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The Effect of Workload and Task Priority on Multitasking Performance and Reliance on Level 1 Explainable AI (XAI) Use. 工作量和任务优先级对多任务性能的影响以及对一级可解释人工智能(XAI)使用的依赖。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1177/00187208251323478
Jawad Alami, Mohamad El Iskandarani, Sara Lu Riggs
{"title":"The Effect of Workload and Task Priority on Multitasking Performance and Reliance on Level 1 Explainable AI (XAI) Use.","authors":"Jawad Alami, Mohamad El Iskandarani, Sara Lu Riggs","doi":"10.1177/00187208251323478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323478","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ObjectiveThis study investigates the effects of workload and task priority on multitasking performance and reliance on Level 1 Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) systems in high-stakes decision environments.BackgroundOperators in critical settings manage multiple tasks under varying levels of workload and priority, potentially leading to performance degradation. XAI offers opportunities to support decision making by providing insights into AI's reasoning, yet its adoption and effectiveness in multitasking scenarios remain underexplored.MethodThirty participants engaged in a simulated multitasking environment, involving UAV command and control tasks, with the assistance of a Level 1 (i.e., basic perceptual information) XAI system on one of the tasks. The study utilized a within-subjects experimental design, manipulating workload (low, medium, and high) and AI-supported-task priority (low and high) across six conditions. Participants' accuracy, use of automatic rerouting, AI miss detection, false alert identification, and use of AI explanations were measured and analyzed across the different experimental conditions.ResultsWorkload significantly hindered performance on the AI-assisted task and increased reliance on the AI system especially when the AI-assisted task was given low priority. The use of AI explanations was significantly affected by task priority only.ConclusionAn increase in workload led to proper offloading by relying on the AI's alerts, but it also led to a lower rate of alert verification despite the alert feature's high false alert rate.ApplicationThe findings from the present work help inform AI system designers on how to design their systems for high-stakes environments such that reliance on AI is properly calibrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251323478"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of Partially Automated Driving on Mental Workload, Visual Behavior and Engagement in Nondriving-Related Tasks: A Meta-Analysis. 部分自动驾驶对非驾驶相关任务心理负荷、视觉行为和参与的影响:一项元分析。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-03-03 DOI: 10.1177/00187208251323132
Nicola Vasta, Francesco Biondi
{"title":"Effect of Partially Automated Driving on Mental Workload, Visual Behavior and Engagement in Nondriving-Related Tasks: A Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Nicola Vasta, Francesco Biondi","doi":"10.1177/00187208251323132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this meta-analysis is to investigate the effect of partial automation on mental workload, visual behavior, and engagement in nondriving-related tasks.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The literature on the human factors of operating partially automated driving offers mixed findings. While some studies show partial driving automation to result in suboptimal mental workload, others found it to impose similar levels of workload to the ones observed during manual driving. Likewise, while some studies evidence a marked increase in off-road glances when the automated system was engaged, other work has failed to replicate this pattern.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>41 studies involving 1482 participants were analyzed using the PRISMA approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No significant differences in mental workload were found between manual and partially automated driving, indicating no changes in mental workload between the two driving modes. A higher likelihood of glancing away from the forward roadway and engaging in nondriving-related tasks was found when the partially automated system was engaged.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although the adoption of partial driving automation comes with some intended safety benefits, its use is also associated with an increased engagement in nondriving-related activities.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings add to our understanding of the safety of partial automation and provide valuable information to Human Factors practitioners and regulators about the use and potential safety risks of using these systems in the real-world.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251323132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hello, is it me you're Stopping for? The Effect of external Human Machine Interface Familiarity on Pedestrians' Crossing Behaviour in an Ambiguous Situation. 你好,你是在为我停车吗?外部人机界面熟悉程度对行人在模糊情况下过马路行为的影响。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1177/00187208241272070
Yee Mun Lee, Vladislav Sidorov, Ruth Madigan, Jorge Garcia de Pedro, Gustav Markkula, Natasha Merat
{"title":"Hello, is it me you're Stopping for? The Effect of external Human Machine Interface Familiarity on Pedestrians' Crossing Behaviour in an Ambiguous Situation.","authors":"Yee Mun Lee, Vladislav Sidorov, Ruth Madigan, Jorge Garcia de Pedro, Gustav Markkula, Natasha Merat","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272070","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated how different deceleration intentions (i.e. an automated vehicle either decelerated for leading traffic or yielded for pedestrians) and a novel (Slow Pulsing Light Band - SPLB) or familiar (Flashing Headlights - FH) external Human Machine Interface (eHMI) informed pedestrians' crossing behaviour.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The introduction of SAE Level 4 Automated Vehicles (AVs) has recently fuelled interest in new forms of explicit communication via eHMIs, to improve the interaction between AVs and surrounding road users. Before implementing these eHMIs, it is necessary to understand how pedestrians use them to inform their crossing decisions.