Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Bayesian Updating Methodology for the Post-fire Evaluation of the Maximum Temperature Profile Inside Concrete Elements","authors":"Balša Jovanović,&nbsp;Robby Caspeele,&nbsp;Edwin Reynders,&nbsp;Geert Lombaert,&nbsp;Ruben Van Coile","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01564-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01564-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The post-fire assessment of concrete structures is a complex task that requires the integration of multiple measurements from different techniques. The current approach to integrate information from different sources relies mainly on expert judgement, meaning that no explicit consideration is given to the precision of different techniques. This paper presents a Bayesian updating methodology that integrates information from different sources about the maximum temperature the concrete experienced during fire exposure at a certain depth, such as discoloration and rebound hammer measurements, by considering the uncertainties and errors associated with measurements. The data is then used to update the prior information on the uncertain parameters of interest, here the fire load density and opening factor. These updated distributions provide a better estimate of the fire exposure, thermal and damage gradient and the residual condition of the structure. The proof-of-concept and effectiveness of the proposed methodology are demonstrated through a case study. The results show that the proposed methodology is able to effectively incorporate the uncertainties and errors associated with the assessment techniques, producing more reliable estimates of the fire severity. This method has the potential to improve the post-fire assessment process and provide more accurate information for the rehabilitation of concrete structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"2155 - 2175"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140205578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire-Retarding Asphalt Pavement for Urban Road Tunnels: A State-of-the-Art Review and Beyond","authors":"Xi Jiang, Hehua Zhu, Zhiguo Yan, Fengshou Zhang, Xinyan Huang, Zhen Leng, Chuanqi Yan, Nan Hua, Dong Lu, Xuehui Zhang, Rui Xiao","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01556-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-024-01556-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the rapid urbanization and development of metropolises, urban road tunnels have been constructed at an increasing rate, significantly alleviating urban traffic pressure, and improving urban resilience. Fire hazards have become a major threat to modern road tunnels due to the growing popularity of electric vehicles and high-density transportation of goods, particularly flammable materials. Asphalt pavements, as an essential component of road tunnels, may release harmful effluences and smoke under high temperatures, exacerbating the fire and adding risk to life safety. It is hence critical to investigate fire-retarding asphalt materials and their potential use in urban road tunnels pavements. This paper provides a comprehensive review of fire-retarding asphalt pavements for urban road tunnel pavements. The review covers tunnel fire generation mechanisms, evaluation methods, flame retardants for asphalt pavements, and recent developments in flame retardant technologies. By investigating these aspects, this paper aims to better understand the flammability of asphalt mixtures and asphalt pavements in urban road tunnels, promote the research of flame-retardant technology, and ultimately reduce the damage and loss caused by asphalt road tunnel fire accidents. Additionally, this study identifies the limitations of current research and provides an outlook for future research to contribute to the resilience of urban road tunnel structures and the longer service life of asphalt pavement in semi-closed road tunnels.</p>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140167059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Structural Retrofitting Materials for Fire-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Buildings: Advances in Sustainable Repair of Distressed Buildings","authors":"Paul O. Awoyera,&nbsp;Ayomide Akin-Adeniyi,&nbsp;Fadi Althoey,&nbsp;Mohammed Awad Abuhussain,&nbsp;Kayode Jolayemi,&nbsp;Lenin M. Bendezu Romero","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01557-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01557-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>One environment that hinders the performance of reinforced concrete is fire. In most cases, this results in the affected part or the entire structure being rendered useless or completely collapsing. When fire mishaps happen in structures, this is the case. This study reviews green structural retrofitting materials for reinforced concrete buildings in an effort to repair damaged structures in an environmentally friendly manner. The information gathered from earlier laboratory test results is assembled to comprehend the impact of room temperature strength properties and varied concrete mix material composition on the residual mechanical properties of concrete. The performance of various fibers, synthetic and natural, as laminate materials for concrete were evaluated, and the study showed that to a significant extent, distressed structural elements could be repaired with retrofits. However, provision of appropriate guidelines for using natural fibre laminates for retrofitting has not been overly explored. This review has highlighted areas that require further study in order to fully understand the residual strength characteristics of concrete exposed to high temperatures, particularly damaged concrete that have been retrofitted with fibers. Overall, the review's findings will be helpful to academics, professionals in the field of civil engineering, and those engaged in construction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"1955 - 1991"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Overpressure Events in Compartment Fires","authors":"Charles Fleischmann,&nbsp;Daniel Madrzykowski,&nbsp;Nicholas Dow","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01553-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01553-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>For