{"title":"Improving predictive modeling in materials science based on data augmentation approach","authors":"Mohamed Hamidi, Mohamed Loutou","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00521-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00521-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Predictive modeling in materials science is often limited by the small size of experimental datasets, which hampers model robustness and generalization. This work proposes a measurement‑informed data augmentation framework for small tabular datasets in materials science. The framework combines bootstrapping, interpolation, and controlled noise addition to expand training data while preserving the underlying statistical structure and metrological characteristics of the original measurements. It is evaluated on four heterogeneous experimental datasets (two adsorption problems, one cement density dataset, and one dredged sediment compressive strength dataset) using Linear Regression, Support Vector Regression, and XGBoost. Across all datasets, data augmentation yields consistent improvements in predictive accuracy and stability, with XGBoost benefiting the most; for example, the coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup> for the Planning dataset increases from 0.29 to 0.90 after augmentation, and the Dredging dataset (dredged sediment) shows a substantial reduction in RMSE compared with the baseline model. Because the datasets are very small, these gains are interpreted together with measurement‑focused analyses of bias, uncertainty, repeatability, and residual behavior to avoid over‑stating generalization. The results demonstrate that simple, structure‑preserving augmentation, when combined with a metrological evaluation, can significantly enhance predictive modeling under severe data scarcity in materials science.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00521-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Yasin Siregar, Alex Triputra Lumban Tobing, Quratul Aini, Agita Phasa, Mochammad Ghulam Isaq Khan, Anisa Fitri, Aditya Rianjanu
{"title":"Electrospun PAN/PVP/montmorillonite nanofiber membranes for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue and congo red from aqueous solutions","authors":"Muhammad Yasin Siregar, Alex Triputra Lumban Tobing, Quratul Aini, Agita Phasa, Mochammad Ghulam Isaq Khan, Anisa Fitri, Aditya Rianjanu","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00523-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00523-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Enhancing the adsorption capacity of electrospun nanofiber membranes is crucial for efficient dye removal from wastewater. Here, this is addressed by incorporating montmorillonite (MMT) into polyacrylonitrile/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PAN/PVP) nanofibers to form PAN/PVP/MMT composite membranes. The nanocomposites were fabricated by electrospinning PAN/PVP solutions with different MMT loadings, followed by hot-water immersion and thermal stabilization. Structural and morphological characterization (X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis) confirmed successful MMT incorporation. Batch adsorption experiments using methylene blue (MB, cationic) and Congo red (CR, anionic) showed that the optimal PAN/PVP/MMT7 membrane achieved equilibrium capacities of 38.2 mg/g for MB and 26.8 mg/g for CR, corresponding to ~ 3.8-fold and ~ 1.4-fold improvements over neat PAN/PVP. Kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order model, and isotherm analysis indicated Langmuir behavior for MB, whereas CR was described comparably by both models. The pronounced selectivity for cationic MB over anionic CR arises from the permanent negative (cation-exchange) charge of montmorillonite together with the membrane’s point of zero charge, consistent with the pH-dependent adsorption, and the spent membrane was partially regenerable by NaCl. These results demonstrate enhanced adsorption capacity and charge-selective dye removal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00523-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aziza Atbir, Ahmed el-Alaoui, Oumayma Atbir, Abdelhamid Khabbazi, Moha Cherkaoui
{"title":"Characterization of thermal resistance using the hot wire method for three types of sheep wool as a biomaterial for building thermal insulation","authors":"Aziza Atbir, Ahmed el-Alaoui, Oumayma Atbir, Abdelhamid Khabbazi, Moha Cherkaoui","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00492-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00492-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work focuses on the use of sheep wool as a thermal insulating material in the building sector, as a replacement for conventional insulators. It presents the results of the experimental thermophysical characterization of three forms of wool (wool yarns, woolen tablecloths, and virgin wool), carried out using the hot-wire method, as well as a mathematical simulation based on penalized