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Thirty participants took part in the study using a Head-Mounted Display. The independent variables were deceleration intentions and eHMI design. The percentage of crossings, collision frequency and crossing initiation time across trials were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Pedestrians were able to identify the intentions of a decelerating vehicle, using implicit cues, with more crossings made when the approaching vehicles were yielding to them. They were also more likely to cross when a familiar eHMI was presented, compared to a novel one or no eHMI, regardless of the vehicle's intention. Finally, participants learned to take a more cautious approach as trials progressed, and not to base their decisions solely on the eHMI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A familiar eHMI led to early crossings regardless of the vehicle's intention but also led to a higher collision frequency than a novel eHMI.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>To achieve safe and acceptable interactions with AVs, it is important to provide eHMIs that are congruent with road users' expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"264-279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11734357/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multitasking Induced Contextual Blindness. 多任务处理引发的情境盲。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1177/00187208241274040
Joel M Cooper, David L Strayer
{"title":"Multitasking Induced Contextual Blindness.","authors":"Joel M Cooper, David L Strayer","doi":"10.1177/00187208241274040","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241274040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the impact of secondary task performance on contextual blindness arising from the suppression and masking of temporal and spatial sequence learning.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Dual-task scenarios can lead to a diminished ability to use environmental cues to guide attention, a phenomenon that is related to multitasking-induced inattentional blindness. This research aims to extend the theoretical understanding of how secondary tasks can impair attention and memory processes in sequence learning and access.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1, we used a serial reaction time task to investigate the impact of a secondary tone counting task on temporal sequence learning. In Experiment 2, we used a contextual cueing task to examine the effects of dual-task performance on spatial cueing. In Experiment 3, we integrated and extended these concepts to a simulated driving task.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the experiments, the performance of a secondary task consistently suppressed (all experiments) and masked task learning (experiments 1 and 3). In the serial response and spatial search tasks, dual-task conditions reduced the accrual of sequence knowledge and impaired knowledge expression. In the driving simulation, similar patterns of learning suppression from multitasking were also observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings suggest that secondary tasks can significantly suppress and mask sequence learning in complex tasks, leading to a form of <i>contextual blindness</i> characterized by impairments in the ability to use environmental cues to guide attention and anticipate future events.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings have implications for both skill acquisition and skilled performance in complex domains such as driving, aviation, manufacturing, and human-computer interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"225-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142044210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Gaze Sharing, a Double-Edged Sword: Examining the Effect of Real-Time Gaze Sharing Visualizations on Team Performance and Situation Awareness. 目光共享,一把双刃剑:研究实时目光共享可视化对团队表现和态势感知的影响。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1177/00187208241272060
Jad A Atweh, Sara L Riggs
{"title":"Gaze Sharing, a Double-Edged Sword: Examining the Effect of Real-Time Gaze Sharing Visualizations on Team Performance and Situation Awareness.","authors":"Jad A Atweh, Sara L Riggs","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272060","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of this study was to assess how different real-time gaze sharing visualization techniques affect eye tracking metrics, workload, team situation awareness (TSA), and team performance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Gaze sharing is a real-time visualization technique that allows teams to know where their team members are looking on a shared display. Gaze sharing visualization techniques are a promising means to improve collaborative performance on simple tasks; however, there needs to be validation of gaze sharing with more complex and dynamic tasks.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study evaluated the effect of gaze sharing on eye tracking metrics, workload, team SA, and team performance in a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) command-and-control task. Thirty-five teams of two performed UAV tasks under three conditions: one with no gaze sharing and two with gaze sharing. Gaze sharing was presented using a fixation dot (i.e., a translucent colored dot) and a fixation trail (i.e., a trail of the most recent fixations).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that the fixation trail significantly reduced saccadic activity, lowered workload, supported team SA at all levels, and improved performance compared to no gaze sharing; however, the fixation dot had the opposite effect on performance and SA. In fact, having no gaze sharing outperformed the fixation dot. Participants also preferred the fixation trail for its visibility and ability to track and monitor the history of their partner's gaze.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results showed that gaze sharing has the potential to support collaboration, but its effectiveness depends highly on the design and context of use.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The findings suggest that gaze sharing visualization techniques, like the fixation trail, have the potential to improve teamwork in complex UAV tasks and could have broader applicability in a variety of collaborative settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"196-224"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human-Robot Collaboration With a Corrective Shared Controlled Robot in a Sanding Task. 在打磨任务中与矫正共享控制机器人进行人机协作