more than a century, smoke explosions have been documented in the fire research literature. Yet even with this long history, smoke explosions have received very little attention in the fire research community. The few review articles on unexplained explosions (overpressure events) have adopted the conventional names of smoke explosions, backdraft, smoke gas explosions or rapid fire progression. Anecdotal evidence from firefighters have shown a number of overpressure events that cannot be explained as a gas leak or flammable liquids ignition. In this study, experiments were conducted in a plywood lined compartment with a timber crib as a sustained fire source and the ignition source. The compartment had a single vent that was open for the entire time. After an extended period of burning, the flames detached from the crib, traveled around the compartment, and finally self-extinguished. Sometime after the flames self-extinguished, the compartment erupted in flames culminating in a large horizontal flame projecting more than 2 m from the vent opening. In this study, a consistent cycle that leads to an overpressure event has been identified. A total of 29 overpressure events were created in 13 experiments with many experiments experiencing multiple overpressure events. Gas species, compartment temperatures, vent velocities, and compartment pressure were all recorded during the experiments. Conditions in the compartment immediately prior to the overpressure event are reported. Having demonstrated that an overpressure event within a combustible compartment can be reproduced, future research is recommended to better quantify the conditions leading to an overpressure event.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"1867 - 1889"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01553-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Domino Probability of Spherical Tank Based on New Failure Model","authors":"Xiaoxiao Li,&nbsp;Kexi Liao,&nbsp;Guoxi He,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01543-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01543-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main objective of this paper is to use the residual strength theory to study the probability of a domino effect accident occurring following the explosion of a spherical tank. We build a novel domino effect accident probability model, using Monte Carlo methods to simulate the ejection of debris. At the same time, the velocity and velocity distribution of fragments ejecting from the upper and lower parts of the explosive spherical tank are obtained. Finally, the relationship between the volume of the exploding spherical tank and the target, the crater Angle (ψ₀ and ϕ₀) of debris impacting the target, the probability of target destruction and the risk of domino effect accidents are considered. The results show that the maximum speed of debris from the lower part of a spherical tank exceeds that from its upper part, and the hazard associated with the debris from the lower part cannot be ignored. With the same target volume and spacing, the probability of a domino effect accident caused by projectile debris from the upper half of an exploding spherical tank is higher than that from the lower half. As theψ₀ value increases, the probability of target failure gradually decreases, and as the ϕ₀ value decreases, the probability of target failure also gradually decreases. Moreover, with changes in ψ₀ and ϕ₀, the probabilities of destruction and the occurrence of a domino effect accident significantly change. The results of this paper can provide guidance for the risk assessment of oil and gas storage tanks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"1687 - 1710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire Safety Distances of Double Pool Fires","authors":"Siva K. Bathina,&nbsp;Sudheer Siddapureddy","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01562-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01562-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The knowledge of the fire safety distance of the multiple pool fires is essential to model, manage, and mitigate the fire hazardous scenarios to safeguard the surrounding people, buildings and equipment. In this work, experiments are performed on 0.1 m gasoline double pool fires to calculate the fire safety distances using an infrared imaging technique. The distance (S/<i>D</i>) between the two pool is varied from 0 to 1. The irradiance from the two pools is calculated using the two-dimensional temperature field obtained by an IR camera. The calculated irradiance along the flame axial direction and on the ground is presented in a contour format. The safety distances are also represented as a function of their respective flame lengths. Two threshold heat fluxes: (I) 1.4 kW/m² and (II) 4.7 kW/m² which are required for human safety are emphasised in the contour plots for all the configurations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"2101 - 2123"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140124630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study of Alkali-Activated Slag Crushed Aggregate Blocks During and After Exposure to Elevated Temperatures","authors":"Wenxuan Huang,&nbsp;Ying Wang,&nbsp;Yaming Zhang,&nbsp;Wenzhong Zheng","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01558-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01558-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, significant research effort is being dedicated to explore environmentally friendly block materials with high strength and high-temperature resistance. Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) is produced during the iron smelting waste process and can be activated to form the environment friendly alkali-activated slag cementitious material (AASCM) when mixed with alkaline activator. The aggregate consists of particles of different sizes, which are crushed and are screened using the paste of AASCM. In this study, the compressive strengths of 234 block specimens during and after high-temperature treatment were investigated. The test results showed that the compressive strength of the blocks gradually decreased slowly when the temperature was lower than 600°C, and decreased rapidly when the temperature was above 600°C. The reduction coefficient of compressive strength of the blocks during and after 900°C exposure were 14.2% ~ 28.1% and 15.3% ~ 28.7% of the ambient temperature strength, respectively. The steel fibre reduced the compressive strength loss of the blocks during and after the high-temperature exposure. With the increase of temperature, the steel fibre lost its effect gradually. Moreover, the compressive strength of the block after the high-temperature treatment was higher than that during the treatment when the strength level and temperature remained constant, the ratio was between 0.99 and 1.14. The high-temperature strength loss of the alkali-activated slag crushed aggregate concrete block was lower than that of the alkali-activated slag ceramsite concrete block. The fitted equations for calculating the compressive strength during and after the high-temperature treatment provided a basis for evaluating the fire resistance of this new type of block. The microstructure and composition of the block were analysed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results provide theoretical basis and data support for the application of AASCM in masonry blocks in high-temperature environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"1993 - 2018"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140099304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) Status and Alternatives: The Big Picture (2024 Status Update)","authors":"Gerard G. Back","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01559-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01559-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) has been the industry standard for combatting liquid fuel fires and hazards for almost 50 years. AFFF is a water-based solution that contains a fluorinated, film forming surfactant [per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)] to seal the fuel surface during suppression/extinguishment. All “AFFFs” contain PFAS. Many PFAS are classified as forever chemicals (e.g., the ones used in AFFF) that do not naturally breakdown in the environment and/or in the human body. Some PFAS have been associated with health effects in both humans and in some animals. As a result, the ability to use AFFF to extinguish liquid fuel fires continues to be greatly restricted and has already been banned in numerous States in the United States and in countries across the world such as Australia. This article provides an update of the status of AFFF, the available alternatives and any revisions to applicable codes and standards.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"2019 - 2040"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140076078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pool Fires Within a Large Under-Ventilated Environment: Experimental Analysis and Numerical Simulation Using OpenFOAM","authors":"Marco Cavazzuti,&nbsp;Paolo Tartarini","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01554-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01554-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Experimental analyses and numerical simulations are carried out on a test case involving an heptane pool fire within a large under-ventilated environment. During the experiments, the temperature history at several locations within the room is monitored by means of thermocouples, and the fire radiative heat transfer estimated through a plate thermocouple. The experimental layout is then replicated numerically and tested using OpenFOAM CFD code. The study is a preliminary analysis performed for code validation purposes on a full-scale fire scenario. The results of the simulations are compared to the experimental results and critically analysed, finding a reasonable agreement overall. Critical issues in fire modelling are also highlighted. In fact, due to the problem complexity and the limitations of the numerical models available some important aspect that can significantly influence the outcome of the simulations must be calibrated a posteriori, somewhat limiting the general predictive applicability of the fire models. Primarily, these are the heat release rate history, the combustion efficiency, and, to a lesser extent, the convective heat transfer boundary condition at the wall.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"1891 - 1915"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01554-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-fire Mechanical Properties of Q960 Cold-Formed Thick-Walled Ultra-High-Strength Steel","authors":"Yu Shi,&nbsp;Jie Wang,&nbsp;Xuhong Zhou,&nbsp;Xuanyi Xue,&nbsp;Yanmin Li","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01555-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01555-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The mechanical properties and nonlinear performance of the Q960 cold-formed thick-walled ultra-high-strength steel (CTUS) after elevated temperatures were investigated experimentally, where the effects of cold-forming process, elevated temperature, and cooling condition were considered. Seven different elevated temperatures and two different cooling conditions were included in experiment, where a total of 45 coupon specimens were tested. The tensile coupon test was performed on the Q960 CTUS specimens to reveal the influences of the elevated temperature and cooling condition on the residual stress–strain properties. The predictive equations for the key mechanical parameters of the Q960 CTUS after elevated temperatures were proposed based on the experimental results. The mechanical properties of the Q960 CTUS after elevated temperatures were compared with those of different structural steels and reinforcing steels. A reliability analysis was performed to determine the accuracy of predictive equations for key mechanical parameters, where the resistance factor was recommended. A constitutive model was suggested to elucidate stress–strain curves of the Q960 CTUS after elevated temperatures. These research findings served as the foundation for the future numerical and theoretical investigations on the residual resistant performance of the Q960 CTUS structures after fire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 3","pages":"1917 - 1953"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140033244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}