Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Special Issue on Lithium Battery Fire Safety","authors":"Qingsong Wang, Jennifer Wen, Stanislav Stoliarov","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01424-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01424-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 3","pages":"1027 - 1028"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5634454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure Risks and Potential Control Measures for a Fire Behavior Lab Training Structure: Part A—Fire Dynamics and Thermal Risk","authors":"Keith Stakes,&nbsp;Joseph M. Willi,&nbsp;Ryan Chaffer,&nbsp;Daniel Madrzykowski,&nbsp;Gavin P. Horn","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01414-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01414-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>National Fire Protection Association standard 1403 provides the fire service with guidance for conducting effective live fire training with the goal of minimizing health and safety hazards. The document provides guidelines for materials to be included in the training fuel package, but the fire service has raised questions about the use of specific types of wood products for this purpose. In this study, the fire dynamics generated when utilizing five different Class A materials that have been historically employed as training fuels [low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), pallets, particle board, plywood] in a single compartment fire training structure (Fire Behavior Lab) were characterized. A specific focus was placed on understanding the thermal and visual environment created for firefighters located at typical locations for instructors (front and rear of structure) and students (middle of the structure). The pallet fuel package required the longest time to transition through the six ventilation cycles while the OSB fuel package was the quickest. Additionally, the most consistent fire dynamics were demonstrated with the OSB fuel followed by particle board and plywood, while fiberboard and pallets resulted in less repeatable flashover or rollover demonstration. The OSB fuel package resulted in the highest peak heat fluxes and pallets resulted in the lowest. The most severe exposures were measured at the front instructor location. To control thermal risks when conducting training in the Fire Behavior Lab structure, instructors and students should orient themselves as low as possible in the observation area and behind the interior baffle when possible. Considering the high radiant exposures for the front instructor location, providing a local shield and reducing the time in the training structure can also reduce risk for thermal injury or personal protective equipment damage. Overall, different fuels can impact thermal exposures to firefighters, but varying fuels also affects the consistency of the fire dynamics being presented to the firefighting students.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"2089 - 2125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01414-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4942995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Higher Education of Fire Safety in China","authors":"Supan Wang,&nbsp;Xinyan Huang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01416-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01416-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Along with the rapid urbanization and economic growth in China over the last four decades, the higher education in Fire Safety Science and Engineering has been developed and changed significantly. This work systemically reviews the origin and evolution of fire safety higher education history in China, from Fire Protection Technology (before the 1980s) to Fire Safety Science and Engineering (from about 1985 to the 2010s) and to Human-Oriented Public Safety and Smart Firefighting (from the 2010s to today). The scopes of fire safety discipline are discussed by introducing the requirements of firefighters, registered professional fire protection engineers and safety engineers in China. The courses and curriculum in fire safety higher education in representative universities are introduced and compared in detail. By comparing their undergraduate and postgraduate programmes, we explain the context of fire safety education in different universities. From a historical viewpoint, we introduce the unique features and the diversity developed in different institutes, based on the evolution of programme documents and first-hand teaching materials. This review aims to introduce the higher education systems of fire safety in China to the world and encourage more international collaboration with the Chinese fire safety science and engineering communities in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 2","pages":"757 - 816"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10073734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Affecting the Fire Safety Design of Photovoltaic Installations Under Performance-Based Regulations in Norway","authors":"Brynhild Garberg Olsø,&nbsp;Reidar Stølen,&nbsp;Ragni Fjellgaard Mikalsen,&nbsp;Nora Schjøth Bunkholt,&nbsp;Kathinka Leikanger Friquin,&nbsp;Jostein Hjertnes","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01420-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01420-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The impact of Photovoltaic (PV) installations on the fire safety of buildings must be considered in all building projects where such energy systems are established. The holistic fire safety of the building largely depends on how the fire safety of the PV installation is considered by the different actors during the design and construction process. Research has therefore been undertaken to study how