Fire Technology最新文献_第5页

Large Outdoor Fires and the Built Environment (LOF&BE): Summary of Workshops at 14th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science 大型室外火灾与建筑环境 (LOF&BE)：第 14 届国际消防安全科学研讨会研讨会摘要

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01614-9

Sara McAllister, Samuel L. Manzello, Sayaka Suzuki, Alex Filkov, David Rush, Rahul Wadhwani, Yu Wang

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Housing, Parcel, and Neighborhood Characteristics on Housing Survival in the Marshall Fire 马歇尔火灾中房屋、地块和邻里特征对房屋存活率的影响

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01616-7

Amy J. Metz, Erica C. Fischer, Abbie B. Liel

{"title":"The Influence of Housing, Parcel, and Neighborhood Characteristics on Housing Survival in the Marshall Fire","authors":"Amy J. Metz, Erica C. Fischer, Abbie B. Liel","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01616-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01616-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study develops random forest models to interrogate housing survival in the 2021 Marshall Fire, investigating the role of housing, parcel, and neighborhood characteristics. This grass fire affected suburban communities and destroyed more than 1,000 houses. The authors compiled a data set consisting of all the destroyed houses, along with damaged and standing neighboring houses. After removing houses with insufficient data, 1055 impacted houses were used to develop models for each of the three impacted jurisdictions and for the full data set of 1055 houses. In addition, model versions were developed that use only the subset of predictor characteristics available pre-fire. The pre-fire model results showed that the five housing characteristics that resulted in the largest increase in mean square error (MSE) when randomly permutated were predominantly neighborhood and parcel level characteristics. All predictors resulting in percent increases in MSE of 15% or greater were neighborhood level characteristics. Parcel and community characteristics encompass 78%, 86%, 100%, and 80% of predictors resulting in percent increase in MSE greater than 5% for the models developed for Louisville, Superior, Unincorporated Boulder County, and all data, respectively. Additionally, the identification of the most important parameters showed that the majority of the most impactful variables were not within the homeowner’s control. This conclusion demonstrates the importance of neighborhood and community characteristics on housing survival that are controlled by the jurisdiction, especially in a home rule state where building codes and planning may differ across jurisdictional boundaries. We found little reduction in model accuracy (%-change in balanced accuracy under 12%), when only pre-fire variables were considered. Taken together, these results suggest a crucial role for jurisdiction or community mitigation of risk in WUI areas.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4065 - 4097"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effect of Orientation of Test on Radiant Protective Performance of Outer Layer of Multilayer Thermal Protective Clothing 测试方向对多层防寒服外层辐射防护性能的影响

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01601-0

Sudhanshu Maurya, Apurba Das, Ramasamy Alagirusamy

引用次数: 0

YOlOv5s-ACE: Forest Fire Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s YOlOv5s-ACE：基于改进型 YOLOv5s 的森林火灾物体探测算法

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01619-4

Jianan Wang, Changzhong Wang, Weiping Ding, Cheng Li

{"title":"YOlOv5s-ACE: Forest Fire Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv5s","authors":"Jianan Wang, Changzhong Wang, Weiping Ding, Cheng Li","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01619-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01619-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To address the challenges of low detection accuracy, slow detection speed, coarse feature extraction, and the difficulty of detection deployment in complex forest fire backgrounds, this paper presents a forest fire object detection algorithm based on an improved YOLOv5s (YOLOv5s-ACE). The algorithm not only realizes the accurate identification of small objects, but also guarantees the accuracy and speed of detection. Firstly, YOLOv5s-ACE uses Copy-Pasting data enhancement to expand the small object sample set to reduce the overfitting risk in the process of model training. Secondly, it choose Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (ASPP) to replace Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) module in backbone part of YOLOv5 network. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can enlarge the receptive field while ensuring the resolution, which is conducive to the accurate positioning of small object forest flame. Third, after adding the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) module to the C3 module of the Neck layer, the key features of the forest flame object can be further screened, while irrelevant information that interferes with the flame detection, such as background information, can be eliminated. The network performance of forest fire detection is improved without increasing the depth, width and resolution of the input image. Finally, we replace CIOU losses (Complete-IoU) with EIOU losses (Efficient-IoU) to optimize the performance of the model and improve accuracy. The experimental results show that compared with the original algorithm, the proposed object detection algorithm improves mean Average Precision (mAP) by 5.6%, Precision by 2.7%, Recall by 6.5% and GFlops by 6.7%. Even compared with the YOLOv7 algorithm, the proposed algorithm YOLOv5s-ACE increases mAP by 0.9%, Precision by 2.2%, and Recall by 0.3%.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4023 - 4043"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141772778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study of Organic Carbon-Containing Additives to Water Used in Fire Fighting, in Terms of Their Environmental Friendliness 从环境友好角度研究消防用水中的含碳有机添加剂