B-splines to smooth the evolution of temperature as a function of time T = f Ln (t).The scientific novelty and the original objective of this measurement technique, suitable for the geometry of wool fibers, is to avoid compression and bunching. The results show that the sheep wool has a low thermal conductivity of around 0.032–0.037 W/m.K, for densities ranging from 24.77 to 77.78 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and that the thermal resistance of these three forms also varies from 3.12 to 2.70 m<sup>2</sup>.K/W. Sheep wool is potentially sustainable and has a low environmental impact, contributes to the energy transition, in other words, to a structural change in the way we produce and consume energy, and to sustainable development, contributing to finding solutions to the world's energy challenges in terms of global warming and the depletion of natural resources, particularly fossil fuels.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00492-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nidhi Agrawal, Mohammad Akbar Siddiqui, Sakshi Gupta, Meenakshi Jaiswal, S. K. Lanjhiyana
{"title":"Ionically engineered dual crosslinked microbeads of capecitabine for colon targeting: in vitro kinetic modelling and in vivo evaluations","authors":"Nidhi Agrawal, Mohammad Akbar Siddiqui, Sakshi Gupta, Meenakshi Jaiswal, S. K. Lanjhiyana","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00522-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00522-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present research was focused on the formulation development and evaluations of a novel dual ionically engineered microbead system for colon-targeted delivery of capecitabine (CAP) drug. The formulations were prepared using 2<sup>3</sup> factorial design to systematically optimize formulation factors and their impact on microbead properties. The prepared formulations were then evaluated for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency (EE), drug content (DC), swelling behaviour, SEM, FTIR, XRD, DSC and in vitro drug release characteristics. The formulations exhibited particle sizes ranging from 790.7 to 876.7 µm, with EE between 72.07% and 85.68% and DC ranging from 71.92% to 82.55%, respectively. Swelling studies demonstrated minimal expansion in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and maximum swelling in simulated intestinal and colonic environments (SIF, pH 6.8 and SCF, pH 7.4), indicated for its pH-responsive behaviour. The drug release kinetics confirmed for anomalous (non-Fickian) transport mechanism that was aligning closely with the Higuchi and Korsmeyer–Peppas models. The stability studies indicated for good physicochemical stability under both long-term and accelerated temperature conditions. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity studies on HT-29 cell lines demonstrated enhanced anticancer activity of the optimized microbead compared to pure drug and standard drug, while in vivo roentgenographic evaluation confirmed for successful colonic targeting of CAP respectively. These findings suggested that dual-crosslinked microbeads offer a promising platform for efficient specific delivery of CAP into the bioenvironment of colon region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00522-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Shashikumar, Yogesh Bhikusing Jadhao, Shrishail B. Sollapur, Sandip B. Patil, Ganesh Shridhar Raghtate, Sameer Sayyad, Abhijit Bhowmik, Nagaraj Ashok
{"title":"Sustainable assessment of high-temperature solid particle erosion behaviour of Ti–6Al–5Zr–0.5Mo–0.2Si via experimental and data-driven approaches","authors":"S. Shashikumar, Yogesh Bhikusing Jadhao, Shrishail B. Sollapur, Sandip B. Patil, Ganesh Shridhar Raghtate, Sameer Sayyad, Abhijit Bhowmik, Nagaraj Ashok","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00510-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00510-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-temperature solid particle erosion (HTSPE) limits the operational life of titanium alloys used in aerospace and power generation systems. This study develops a machine learning–driven predictive framework for the Ti–6Al–5Zr–0.5Mo–0.2Si alloy to estimate and optimize its erosion rate under high-velocity particle impact. Experimental datasets were generated by varying particle velocity, impingement angle, and specimen surface temperature. Three ensemble learning models: Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and XGBoost were trained to capture nonlinear interactions among these parameters. The Gradient Boosting model achieved the best performance with an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9425 and an RMSE of 0.00012. Model predictions identified an optimal condition corresponding to a velocity of ~ 33 m/s, surface temperature of ~ 204 °C, and impact angle of 70°, yielding a minimum material removal rate of 0.000530 mg/g. The results demonstrate that data-driven modelling can effectively capture erosion trends within the investigated parameter range and provide useful predictive insights for identifying erosion-resistant operating conditions. This framework bridges data analytics and physical metallurgy, enabling predictive optimisation of titanium alloys subjected to combined thermal and mechanical loading.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00510-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chandrakant V. Bhatia, Dhiren Patel, S. Krishna Prasad, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Yohanis Dabesa Jelila, Ahmed Shakir Al-Hiti
