Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"EFS-DETR: An Efficient Fire and Smoke Detection Network Based on Frequency-Aware Feature Fusion","authors":"Bin Xiao,&nbsp;Jiahao Xu,&nbsp;Xinqi Xie,&nbsp;Xingpeng Zhang,&nbsp;Min Wang,&nbsp;Fuyuan Wei,&nbsp;Yanxue Wu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01940-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01940-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Early fire warning is critical for ensuring public safety and reducing property losses. However, current mainstream DETR detectors fail to (1) reliably detect fire and smoke in challenging scenarios, particularly with diffuse, low-contrast smoke boundaries, and (2) achieve efficient deployment for real-time applications due to their high computational cost and significant inference latency. In this paper, we propose an Efficient Fire and Smoke Detector based on an end-to-end structured framework for the aforementioned challenges. First, we design a lightweight component, namely, SwiftNet, for feature extraction. SwiftNet provides efficient multi-scale feature extraction through a lightweight star-shaped gated architecture. It couples with a Transformer architecture to effectively meet the real-time requirements. Second, we introduce an Adaptive Frequency-Aware Fusion (AFFusion) strategy, which enhances feature representation by modeling high-frequency and low-frequency characteristics via spatial filtering operations. Specifically, we supply two new blocks for AFFusion, namely SharpBlock and BlurBlock, where the former enhances structural details by extracting Laplacian-based high-frequency responses and adaptively strengthening edge information through a gating mechanism, while the latter captures low-frequency representations via Gaussian-guided smoothing to preserve semantic consistency. AFFusion precisely emphasizes object boundaries and effectively mitigates missing smoke edges, thereby improving detection accuracy without sacrificing speed. Experimental results on both our self-built dataset and public datasets demonstrate that EFS-DETR achieves competitive performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory Study of Upward Infrared Radiation from Flaming and Smouldering Combustion of Natural Fuels","authors":"Dwi M. J. Purnomo,&nbsp;Hafiz M. F. Amin,&nbsp;Wuquan Cui,&nbsp;Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01938-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01938-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most wildfires combine two types of combustion, flaming and smouldering, which are fundamentally different in chemical and physical terms, but can transition from one to the other. Flaming is characterised by high spread rate but short duration, whereas smouldering has a low spread rate but long duration. The distinction between them is therefore important for understanding wildfires, as well as for their detection and mitigation. Many current technologies for remote sensing of wildfire use infrared sensors but do not address the distinction between flaming and smouldering, and therefore false negatives in the detection of smouldering hotspots remain a technological challenge. In this work, we investigated the upward infrared radiation from smouldering peat, representing coarse fuels, and flaming pine needles, representing fine fuels, under laboratory-controlled experiments. We measured the radiation from a top view of the burning samples at eight different wavelengths commonly used in remote sensing of wildfires, spanning the short-wave (SWIR), mid-wave (MWIR), and long-wave (LWIR) infrared. We found that the spectral intensity of flaming is between 2 and 7 times higher than that of smouldering at all wavelengths. The highest flaming-to-smouldering intensity ratio was found in the mid-wave infrared, ranging from 4.4 to 6.5, making it the range most effective for distinguishing the combustion type. While both flaming and smouldering were detectable in the experiments, the low spectral intensity of smouldering, combined with the low spatial resolution of most remote sensing devices and the potential obscuration of the ground, might hinder detection in the field. Despite these limitations for field detection, our study provides new insights for the infrared characterisation of smouldering fires and for distinguishing them from flaming.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01938-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148323174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venting Characteristics and Explosion Hazards of Cylindrical Batteries for eVTOL Aircraft","authors":"Huichang Niu,&nbsp;Xiaochuan Zhang,&nbsp;Jie Liu,&nbsp;Yintong Liu,&nbsp;Cong Hou,&nbsp;Qinghao Chen,&nbsp;Wentao Ye","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01944-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01944-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft require batteries with higher energy density, power density, and discharge rate, as well as enhanced safety. This study investigated, from the cell to the pack level, the venting and explosion characteristics during the thermal runaway (TR) of cylindrical batteries based on LiNi₉Co_0.5Mn_0.5O₂ cathodes and SiC-doped graphite anodes. The venting process during TR was characterized by gas generation rates and volume using a sealed steel canister and the ideal gas law. Furthermore, explosion hazards were assessed using a full-scale battery pack with the TR of a pair of neighboring cells, and gas constituent proportions were analyzed using gas chromatography. Gases evolved after thermal runaway were continuously sampled for 1 h, and the lower and upper explosive limits were calculated using Le Chatelier’s formula. As a result, the concentration of mixed flammable gases in the venting zone of the battery pack was higher than the upper explosion limit, indicating low explosion hazards. Finally, piloted ignition experiments were conducted using the full-scale battery pack with explosion monitoring inside the pack, and the results agreed with the calculation results above. This study demonstrates a compliance method for assessing explosion hazards of eVTOL batteries during airworthiness certification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic and Static Performance Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams Affected by Fire Exposure and Cooling Methods","authors":"Hua Rong,&nbsp;Kang Li,&nbsp;Meng Yang,&nbsp;Xuyang Gao,&nbsp;Caiwei Liu,&nbsp;Jijun Miao","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01932-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01932-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the influence of concrete cover thickness, fire exposure time, and cooling method on the dynamic and static performance of concrete beams. A total of 14 reinforced concrete (RC) beams were examined through experimental and theoretical research to determine the key factors affecting their flexural performance. The results indicated that cooling the specimens with water resulted in a more rapid temperature drop, leading to cracking and spalling. Furthermore, the use of water cooling after 120 min of fire exposure may have caused brittle failure, significantly reducing the deformation performance of the beams. Prolonged fire exposure resulted in a decrease in the bearing capacity and stiffness of the specimens, which were reduced by 35 and 45%, respectively, after 120 min. After the fire exposure, the flexural capacity and stiffness of naturally cooled beams were significantly greater than those of water-sprayed cooled beams. The amplitude of the time-domain curve for the water-cooled beam was higher than that of the naturally cooled beam, while its fundamental frequency exhibited a more pronounced decrease. