Human Factors最新文献

{"title":"Multilevel Confirmatory Factor Analysis Reveals Two Distinct Human-Automation Trust Constructs.","authors":"Yusuke Yamani, Shelby K Long, Tetsuya Sato, Abby L Braitman, Michael S Politowicz, Eric T Chancey","doi":"10.1177/00187208241263774","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241263774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This work examined the relationship of the constructs measured by the trust scales developed by Chancey et al. (2017) and Jian et al. (2000) using a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Modern theories of automation trust have been proposed based on data collected using trust scales. Chancey et al. (2017) adapted Madsen and Gregor's (2000) trust scale to align with Lee and See's (2004) human-automation trust framework. In contrast, Jian et al. (2000) developed a scale empirically with trust and distrust as factors. However, it remains unclear whether these two scales measure the same construct.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We analyzed data collected from previous experiments to investigate the relationship between the two trust scales using a multilevel CFA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Data provided evidence that Jian et al. (2000) and Chancey et al. (2017) automation trust scales are only weakly related. Trust and distrust are found to be distinct factors in Jian et al.'s (2000) scale, whereas performance, process, and purpose are distinct factors in Chancey et al.'s (2017) trust scale.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The analysis suggested that the two scales purporting to measure human-automation trust are only weakly related.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Trust researchers and automation designers may consider using Chancey et al. (2017) and Jian et al. (2000) scales to capture different characteristics of human-automation trust.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"166-180"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141753504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lateral Pelvis and Lumbar Motion in Seated and Standing Office Work and Their Association With Transient Low Back Pain.","authors":"Jessa M Davidson, Jackie D Zehr, Mamiko Noguchi, Donna J Fok, Liana M Tennant, Jack P Callaghan","doi":"10.1177/00187208241249423","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241249423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess frontal plane motion of the pelvis and lumbar spine during 2 h of seated and standing office work and evaluate associations with transient low back pain.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Although bending and twisting motions are cited as risk factors for low back injuries in occupational tasks, few studies have assessed frontal plane motion during sedentary exposures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-one participants completed 2 h of seated and standing office work while pelvic obliquity, lumbar lateral bending angles, and ratings of perceived low back pain were recorded. Mean absolute angles were compared across 15-min blocks, amplitude probability distribution functions were calculated, and associations between lateral postures and low back pain were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean pelvic obliquity (sit = 4.0 ± 2.8°, stand = 3.5 ± 1.7°) and lumbar lateral bending (sit = 4.5 ± 2.5°, stand = 4.1 ± 1.6°) were consistently asymmetrical. Pelvic obliquity range of motion was 4.7° larger in standing (13.6 ± 7.5°) than sitting (8.9 ± 8.7°). In sitting, 52% (pelvis) and 71% (lumbar) of participants, and in standing, 71% (pelvis and lumbar) of participants, were considered asymmetric for >90% of the protocol. Lateral postures displayed weak to low correlations with peak low back pain (<i>R</i> ≤ 0.388).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The majority of participants displayed lateral asymmetries for the pelvis and lumbar spine within 5° of their upright standing posture.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>In short-term sedentary exposures, associations between lateral postures and pain indicated that as the range in lateral postures increases there may be an increased possibility of pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"85-99"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensorimotor Challenges in Minimally Invasive Surgery: A Theoretically-Oriented Review.","authors":"Christopher L Hewitson, Matthew J Crossley, John Cartmill, David M Kaplan","doi":"10.1177/00187208241263684","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241263684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review surveys the literature on sensorimotor challenges impacting performance in laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery (MIS).</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite its well-known benefits for patients, achieving proficiency in MIS can be challenging for surgeons due to many factors including altered visual perspectives and fulcrum effects in instrument handling. Research on these and other sensorimotor challenges has been hindered by imprecise terminology and the lack of a unified theoretical framework to guide research questions in the field.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We conducted a systematic survey of the MIS literature, focusing on studies investigating sensorimotor challenges affecting laparoscopic performance. To provide a common foundation for cross-study comparisons, we propose a standardized taxonomy that distinguishes between different experimental paradigms used in the literature. We then show how the computational motor learning perspective provides a unifying theoretical framework for the field that can facilitate progress and motivate future research along clearer, hypothesis-driven lines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey identified diverse sensorimotor perturbations in MIS, which can be effectively categorized according to our proposed taxonomy. Studies investigating monitor-, camera-, and tool-based perturbations were systematically analyzed, elucidating their impact on surgical performance. We also show how the computational motor learning perspective provides deeper insights and potential strategies to mitigate challenges.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sensorimotor challenges significantly impact MIS, necessitating a systematic, empirically informed approach. Our proposed taxonomy and theoretical framework shed light on the complexities involved, paving the way for more structured research and targeted training approaches to enhance surgical proficiency.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Understanding the sensorimotor challenges inherent to MIS can guide the design of improved training curricula and inform the configuration of setups in the operating room to enhance surgeon performance and ultimately patient outcomes. This review offers key insights for surgeons, educators, and researchers in surgical performance and technology development.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"141-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11626857/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141749838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Less Sometimes More? An Experimental Comparison of Four Measures of Perceived Usability.","authors":"Elisa Gräve, Axel Buchner","doi":"10.1177/00187208241237862","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241237862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In usability studies, the subjective component of usability, perceived usability, is often of interest besides the objective usability components, efficiency and effectiveness. Perceived usability is typically investigated using questionnaires. Our goal was to assess experimentally which of four perceived-usability questionnaires differing in length best reflects the difference in perceived usability between systems.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Conventional measurement wisdom strongly favors multi-item questionnaires, as measures based on more items supposedly yield better results. However, this assumption is controversial. Single-item questionnaires also have distinct advantages and it has been shown repeatedly that single-item measures can be viable alternatives to multi-item measures.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong><i>N</i> = 1089 (Experiment 1) and <i>N</i> = 1095 (Experiment 2) participants rated the perceived usability of a good or a poor web-based mobile phone contract system using the 35-item ISONORM 9241/10 (Experiment 1 only), the 10-item System Usability Scale (SUS), the 4-item Usability Metric for User Experience (UMUX), and the single-item Adjective Rating Scale.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The Adjective Rating Scale represented the perceived-usability difference between both systems at least as good as, or significantly better than, the multi-item questionnaires (significantly better than the UMUX and the ISONORM 9241/10 in Experiment 1, significantly better than the SUS in Experiment 2).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The single-item Adjective Rating Scale is a viable alternative to multi-item perceived-usability questionnaires.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Extremely short instruments can be recommended to measure perceived usability, at least for simple user interfaces that can be considered concrete-singular in the sense that raters understand which entity is being rated and what is being rated is reasonably homogenous.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"32-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555902/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Automobile's Tail Lights: Sacrificing Safety for Playful Design?","authors":"Fiona Burns-Hemingway, Brett B T Feltmate, Raymond M Klein","doi":"10.1177/00187208241237860","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241237860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The counterintuitive \"Union Jack\"-inspired turn signals on versions of BMW's Mini vehicles was investigated to reveal potential impacts on human performance.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>When some Mini drivers indicate a change in direction, they do so with an oppositely oriented arrow. This conflict, between the task-irrelevant spatial shape and task-relevant location of the signal, mimics a \"converse\" spatial-Stroop effect that, in combination with the ubiquitous use of arrows on road signs, may be confusing.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Participants (<i>n</i> = 30) responded-via right and left keypresses-to the directions of road signs and turn signals in both pure and mixed blocks. Reaction times and accuracies were recorded to determine performance in each condition (compatible, neutral, incompatible).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Performance suffered when the location and direction of the stimuli did not correspond. When responding to turn signals the cost to performance was especially salient in mixed blocks. Thus, when driving on roads where the meanings of arrows on road signs is important, turn signals pointing in a direction opposite from the directional intention indicated by the signals' location are likely to be confusing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The design of some Mini's \"Union Jack\" style taillights opposes well-established principles of cognitive functioning, caused confusion in our laboratory study and therefore may be a safety hazard-a possibility that ought to be explored in more realistic (e.g., driving simulator) situations.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>BMW designers should consider universally adopting the neutral, \"horizontal line,\" illumination style that is currently available in the aftermarket.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140133303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining Patterns and Predictors of ADHD Teens' Skill-Learning Trajectories During Enhanced FOrward Concentration and Attention Learning (FOCAL+) Training.","authors":"Jeffery N Epstein, Annie A Garner, Adam W Kiefer, James Peugh, Leanne Tamm, James D Lynch, Ryan P MacPherson, John O Simon, Donald L Fisher","doi":"10.1177/00187208241237863","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241237863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Examine patterns and predictors of skill learning during multisession Enhanced <i>FO</i>rward <i>C</i>oncentration and <i>A</i>ttention <i>L</i>earning (FOCAL+) training.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>FOCAL+ teaches teens to reduce the duration of off-road glances using real-time error learning. In a randomized controlled trial, teens with ADHD received five sessions of FOCAL+ training and demonstrated significant reductions in extended glances (>2-s) away from the roadway (i.e., long-glances) and a 40% reduced risk of a crash/near-crash event. Teens' improvement in limiting long-glances as assessed after each FOCAL+ training session has not been examined.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Licensed teen (ages 16-19) drivers with ADHD (<i>n</i> = 152) were randomly assigned to five sessions of either FOCAL+ or modified standard driver training. Teens completed driving simulation assessments at baseline, after each training session, and 1 month and 6 months posttraining. Naturalistic driving was monitored for one year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FOCAL+ training produced a 53% maximal reduction in long-glances during postsession simulated driving. The number of sessions needed to achieve maximum performance varied across participants. However, after five FOCAL+ training sessions, number of long-glances was comparable irrespective of when teens achieved their maximum performance. The magnitude of reduction in long-glances predicted levels of long-glances during simulated driving at 1 month and 6 months posttraining but not naturalistic driving outcomes. FOCAL+ training provided the most benefit during training to teens who were younger and had less driving experience.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FOCAL+ training significantly reduces long-glances beginning at the 1st training session.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>Providing five FOCAL+ training sessions early on during teen driving may maximize benefit.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"49-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140068946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attentional Tunneling in Pilots During a Visual Tracking Task With a Head Mounted Display.","authors":"Erik Van der Burg, Wietse D Ledegang, Frank L Kooi, Mark M J Houben, Eric L Groen","doi":"10.1177/00187208241236395","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241236395","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We examined whether active head aiming with a Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) can draw the pilot's attention away from a primary flight task. Furthermore, we examined whether visual clutter increases this effect.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Head up display symbology can result in attentional tunneling, and clutter makes it difficult to identify objects.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Eighteen military pilots had to simultaneously perform an attitude control task while flying in clouds and a head aiming task in a fixed-base flight simulator. The former consisted of manual compensation for roll disturbances of the aircraft, while the latter consisted of keeping a moving visual target inside a small or large head-referenced circle. A \"no head aiming\" condition served as a baseline. Furthermore, all conditions were performed with or without visual clutter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Head aiming led to deterioration of the attitude control task performance and an increase of the amount of roll-reversal errors (RREs). This was even the case when head aiming required minimal effort. Head aiming accuracy was significantly lower when the roll disturbances in the attitude control task were large compared to when they were small. Visual clutter had no effect on both tasks.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We suggest that active head aiming of HMD symbology can cause attentional tunneling, as expressed by an increased number of RREs and less accuracy on a simultaneously performed attitude control task.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>This study improves our understanding in the perceptual and cognitive effects of (military) HMDs, and has implications for operational use and possibly (re)design of HMDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"63-78"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Reality Adaptive Training for Personalized Stress Inoculation.","authors":"Tor Finseth, Michael C Dorneich, Nir Keren, Warren D Franke, Stephen Vardeman","doi":"10.1177/00187208241241968","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241241968","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate a personalized adaptive training program designed for stress prevention using graduated stress exposure.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Astronauts in the high-risk space mission environment are prone to performance-impairing stress responses, making preemptive stress inoculation essential for their training.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This work developed an adaptive virtual reality-based system that adjusts environmental stressors based on real-time stress indicators to optimize training stress levels. Sixty-five healthy subjects underwent task training in one of three groups: <i>skill-only</i> (no stressors), <i>fixed-graduated</i> (prescheduled stressor changes), and <i>adaptive</i>. Psychological (subjective stress, task engagement, distress, worry, anxiety, and workload) and physiological (heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) responses were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The <i>adaptive</i> condition showed a significant decrease in heart rate and a decreasing trend in heart rate variability ratio, with no changes in the other training conditions. Distress showed a decreasing trend for the <i>graduated</i> and <i>adaptive</i> conditions. Task engagement showed a significant increase for <i>adaptive</i> and a significant decrease for the <i>graduated</i> condition. All training conditions showed a significant decrease in worry and anxiety and a significant increase in the other heart rate variability metrics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Although all training conditions mitigated some stress, the preponderance of trial effects for the <i>adaptive</i> condition supports that it is more successful at decreasing stress.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The integration of real-time personalized stress exposure within a VR-based training program not only prepares individuals for high-stress situations by preemptively mitigating stress but also customizes stressor levels to the crew member's current state, potentially enhancing resilience to future stressors.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"5-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140308108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of In-Vehicle Touchscreen Location on Driver Task Performance, Eye Gaze Behavior, and Workload During Conditionally Automated Driving: Nondriving-Related Task and Take-Over.","authors":"Gayoung Ban, Woojin Park","doi":"10.1177/00187208241226838","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241226838","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the effects of nondriving-related task (NDRT) touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level on the driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and workload during SAE Level 3 conditionally automated driving. Two driver tasks were considered: a visuomanual NDRT and a take-over task.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Touchscreens are expected to play important roles inside automated vehicles. However, few studies have investigated the driver-touchscreen interaction during automated driving.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A driving simulator experiment was conducted. The experimental task consisted of two successive subtasks: an NDRT followed by a take-over task. NDRT touchscreen location (Upper Left, Upper Right, and Lower Right) and NDRT difficulty level (Easy and Hard) were the independent variables. A set of driver task performance, eye gaze behavior, and perceived workload measures were employed for each subtask as the dependent variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>NDRT touchscreen location significantly affected both the NDRT and the take-over task performance. Lower Right was superior to Upper Right in the NDRT performance but was inferior in the take-over task performance. NDRT touchscreen location affected the perceived physical workload of the NDRT. NDRT difficulty level affected the perceived workload of the take-over task.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The research findings enhance our understanding of how NDRT touchscreen location and NDRT difficulty level impact the driver task performance during conditionally automated driving, and, further provide useful design implications and knowledge.</p><p><strong>Application: </strong>The study results would inform the NDRT touchscreen interface design and the NDRT design for conditionally automated vehicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2651-2668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139492818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trust with increasing and decreasing reliability.","authors":"Benjamin S P Rittenberg, Christopher W Holland, Grace E Barnhart, Sierra M Gaudreau, Heather F Neyedli","doi":"10.1177/00187208241228636","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00187208241228636","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The primary purpose was to determine how trust changes over time when automation reliability increases or decreases. A secondary purpose was to determine how task-specific self-confidence is associated with trust and reliability level.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>Both overtrust and undertrust can be detrimental to system performance; therefore, the temporal dynamics of trust with changing reliability level need to be explored.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Two experiments used a dominant-color identification task, where automation provided a recommendation to users, with the reliability of the recommendation changing over 300 trials. In Experiment 1, two groups of participants interacted with the system: one group started with a 50% reliable system which increased to 100%, while the other used a system that decreased from 100% to 50%. Experiment 2 included a group where automation reliability increased from 70% to 100%.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Trust was initially high in the decreasing group and then declined as reliability level decreased; however, trust also declined in the 50% increasing reliability group. Furthermore, when user self-confidence increased, automation reliability had a greater influence on trust. In Experiment 2, the 70% increasing reliability group showed increased trust in the system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Trust does not always track the reliability of automated systems; in particular, it is difficult for trust to recover once the user has interacted with a low reliability system.</p><p><strong>Applications: </strong>This study provides initial evidence into the dynamics of trust for automation that gets better over time suggesting that users should only start interacting with automation when it is sufficiently reliable.</p>","PeriodicalId":56333,"journal":{"name":"Human Factors","volume":" ","pages":"2569-2589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11487872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}