{"title":"Enhancing formability in EDD 513 oil drain cup by simulation and experimental investigation","authors":"Chandrakant V. Bhatia, Dhiren Patel, S. Krishna Prasad, Abdul Amir H. Kadhum, Yohanis Dabesa Jelila, Ahmed Shakir Al-Hiti","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00509-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00509-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The improvements in the sheet metal industry have largely been influenced by the improvements in the formability of the material, modernized tools, computer simulations, and flexibility of the processes. Although these innovations have helped in reducing costs and reducing production cycles, there are also challenges that have to be addressed. In the present study, EDD 513 steel used for manufacturing of automobile oil drain cup having thickness of 1.5 mm was investigated through finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental validation for deep drawing operation. Few simulations conducted during intital phase resulted in excessive thinning of approximately 16% along with severe wrinkling at the flange region, leading to rejection of the tooling design. Parametric investigations were performed by varying die entry radius range from (4–11 mm), varying friction coefficient, blank holding force and die-punch clearance (0.31 mm and 0.82 mm). The optimized conditions obtained through FEA simulations demonstrated that an 11 mm die entry radius provided acceptable formability and satisfied industry requirements for defect-free production.The thinning percentage was reduced to 14% with low wrinkle formation at body and flange. The experimantal trial shows the inline aggrement with simulations results with devation of 3% in thickness and geometry.The findings underscore the significance of process parameters like friction, die entry radius and punch-die clearance in creating the best formability in the part.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00509-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149132163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing low cost Z-scheme catalyst g-C3N4/Al@CuO for enhanced lab to large scale environmental application","authors":"J. Aarthi, P. R. Nithiasri, B. Karthikeyan","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00495-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00495-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The green synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄)-supported aluminum-doped copper oxide (g-C₃N₄/Al@CuO) nanocomposites utilizing a co-precipitation approach with Turbinaria conoides seaweed extract as a stabilizing and reducing agent is presented in this work. XRD, HR-TEM, FT-IR, UV-DRS, and XPS were used to characterize structural, morphological, and optical properties. Better charge separation and electron mobility are made possible by the heterostructure’s development, which results in better redox behavior. The degradation of crystal violet (CV) under visible light irradiation was used to assess photocatalytic performance. In comparison to pure CuO and Al@CuO, the g-C₃N₄/Al@CuO nanocomposite had noticeably higher activity, reaching 92% degradation in 90 min. The synergistic interaction and ideal interfacial contact between g-C₃N₄ and Al@CuO are responsible for the enhanced performance. These results show the created nanocomposite’s potential for environmental cleanup powered by visible light.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00495-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Niklas Mayr, Christoph Hochenauer, Vanja Subotić, Theodoros Dimopoulos
{"title":"Facile and versatile deposition of oxygen-conducting electrolyte thin films by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis from aqueous solutions","authors":"Niklas Mayr, Christoph Hochenauer, Vanja Subotić, Theodoros Dimopoulos","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00500-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00500-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thin and dense, oxygen-conducting electrolyte films are essential for intermediate-temperature reversible solid oxide electrolysis cells (rSOCs). Such films can be reliably fabricated using scalable thin-film deposition techniques, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP). This work proposes an environmentally friendly, cost- and time-efficient USP deposition route for