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01599-5

Oleksii Shcherbak, Valentyna Loboichenko, Taras Skorobahatko, Roman Shevchenko, Aleksander Levterov, Andrii Pruskyi, Valerii Khrystych, Anastasiia Khmyrova, Valentyna Fedorchuk-Moroz, Serhiy Bondarenko

{"title":"Study of Organic Carbon-Containing Additives to Water Used in Fire Fighting, in Terms of Their Environmental Friendliness","authors":"Oleksii Shcherbak, Valentyna Loboichenko, Taras Skorobahatko, Roman Shevchenko, Aleksander Levterov, Andrii Pruskyi, Valerii Khrystych, Anastasiia Khmyrova, Valentyna Fedorchuk-Moroz, Serhiy Bondarenko","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01599-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01599-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the article, a state analysis of the organic carbon-containing additives use in fire fighting has been carried out. Negative environmental effects when using fluorine-containing short- and long-chain surfactants, which can act as both a fire extinguishing agent and its decomposition product, have been noted. As an important direction for further evolution in the field of fire extinguishing agents, the use of oxysilanes and gel systems based on liquid glass as environmentally friendly compounds has been noted. The prospects and environmental friendliness of the use of acoustic effects in extinguishing fires have been noted. The addition of small amounts of inorganic and organic compounds is regarded as an inexpensive and effective method to increase the fire fighting properties of water. In this work, the ecological characteristics of a number of organic compounds used in fire fighting as thickeners of aqueous solutions and the reduction of their surface tension were studied. Alginic acid has been shown to be the most environmentally friendly water additive among the investigated organic carbon-containing compounds used in fire fighting.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 5","pages":"3739 - 3765"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141645360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Predicting the Average Charring Rate of Mass Timber Using Data-Driven Methods for Structural Calculations 在结构计算中使用数据驱动方法预测大宗木材的平均炭化率

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x

Rikesh Amin, Yaxin Mo, Franz Richter, Christoph Kurzer, Norman Werther, Guillermo Rein

{"title":"Predicting the Average Charring Rate of Mass Timber Using Data-Driven Methods for Structural Calculations","authors":"Rikesh Amin, Yaxin Mo, Franz Richter, Christoph Kurzer, Norman Werther, Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Engineered timber is increasingly in demand for tall buildings due to its positive impact on building sustainability. However, quick adoption raises fire engineering questions regarding flammability and structural performance. Understanding the behaviour of timber in fire is crucial, particularly for structural calculations of tall buildings. The charring rate of timber plays a significant role in its structural performance because the loss of cross section reduces the load bearing capacity of the element. Eurocode-5 (EC5) provides a simple method to calculate the charring rate and it is widely adopted for design in many countries while more complex physics-based models exist but are rarely used for design. For example, we want to know when EC5 underpredicts or overpredicts and by how much. This paper compares different data-driven methods, including statistical and artificial intelligence algorithms, for predicting the average charring rate of timber in fire. A new database of charring rates, VAQT, was created comprised of 231 furnace tests of timber products found in the scientific and technical literature. Statistical methods such as ridge regression (λ = 0.001) predict the charring rate with a minimum 11% error whilst EC5 predicts with 27% error. A trained neural network predicts the charring rate with minimum 9% error. This paper presents a novel database of timber charring experiments and provides a set of data-driven predictive models, all of which calculate the average charring rate with a significantly higher accuracy than EC5 for a wide range of mass timber products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4001 - 4021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01593-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pruning Long Short-Term Memory: A Model for Predicting the Stress–Strain Relationship of Normal and Lightweight Aggregate Concrete at Finite Temperature 修剪长短期记忆：预测有限温度下普通和轻质骨料混凝土应力-应变关系的模型

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01606-9

Farshad Dabbaghi, Amin Tanhadoust, Ibrahim G. Ogunsanya

{"title":"Pruning Long Short-Term Memory: A Model for Predicting the Stress–Strain Relationship of Normal and Lightweight Aggregate Concrete at Finite Temperature","authors":"Farshad Dabbaghi, Amin Tanhadoust, Ibrahim G. Ogunsanya","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01606-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01606-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While normal weight aggregate concrete (NWAC) can experience significant strength loss and spalling at high temperatures, lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) can maintain its structural integrity. Stress–strain relationship of concrete is an important test to perform during designing phase of concrete infrastructures. Therefore, this study focuses on exploring the stress–strain behavior of NWAC and LWAC under uniaxial compression at temperatures ranging from 20 to 750°C. In addition, pruning long short-term memory (P-LSTM) networks to create a predictive model for the stress–strain relationship of NWAC and LWAC is also utilized. Concrete mixture designs containing ordinary Portland cement, silica fume, and lightweight expanded clay aggregate, were first optimized to reduce the number of experiments using the response surface method. Subsequently, 30 mixture designs were fabricated and subjected to compression tests, following exposure to varying temperatures that ranged from 20 to 750°C, to evaluate their stress–strain relationship and determine associated mechanical properties. Experimental results were then utilized to develop a P-LSTM model used to forecast the stress–strain relationship of concrete at varying temperatures. The P-LSTM model developed in this study improved the prediction accuracy and stability beyond conventional LSTM model, which would be useful in the design and optimization of NWAC and LWAC structures. Additionally, the P-LSTM model has a lower computational cost and less likelihood of over-fitting as compared to typical LSTM networks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3967 - 3999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141614576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical Study on Thermal Runaway of LFP batteries Triggered by Low Temperature Heating 低温加热引发的 LFP 电池热失控数值研究

