improved light absorption, accelerated charge dynamics, hampered recombination rate, and strengthened redox potential. The trapping results indicated the key influence of ^•O₂⁻ and h⁺ and the auxiliary efforts of ^•OH in the catalytic reaction. Finally, our innovative photocatalyst encourages the harvesting of low-energy LED light and offers cost-effective remediation processes for environmental issues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":618,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cluster Science","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}