gadolinium-doped ceria (CGO) and yttria-stabilized zirconia oxide (YSZ) electrolyte films. The deposition employs water as solvent, water-soluble metal nitrates as precursors, and it is free of organic chelating additives. The absence of organic species from the precursor solution prevents residual carbon contamination, microstructural defects, and secondary phases that can otherwise compromise the films’ implementation in rSOCs. The deposition is systematically investigated using a design-of-experiments approach and subsequently refined to reduce processing time, while optimizing the film growth on scandium-stabilized zirconium oxide substrates. In a next stage, using the optimized deposition parameters, the electrolyte thin films are deposited onto alumina substrates for the characterization of their conductivity. At 700 °C, the 20 mol% gadolinium-doped CGO film exhibits a conductivity of 3.1 mS cm<sup>− 1</sup>, while the 8 and 3 mol% yttria-doped YSZ films yield a conductivity of 0.9 and 0.4 mS cm<sup>− 1</sup> respectively. The functional performance of the CGO films is further validated in a symmetrical cell configuration, where the incorporation of a CGO diffusion barrier successfully suppressed interfacial degradation and secondary phase formation at the electrode/electrolyte interface. These results demonstrate the suitability and versatility of the proposed USP process for producing functional electrolyte layers for solid oxide cells.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00500-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"MRI contrast agents toward cancer treatment: progress and perspectives","authors":"Fang Wang, Changye Zheng, Bihua Liu, Jiahao Wu, Xianxing Zhou, Zhenghua Tang, Lihua Xiao, Manqiu Liang, Bingchen Zhang, Yujian Zou","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00517-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00517-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a leading non-invasive imaging modality with high resolution and deep tissue penetration, and it has been widely used in clinical and preclinical cancer diagnosis and therapy. MRI contrast agents play an indispensable role in improving the imaging sensitivity and the contrast effect. This review first outlines the clinical significance of developing high-performance MRI contrast agents for cancer treatment, and summarizes the recent advances in four major categories: gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents, magnetic metal oxide nanomaterials, biomolecules-based contrast agents, and hybrid nanocomposites. Representative studies are selected to illustrate the structure-performance relationships at molecule level. The current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also critically discussed. This review is expected to stimulate further research efforts and promote the clinical translation of advanced MRI contrast agents for cancer theranostics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00517-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A multi-model kinetic framework for performance prediction and optimization of chitosan nanoparticles as antifungal agents","authors":"Saburi Abimbola Atanda, Rafiu Olarewaju Shaibu, Khadijat Olabisi Abdulwahab, Foluso Oyedotun Agunbiade","doi":"10.1186/s40712-026-00498-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40712-026-00498-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chitosan nanoparticles derived from <i>Archachatina marginata</i> shell biowaste were characterized and tested against <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> to assess their antifungal performance under time dependent conditions. The material had a degree of deacetylation of 75%, mean particle sizes of 49.90 nm by TEM and 34.36 nm by SEM, a crystallite size of 22.27 nm, a crystallinity index of 68%, and thermal degradation onset at approximately 200 °C with the main decomposition stage extending to 360 °C. Antifungal activity was evaluated over 24 days at concentrations of 5 to 40 ppm, and the resulting inhibition data were fitted with linear, exponential, logistic, zero order, first order, and second order models. Inhibition increased with concentration, although the response was not equally consistent across all treatments. Among the tested models, the second order equation gave the best fit, with the highest performance at 20 ppm, where R² was 0.98 and k₂ was 2 × 10⁻² ppm⁻¹ day⁻¹. This concentration gave sustained inhibition while using less material than the 40 ppm treatment. The results show that shell derived chitosan nanoparticles can inhibit <i>A. flavus</i> under the conditions tested and that comparative kinetic fitting can be used to identify a practical concentration range for preservation related applications.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":592,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40712-026-00498-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149034587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}