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01609-6

Chao An, Jiawei Zhai, Zhi Luo, Zhiguo Lei

{"title":"Numerical Study on Thermal Runaway of LFP batteries Triggered by Low Temperature Heating","authors":"Chao An, Jiawei Zhai, Zhi Luo, Zhiguo Lei","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01609-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01609-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the wide application of electric vehicles (EVs) in cold areas, low temperature heating of battery is becoming more and more mature, and the way of battery bottom heating is also widely used in EVs. Nevertheless, the battery is not completely safe during the heating process, and there may be a risk that the heating plate trigger the battery to overheat. Firstly, a thermal runaway (TR) model of the battery is built, and the simulation results are compared with the experimental results to verify the accuracy. Subsequently, a bottom heating module is added to the TR model to simulate and analyze. Results show, when the heat flux exceeds 1500 J (m<sup>2</sup> s)<sup>−1</sup> and heating continuously for over 26,787 s, TR is triggered. As the heat flux increases, the TR is triggered nearly half the time earlier, and the maximum temperature reached also increases by 7.62°C. Additionally, the ambient temperature has a great effect on the time of continuous heating to TR at low temperature, and has little effect on the maximum temperature. This work provides a reference for the model study of TR in the case of low temperature heating.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3927 - 3947"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141576418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Emmons Problem Revisited 埃蒙斯问题再探讨

IF 2.3 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01613-w

Howard R. Baum, J. G. Quintiere

{"title":"The Emmons Problem Revisited","authors":"Howard R. Baum, J. G. Quintiere","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01613-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01613-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The “Emmons Problem” is a foundation of fire science and gives a mathematical boundary layer solution to the burning of a vaporizing fuel from the surface of a flat plate immersed in a uniform flow of oxidizing gas. It approximates the Navier–Stokes equations assuming infinitely fast chemistry and ignores differential diffusion and thermal radiation. This allows “similarity” solutions to be developed and expressed in terms of the classic Blasius function. The current paper extends the solution, in mathematical form, to the entire domain far from the boundary layer and upstream of the leading edge. The introduction of conformal parabolic coordinates and use of the Howarth transformation allows the solution for the stream function to be expressed in exactly the same form as that found by Emmons and furnishes an explicit recipe for the pressure perturbation. The same coordinate transformations allow the exact solution of the full elliptic mixture fraction equation to be obtained, and the representation of the velocity components in terms of the stream function guarantees that the continuity equation is also satisfied exactly. Further, an exact solution to the transverse momentum equation is also displayed permitting the introduction of a crossflow into the spectrum of results obtained. In short, an analytic solution is found for the Emmons problem in the entire elliptic domain - upstream and in the far field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3949 - 3966"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141576416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Cathode Materials on the Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery Gas Generation During Thermal Runaway 阴极材料对热失控期间锂离子电池气体生成特性的影响

IF 3.4 3区工程技术

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01611-y

Ying Zhang, Hong Wang, Hang Yu, Teng Jia, Chuyuan Ma

{"title":"Influence of Cathode Materials on the Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Battery Gas Generation During Thermal Runaway","authors":"Ying Zhang, Hong Wang, Hang Yu, Teng Jia, Chuyuan Ma","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01611-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01611-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gas generation of Lithium-ion batteries(LIB) during the process of thermal runaway (TR), is the key factor that causes battery fire and explosion. Thus, the TR experiments of two types of 18,650 LIB using LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi<sub>0.6</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NCM622) as cathode materials with was carried out with different state of charging (SOC) of 0%, 50% and 100%.The temporal variation of battery vent gas (BVG) during the TR process by a multi-component gas measuring instrument and a gas chromatograph. Results showed that both the BVG compositions of LFP battery and NCM622 battery were CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, CO and alkane. The evolution process of BVG in TR can be divided into four stages: gas gestation stage, safety valve opening, accelerated jet and jet termination.The main combustible gases appeared in the order of H<sub>2</sub> > CH<sub>4</sub> > VOC > CO. The order of gas concentrations were CH<sub>4</sub> > H<sub>2</sub> > VOC > CO. For LFP batteries, the concentrations of CH<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, VOC and CO increase with SOC, and no combustion behaviors were observed during the three cases of SOC is 0%, 50% and 100%. While for NCM622 batteries, fire occurred at the case of 100% SOC, and the jet sparks brought a sharp rise of the concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>, VOC and CO in BVG. The results of battery gas production provide a basis for battery safety monitoring and a new idea for the analysis of battery TR ignition behavior.</p>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141576419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0