Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Understanding the Human Behavior in the Kiss Nightclub Fire: Analysis of a Survey with Survivors","authors":"Rosaria Ono,&nbsp;Fulvio Vittorino,&nbsp;Walter Negrisolo,&nbsp;Eveline Favero","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01824-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01824-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents unpublished results and analysis of data collected in a survey with survivors of the Kiss nightclub fire. The goal is to better understand their behavior and the factors that influenced in the evacuation process on the night of the fire. The survey started in July 2019 and ended in March 2021, receiving valid responses from 162 participants. Responses, expressed as nominal or ordinal qualitative variables, were statistically processed using a public domain software and the same software, which was also used to check for dependence between pairs of variables using the <i>chi-squared</i> test. The answers to the discursive questions were analyzed using a generative artificial intelligence algorithm to identify the expression of feelings and actions presented in the survivors’ statements. This approach handles the informal typical language of daily conversations, reducing subjectivity inherent in the manual analysis of these responses. Based on the respondents’ information, it was concluded that people were slow to correctly identify that a fire was occurring and consequently, to decide to leave the building. Additionally, several survivors reported searching for others before initiating the evacuation. The absence of a fire alarm system or guidance from local staff significantly contributed to this delay. There was a sense of confusion and insecurity among people during the whole process, due to lack of communication. Many respondents stated they helped others to evacuate or were assisted when leaving, demonstrating altruism and solidarity. The rapid development of the fire and the generation of dense smoke, as well as the difficulty to move around inside the building due to the presence of physical obstacles, worsened the evacuation process. Most of the respondents suffered some kind of injury during the evacuation. The results emphasizes the importance of securing strategies to reduce the pre-evacuation time in this type of occupancy, such as improving communication and training local staff to deal with emergency situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 6","pages":"4499 - 4524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Bridge Fire Accidents and Research: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"Shubham S. Gyawali,&nbsp;Saahastaranshu R. Bhardwaj,&nbsp;Ataollah Taghipour Anvari,&nbsp;Sriram Aaleti","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01799-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01799-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"5385 - 5443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Thermal Radiation Threat of the Vehicle Fires in Lower Lane of a Double-Deck Bridge","authors":"Weile Chen,&nbsp;Fubao Zhou,&nbsp;Runyu Cao,&nbsp;Lingzheng Wu,&nbsp;Shaokun Ge,&nbsp;Bolong Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01814-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01814-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the increase of bridges and vehicles, bridge fire accidents are constantly reported, which seriously threaten the structural stability of bridges and traffic safety. A 1:8 large-size double-deck bridge fire experimental platform was constructed in this study. The effects of heat release rate, ambient wind and location on the heat flux of fire in the lower carriageway were investigated by 15 sets of fire experiments. In addition, the heat flux damage criterion was introduced to analyze the thermal threat of the vehicle fire. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) With the increase of heat release rate, the heat flux increases and the destructive ability increases. In a windless environment, when the heat release rate increases to 200 MW, the heat flux reaches 20 kW/m², at which time the steel structure of the bridge will be deformed, and the probability of death is as high as 98%, showing a strong destructive capability of thermal radiation. (2) The upstream heat flux decreases due to the increase of wind speed, while the downstream heat flux is opposite. When the wind speed increases to 4.4 m/s, the upstream heat flux of the 200 MW fire is 7.5 kW/m² and the downstream heat flux is 27 kW/m², which is close to four times of the heat flux in the upstream. (3) The effect of lanes on the heat flux in 100 MW and 200 MW fires is not significant, and the distance of lane change can be increased in subsequent experiments to examine the mechanism of lane effect on the heat flux. The experiments conducted in this paper will be useful for subsequent large-scale bridge fire tests.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"5841 - 5859"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidisciplinarity in Fire Science: The Importance of Domain Knowledge in a Wave of New Contributions","authors":"Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01821-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01821-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"4815 - 4817"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclined Neutral Plane and Smoke Temperature Spatial Distribution in Z-Shaped Passages Under Fire Scenarios","authors":"Zekun Li,&nbsp;Miaocheng Weng,&nbsp;Fang Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01812-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01812-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Z-shaped passages are commonly used for connecting underground spaces such as subway entrances and mining laneways to the ground surface, consisting of alternating horizontal and inclined sections. As Z-shaped passages are typically used for evacuation, the unidirectional flow of gases within the passage makes determining the location of the neutral plane (NP) crucial for positioning evacuation exits. This study investigates both longitudinal and vertical temperature distributions and reveals the unique inclination of the neutral plane in Z-shaped passages. