Environmental Remediation of Sulfamethazine Wastewaters by Iron Doped Perylene Diimide Supramolecular Catalysts in a Visible Light Driven Photocatalytic Process: Optimization and Kinetic Approach

IF 2.7 4区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR

Journal of Cluster Science Pub Date : 2025-05-03 DOI:10.1007/s10876-025-02825-y

Ozan Can Yıldız, Burcu Palas, Gülin Ersöz

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in water sources threaten the environmental and human health due to their complex molecular structures and persistence. The release of improperly treated pharmaceutical wastewaters into aquatic medium may result in development of drug-resistant microorganisms and endocrine disruption. Sulfamethazine, as a type of sulfonamides is one of the most widely used agents particularly in veterinary medicine. Therefore, the effective removal of sulfamethazine from water is of importance. The main focus of the study is to search for an environmental solution for the removal of recalcitrant organic compounds by testing the performance of iron impregnated perylene diimide supramolecular photocatalysts (Fe/PDI) in photo Fenton-like oxidation of sulfamethazine. The interactive effects of the operating parameters were examined in the presence of Fe/PDI by using Box-Behnken Design. The optimum photo Fenton-like reaction conditions were determined as 0.45 g/L catalyst dosage, pH 3 and 6.46 mM H₂O₂ dosage. The low iron leaching (1.344 ppm) detected in the treated sulfamethazine solution indicates the stability of the catalyst and its suitability for practical applications. The kinetic studies revealed that fitting is consistent with 1st and 2nd order kinetics but literature suggests that 2nd order is likely to be correct for the sulfamethazine degradation. The activation energy was determined as 11.3 kJ/mol in the presence of Fe/PDI photocatalyst. The radical quenching tests showed that the dominant reactive species is the hydroxyl radicals. The photocatalytic activity of the Fe/PDI was tested for the removal of different pollutants under the same reaction conditions. Complete Procion Red MX-5B decolorization was achieved in 15 min and 71.2% oxytetracycline hydrochloride degradation was obtained in 120 min. Optimization studies and modeling of reaction kinetics are significant for the application of environmentally friendly and effective supramolecular catalysts and industrial wastewater treatment systems.

Graphical Abstract

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铁掺杂苝酰亚胺超分子催化剂对磺胺乙嘧啶废水环境修复的光催化优化及动力学研究

水源中存在的药物化合物由于其复杂的分子结构和持久性，对环境和人类健康构成威胁。处理不当的制药废水排放到水生介质中可能导致耐药微生物的产生和内分泌紊乱。磺胺乙嗪是一种磺胺类药物，是兽药中应用最广泛的药物之一。因此，有效地去除水中的磺胺乙胺具有重要意义。本研究的主要重点是通过测试铁浸渍苝酰二亚胺超分子光催化剂（Fe/PDI）在磺胺乙嗪光芬顿氧化中的性能，寻找一种去除难阻性有机化合物的环境解决方案。采用Box-Behnken设计考察了Fe/PDI存在下各操作参数的交互效应。确定了光类芬顿反应的最佳条件为催化剂用量0.45 g/L， pH为3，H2O2用量为6.46 mM。经处理的磺胺乙嗪溶液中铁浸出率较低（1.344 ppm），表明该催化剂具有较好的稳定性和较好的实际应用价值。动力学研究表明，拟合符合一级和二级动力学，但文献表明，二级可能是正确的磺胺乙嘧啶的降解。在Fe/PDI光催化剂的作用下，其活化能为11.3 kJ/mol。自由基猝灭试验表明，自由基的主要活性物质为羟基自由基。在相同的反应条件下，测试了Fe/PDI对不同污染物的光催化活性。Procion Red MX-5B在15 min内完成脱色，在120 min内降解71.2%的盐酸土霉素。反应动力学的优化研究和建模对环境友好、高效的超分子催化剂和工业废水处理系统的应用具有重要意义。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Journal of Cluster Science 化学-无机化学与核化学

CiteScore

6.70

自引率

0.00%

发文量

166

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： The journal publishes the following types of papers: (a) original and important research; (b) authoritative comprehensive reviews or short overviews of topics of current interest; (c) brief but urgent communications on new significant research; and (d) commentaries intended to foster the exchange of innovative or provocative ideas, and to encourage dialogue, amongst researchers working in different cluster disciplines.