performance-based regulations in combination with the lack of national guidelines affect the overall fire safety considerations for PV installations in Norway. Four factors were found to govern to which extent PV installations are emphasised in the fire safety design phase: (1) whether the building was first of its kind as a pioneering building, (2) whether the building was built before or after the publication of the 2018 revision of the norm NEK 400, (3) The level of knowledge and experience of the fire safety consultant, which in turn affects the use of performance-based engineering tools and the level of detailing in the design and construction phases, and (4) The degree of integration in the building. The main goal of the study is to give an insight and a contribution to the development of in-depth knowledge on how fire safety design for PV installations on buildings is handled in Norway, which may also be relevant to other countries with similar performance-based regulations.\u0000</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"2055 - 2088"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01420-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4432663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost–Benefit Analysis of Fire Protection in Buildings: Application of a Present Net Value Approach","authors":"Thomas Gernay,&nbsp;Shuna Ni,&nbsp;David Unobe,&nbsp;Andrea Lucherini,&nbsp;Ranjit Chaudhary,&nbsp;Ruben Van Coile","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01419-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01419-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In fire safety engineering, cost–benefit analysis provides a systematic method to assess whether the projected benefits from a fire safety measure outweigh its costs. However, there remains a wide discrepancy between methods used in the field for cost–benefit analysis, as well as a lack of quantitative data on the costs and economic impact of fire protection in buildings. In a recent research project, a reference methodology was proposed based on Present Net Value evaluation and on a combination of specialized construction database, fire statistics, and numerical modeling for estimation of the cost components. This paper presents the application of the methodology to four case studies. The case studies allow describing the methodology, the collection of data, fire statistics, and loss estimation, as well as illustrating how the methodology can support decision-making when multiple alternatives are compared. Under the assumptions adopted for the single-family house and the residential timber building case studies, it is found that for every 1$ invested in sprinklers, $1.06 is saved. This benefit–cost ratio increases with increasing valuation of indirect losses and statistical value of life. Sensitivity analyses are provided to explore the robustness of the investment recommendations. The results of evaluations, adapted from the presented case studies with project-specific inputs, can support decision making for policy makers, insurance companies, and individual building owners.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"2023 - 2053"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4399379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the Exhaust Volume on Boundary Layer Separation Under the Lateral Concentrated Smoke Exhaust Mode in Immersed Tunnel Fires","authors":"Pai Xu,&nbsp;Daiqiang Zhu,&nbsp;Keyu Chen,&nbsp;Chuanyong Wen,&nbsp;Tipeng Zheng,&nbsp;Rongjun Xing,&nbsp;Shuping Jiang,&nbsp;Linjie Li","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01417-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01417-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The boundary layer separation occurs when a fire breaks out, affecting the smoke exhaust effect in the immersed tunnel with the lateral concentrated smoke exhaust mode. The theoretical criterion of boundary layer separation is established according to the distribution of smoke flow velocity. And three boundary layer separation regions in the exhaust vents and exhaust duct are divided. The smoke flow velocity during the exhaust process in a standard three-lane immersed tunnel is simulated by FDS, and the area of each boundary layer region and its ratio under different exhaust volumes is analyzed. Results show that the order of blocking effect of each region from large to small is the region near the left sidewall of exhaust vents, the region near the right sidewall of exhaust vents, and the region near the inner sidewall of the exhaust duct. The area ratio of the boundary layer separation region in each group of exhaust vents is higher than that in the exhaust duct by 17.2%–22.7%. The increased exhaust volume is beneficial in reducing the negative effect on smoke exhaust by the boundary layer separation. The exhaust volume is 340 m³/s when the negative effect is minimum under 50 MW, at this time, the area of non-boundary layer separation regions on average in the exhaust vents and exhaust duct is 70.7% and 91.4%, respectively.