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, the study examines ceiling smoke temperature rise and downstream temperature decay under varying heat release rates (HRR) and passage slopes. A new correlation for maximum ceiling temperature rise and a model for downstream temperature decay are established. Additionally, the vertical temperature distribution of smoke in the passage is derived. Finally, by combining the spatial temperature distribution of smoke in the passage, a theoretical model for predicting the neutral plane is developed and validated through comparisons with simulation results. The proposed model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting the inclined neutral plane in Z-shaped passages. These insights provide critical guidance for designing efficient smoke control and evacuation systems in complex underground environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 6","pages":"4777 - 4806"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Measurements of TDLAS and Multi-gas Sensor to Monitor Fire Extinction Inside Small-Scale Backdraft Compartment Using CO2 and CO Concentrations","authors":"Katherine Hinnant,&nbsp;Malaika Lee,&nbsp;Aika Davis,&nbsp;Ryan Falkenstein-Smith","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01819-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01819-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ability of carbon dioxide gaseous species profile measurements to track the time of visual fire extinction was examined using a small-scale backdraft compartment. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations were measured using a tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) system and a multi-gas analyzer (MGA). The compartment was modified to pass laser light through a lower region of the compartment, near the burner surface, and in the over-fire region where the flame was well-mixed. A thermocouple probe and gas sampling lines for extracted gas samples to the MGA system were installed close to the two laser paths. A borescope was used to visually confirm flame extinction times for nominal 37.5 kW methane fires, analyzed with ignition to fuel off times of approximately 210 s, 270 s, and 300 s. The MGA system validated carbon monoxide (CO) and CO₂ profile abilities to accurately track visual fire extinction in lower and upper positions, with roughly 2.7% and 8% error relative to visual fire extinction, respectively. The CO₂ TDLAS system demonstrated 0.7% and 1.4% error relative to visual extinction times in the lower and upper positions respectively. The ability of the TDLAS system to track visual fire extinction at a physical position away from the burner surface more accurately than the MGA system at the lower position indicates the potential of this measurement technique to monitor fire extinction in a variety of optically-inaccessible environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"5939 - 5958"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction and Reliability Evaluation of Flexural Capacity of Post-Fire Corroded RC Beams Based on Improved GMM-VSG Model and Ensemble Learning Model","authors":"Caiwei Liu,&nbsp;Kang Li,&nbsp;Meng Yang,&nbsp;Jijun Miao","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01818-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01818-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Evaluating the flexural capacity of post-fire corroded RC beams is crucial for post-disaster repair and structural reinforcement. In this study, a machine learning (ML)-based prediction model is developed to estimate the flexural capacity of RC beams affected by nonlinear degradation mechanisms such as fire damage and corrosion. In order to construct the dataset required for ML model training, test data considering fire and corrosion scenarios are collected to form the initial dataset. Regarding the issue of small-sample, improvements are made to the Gaussian Mixture Model Variable Sampling Generation (GMM-VSG) to expand the dataset. The GMM-VSG model has been added with physical constraints and dynamic weight adjustments to generate data more suitable for this work. The improved GMM-VSG is considered to effectively expand the sample space of the dataset and improved its performance in ML model. Based on the expanded dataset, four single ML models and two ensemble learning models are employed to develop the predictive model. Among single ML models, the XGBoost model demonstrates the highest predictive accuracy, with a coefficient of determination (<i>R</i>²) of 97.44%. After XGBoost is combined with MLP to form an ensemble learning model, <i>R</i>² increases by 1.67% to 99.11%. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method is applied to interpret the XGB-MLP model's parameter impacts and to facilitate parameter analysis. Additionally, to achieve the target reliability index, capacity reduction coefficients are proposed for corroded RC beams subjected to natural cooling and water cooling conditions. Finally, an easy-to-use and interactive user interface was developed to support the practical application of the proposed model.