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1177/00187208241272066
Anna Konstant, Nitzan Orr, Michael Hagenow, Isabelle Gundrum, Yu Hen Hu, Bilge Mutlu, Michael Zinn, Michael Gleicher, Robert G Radwin
{"title":"Human-Robot Collaboration With a Corrective Shared Controlled Robot in a Sanding Task.","authors":"Anna Konstant, Nitzan Orr, Michael Hagenow, Isabelle Gundrum, Yu Hen Hu, Bilge Mutlu, Michael Zinn, Michael Gleicher, Robert G Radwin","doi":"10.1177/00187208241272066","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241272066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Physical and cognitive workloads and performance were studied for a corrective shared control (CSC) human-robot collaborative (HRC) sanding task.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Manual sanding is physically demanding. Collaborative robots (cobots) can potentially reduce physical stress, but fully autonomous implementation has been particularly challenging due to skill, task variability, and robot limitations. CSC is an HRC method where the robot operates semi-autonomously while the human provides real-time corrections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty laboratory participants removed paint using an orbital sander, both manually and with a CSC robot. A fully automated robot was also tested.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CSC robot improved subjective discomfort compared to manual sanding in the upper arm by 29.5%, lower arm by 32%, hand by 36.5%, front of the shoulder by 24%, and back of the shoulder by 17.5%. Muscle fatigue measured using EMG, was observed in the medial deltoid and flexor carpi radialis for the manual condition. The composite cognitive workload on the NASA-TLX increased by 14.3% for manual sanding due to high physical demand and effort, while mental demand was 14% greater for the CSC robot. Digital imaging showed that the CSC robot outperformed the automated condition by 7.16% for uniformity, 4.96% for quantity, and 6.06% in total.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this example, we found that human skills and techniques were integral to sanding and can be successfully incorporated into HRC systems. Humans performed the task using the CSC robot with less fatigue and discomfort.</p><p><strong>Applications: </strong>The results can influence implementation of future HRC systems in manufacturing environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"246-263"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Predicting Return-to-Manual Performance in Lower- and Higher-Degree Automation. 预测低自动化程度和高自动化程度下的人工回归性能。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1177/00187208251323101
Natalie Griffiths, Vanessa K Bowden, Serena Wee, Shayne Loft
{"title":"Predicting Return-to-Manual Performance in Lower- and Higher-Degree Automation.","authors":"Natalie Griffiths, Vanessa K Bowden, Serena Wee, Shayne Loft","doi":"10.1177/00187208251323101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251323101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine operator state variables (workload, fatigue, trust in automation, task engagement) that potentially predict return-to-manual (RTM) performance after automation fails to complete a task action.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Limited research has examined the extent to which within-person variability in operator states predicts RTM performance, a prerequisite to adapting work systems based on expected performance degradation/operator strain. We examine whether operator states differentially predict RTM performance as a function of degree of automation (DOA).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants completed a simulated air traffic control task. Conflict detection was assisted by either a higher- or lower-DOA. When automation failed to resolve a conflict, participants needed to prevent that conflict (i.e., RTM). Participants' self-reported workload, fatigue, trust in automation, and task engagement were periodically measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants using lower DOA were faster to resolve conflicts (RTM RT) missed by automation than those using higher DOA. DOA did not moderate the relationship between operator states and RTM performance. Collapsed across DOA, increased workload (relative to participants' own average) and increased fatigue (relative to sample average, or relative to own average) led to the resolution of fewer conflicts missed by automation (poorer RTM accuracy). Participants with higher trust (relative to own average) had higher RTM accuracy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Variation in operator state measures of workload, fatigue, and trust can predict RTM performance. However, given some identified inconsistency in which states are predictive across studies, further research is needed.</p><p><strong>Applications: </strong>Adaptive work systems could be designed to respond to vulnerable operator states to minimise RTM performance decrements.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251323101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143517499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Likelihood Systems Can Improve Hit Rates in Low-Prevalence Visual Search Over Binary Systems. 似然系统可以提高二进制系统低流行率视觉搜索的命中率。
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1177/00187208251320589
Tobias Rieger, Benita Marx, Dietrich Manzey
{"title":"Likelihood Systems Can Improve Hit Rates in Low-Prevalence Visual Search Over Binary Systems.","authors":"Tobias Rieger, Benita Marx, Dietrich Manzey","doi":"10.1177/00187208251320589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208251320589","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the performance consequences of binary versus likelihood decision support systems in low-prevalence visual search.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Hit rates in visual search are often low if target prevalence is low, an issue that is relevant for numerous real-world visual search tasks (e.g., luggage screening and medical imaging). Given that binary decision support systems produce many false alarms at low prevalence, they have often been discounted as a solution to this low-prevalence problem. By offering additional information about the certainty of target-present indications through splitting these into warnings and alarms, likelihood-based systems could potentially boost hit rates without raising the number of false alarms.