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"2001 - 2022"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01417-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4352675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Closing Data Gaps and Paving the Way for Pan-European Fire Safety Efforts: Part I—Overview of Current Practices for Fire Statistics","authors":"Martina Manes,&nbsp;Mohamad El Houssami,&nbsp;Richard Campbell,&nbsp;Ana Sauca,&nbsp;David Rush,&nbsp;Anja Hofmann,&nbsp;Petra Andersson,&nbsp;Peter Wagner,&nbsp;Sergei Sokolov,&nbsp;Johanna Veeneklaas,&nbsp;Margrethe Kobes,&nbsp;Dirk Oberhagemann,&nbsp;Nicola Rupp,&nbsp;Grunde Jomaas,&nbsp;Friedrich Grone,&nbsp;Patrick van Hees,&nbsp;Eric Guillaume","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The analysis of the current state of fire statistics and data collection in Europe and other countries is needed to increase awareness of how fire incidents affect buildings and to support pan-European fire prevention and fire mitigation measures. The terminology and data collected regarding fire incidents in buildings in the EU Member States were mapped to obtain meaningful datasets to determine common terminology, collection methodology, and data interpretation system. An extensive literature review showed that fire data collection systems have been instrumental in informing firefighting strategies, evidence-based planning, prevention, and educational programmes. Differences and similarities between fire data collection systems were also investigated. The amount and quality of the information in fire statistical recording systems appear to be influenced by the complexity and structure with which the data are collected. The analysis also examined the existing fire statistics in the EU Member States and a few other countries. Finally, a detailed investigation of the number of fires, fire deaths, and injuries from 2009 to 2018 in several countries was examined based on data from a report by CTIF. The trends showed differences attributable to the existing fire statistical practices in terms of terminology and data collection, and interpretation. Part II proposes a common terminology for selected fire statistical variables. The results provide relevant information regarding fire safety at the European level and should be used to guide the development of more uniform fire statistics across Europe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"1925 - 1968"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4270894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimization of Risk by the Controlled Replacement of Fire Detectors","authors":"Sebastian Festag","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01409-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01409-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire detection and fire alarm systems (FDAS) have the function of warning people swiftly of the hazards of a fire and thus permitting rapid rescue, protecting material assets (particularly where unattended), ensuring operational processes, and preventing fires from spreading, i.e. ensuring early and effective firefighting. In attaining these objectives, installed FDAS contribute substantially to fire protection. In this context, automatic fire detectors have the function of detecting fires early, swiftly and reliably. Fire detectors are sensor systems and form part of a wider safety system. They are exposed to numerous environmental conditions specific to their use and, like other socio-technical systems, undergo natural ageing processes which limit their service lifespan. Owing to the numerous risks that arise when a fire detector fails or its function is impaired, the continuous serviceability of a FDAS must be ensured. This requires controlled replacement of fire detectors. In some countries, this is ensured by standards. This paper explains the need for controlled replacement of fire detectors and the associated causes and effects, with reference to the example of Germany and the provisions of DIN 14675-1. The paper explains, in terms of practical relevance and with reference to examples, the basic concept of preventing possible failure of a technical safety system in order to assure its protective function in the event of a hazard occurring, together with the range of essential causes and effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"1883 - 1924"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01409-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4180330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informal Settlement Fires in Colombia","authors":"Diego F. Florez Trujillo, Andres Valencia, Bryann Avendano-Uribe","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01413-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01413-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42964612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Medium-Scale Propane Pool Fires","authors":"Ryan L. Falkenstein-Smith,&nbsp;Kunhyuk Sung,&nbsp;Anthony Hamins","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01412-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01412-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A series of experiments are conducted in a 37 cm diameter gas burner situated in a quiescent environment. Time-averaged local measurements of the temperature, velocity, soot, and gaseous species are obtained in 21kW, 34kW, and 50 kW propane fires above the burner centerline. Global measurements of the radiative fraction, flame height, soot and CO yields, and total heat feedback to the burner are also obtained. Time-averaged gaseous species concentrations are measured using a gas chromatograph with mass selectivity and thermal conductivity detectors. The time-averaged soot mass fraction is measured simultaneously via a gravimetric technique. Additional gaseous species and soot measurements are obtained in the exhaust duct via gas analyzers and laser transmission measurements, respectively. A mixture fraction analysis shows that these propane fires exhibit similar trends in which the experimental data nearly matches the idealized state relationships. Carbon monoxide concentrations obtained throughout the fire are presented as a function of mixture fraction and compared among the different propane fire sizes. The dataset provides a comprehensive picture of the mean structure of the three propane fires.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 4","pages":"1865 - 1882"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5143057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}