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"5911 - 5938"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Impact of Residential Fire Sprinklers on e-Scooter Fires Initiated by Thermal Runaway of Li-Ion Batteries","authors":"Daniel Madrzykowski,&nbsp;Charles Fleischmann,&nbsp;Craig Weinschenk","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01808-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01808-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithium-ion battery (LiB) powered devices are in use every day and function as designed, however there have been reports of fatal fires involving LiB powered micro-mobility vehicles from around the globe. When a LiB fails and starts a fire, it is typically the result of the battery suffering thermal runaway. Failure of LIBs in micro-mobility vehicles has been shown to create a rapidly growing ignition source that is capable of igniting nearby combustible materials within the room of origin and forcing the room to flashover in less than a minute. The impact of such rapid-fire growth has been reported in the media around the world. This type of rapid-fire growth is almost unprecedented in residential buildings and calls into question: can residential sprinklers control such a rapidly developing fire? This study investigates the impact of such rapid-fire growth in a residential building with both full-scale bedroom and living room fires started from the thermal runaway of a LiB in a sit-on e-scooter. Results from this study quantify the impact of residential sprinklers and clearly show the effectiveness of residential fire sprinklers on fires resulting from thermal runaway of sit-on e-scooters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"5753 - 5772"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01808-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evacuation Lifts and Refuge Areas to Facilitate Building Evacuation: A Scoping Review on Behavioural Aspects","authors":"Axel Mossberg,&nbsp;Daniel Nilsson,&nbsp;Amy Harpur","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01817-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01817-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As more buildings around the world are becoming accessible, the question of egressibility, i.e., accessible evacuation, is important to assess. To achieve egressibility for people who are unable to use the stairs, areas of refuge or occupant evacuation elevators are the two dominant evacuation strategies identified in previous research. A key challenge with these strategies is that they require certain behaviours from the evacuees to be successful. Thus, the aim of this scoping review is to summarise and analyse the research performed within the area, with a focus on the behavioural aspects, in order to identify gaps in the knowledge and provide a foundation for further research. Over 5,000 papers were screened, and a total of 34 papers were selected for in-depth analysis. The review concludes that behavioural aspects related to areas of refuge have not been given much research attention, and the few studies published are based on evaluation of hypothetical scenarios. Evacuation elevators have received more research attention, but the majority of the studies published involve hypothetical scenarios. Hypothetical scenario experiments, sometimes called behavioural intent experiments, can be argued to have low validity. Thus, this review highlights the need for further research on behavioural aspects and design of systems that support the use of both evacuation elevators and areas of refuge. It also highlights that where the preferred methodologies of field or case studies are not readily available to fill the knowledge gap, the use of laboratory and VR methodologies, particularly where they gather perspectives from intended end users, have significant potential to progress understanding on how the use of areas of refuge and occupant evacuation elevators can contribute to egressibility.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 6","pages":"4467 - 4497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01817-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Method for Fire Risk Assessment of Urban Power Substation Considering Data Uncertainty","authors":"Xiaoxue Guo,&nbsp;Long Ding,&nbsp;Jie Ji","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01786-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01786-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As an important infrastructure, urban power substation contributes to human life, economy and society. However, once a fire occurs, it may bring catastrophic casualties, economic losses and adverse social impacts. Due to the low frequency of fire and data scarcity with great uncertainty, weak attention is given to fire risk assessment of urban power substations. For this problem, combining Bayesian network and fuzzy set theory, a novel fuzzy Bayesian network (FBN) based on an improved similarity aggregation method and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is proposed in this work for fire risk assessment of urban power substations considering data uncertainty. This work systematically identifies the potential accident causes of urban power substations and related firefighting behavior for mitigating fire consequences. Based on the identified causes, the probability of the urban power substation accident is estimated through FBN, considering data uncertainty caused by insufficient historical data and knowledge. This work also studies the consequences of urban power substation accidents, taking into account the effectiveness of firefighting behavior and the around ambient characteristics including distribution characteristics of people, buildings, and important property. The performance of the developed methodology has been demonstrated through case studies. The proposed method has the ability to evaluate the probability of the urban power substation accident, obtain the most likely types of accidents, predict the likelihood of varying degrees of fire consequences, and identify critical events and firefighting failure behavior that lead to fire accidents in urban power substations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 7","pages":"5291 - 5317"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145698455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}