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We used a simulated medical search task with low target prevalence in a paradigm where participants sequentially uncovered parts of the stimulus with their mouse. In two sessions, participants completed the task either while being supported by a binary or a likelihood system.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Hit rates were higher when interacting with the likelihood systems than with the binary system, at no cost of higher false alarms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Likelihood systems are a promising way to tackle the low-prevalence problem, and might further be an effective means to make systems more transparent.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Simple-to-process information about system certainty for each case might be a solution to low hit rates in domains with low target prevalence, such as radiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"187208251320589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143399880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of Biomechanical and Mental Workload During Human-Robot Collaborative Pollination Task. 评估人机协作授粉任务中的生物力学和脑力劳动负荷
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/00187208241254696
Mustafa Ozkan Yerebakan, Yu Gu, Jason Gross, Boyi Hu
{"title":"Evaluation of Biomechanical and Mental Workload During Human-Robot Collaborative Pollination Task.","authors":"Mustafa Ozkan Yerebakan, Yu Gu, Jason Gross, Boyi Hu","doi":"10.1177/00187208241254696","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241254696","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to identify the potential biomechanical and cognitive workload effects induced by human robot collaborative pollination task, how additional cues and reliability of the robot influence these effects and whether interacting with the robot influences the participant's anxiety and attitude towards robots.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) could be used to alleviate pollinator shortages and robot performance issues. However, the effects of HRC for this setting have not been investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen participants were recruited. Four HRC modes, no cue, with cue, unreliable, and manual control were included. Three categories of dependent variables were measured: (1) spine kinematics (L5/S1, L1/T12, and T1/C7), (2) pupillary activation data, and (3) subjective measures such as perceived workload, robot-related anxiety, and negative attitudes towards robotics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HRC reduced anxiety towards the cobot, decreased joint angles and angular velocity for the L5/S1 and L1/T12 joints, and reduced pupil dilation, with the \"with cue\" mode producing the lowest values. However, unreliability was detrimental to these gains. In addition, HRC resulted in a higher flexion angle for the neck (i.e., T1/C7).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HRC reduced the physical and mental workload during the simulated pollination task. Benefits of the additional cue were minimal compared to no cues. The increased joint angle in the neck and unreliability affecting lower and mid back joint angles and workload requires further investigation.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>These findings could be used to inform design decisions for HRC frameworks for agricultural applications that are cognizant of the different effects induced by HRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"100-114"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141162827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bound by Experience: Updating the Body Representation When Using Virtual Objects. 被经验束缚:使用虚拟物体时更新身体表征
IF 2.9 3区 心理学
Human Factors Pub Date : 2025-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1177/00187208241258315
Julia Eck, Roland Pfister
{"title":"Bound by Experience: Updating the Body Representation When Using Virtual Objects.","authors":"Julia Eck, Roland Pfister","doi":"10.1177/00187208241258315","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241258315","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Four web-based experiments investigated flexibility of disembodiment of a virtual object that is no longer actively controlled. Emphasis was on possibilities to modify the timescale of this process.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Interactions with virtual objects are commonplace in settings like teleoperation, rehabilitation, and computer-aided design. These objects are quickly integrated into the operator's body schema (embodiment). Less is known about how long such embodiment lasts. Understanding the dynamics of this process is crucial because different applied settings either profit from fast or slow disembodiment.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To induce embodiment, participants moved a 2D virtual hand through operating a computer mouse or touchpad. After initial embodiment, participants either stopped or continued moving for a fixed period of time. Embodiment ratings were collected continuously during each trial.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results across all experiments indicated that embodiment for the virtual hand gradually increased during active use and gradually decreased after stopping to use it. Disembodiment unfolded nearly twice as fast as embodiment and showed a curved decay pattern. These dynamics remained unaffected by anticipation of active control that would be required in an upcoming task.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results highlight the importance of continuously experiencing active control in virtual interactions if aiming at inducing stable embodiment of a virtual object.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Our findings suggest that applications of virtual disembodiment such as virtual tools or interventions to affect a person's body representation critically depend on continuous updating of sensorimotor experience. However, if switching between virtual objects, for example, during teleoperation or video gaming, after-effects are unlikely to affect performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"115-140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11626855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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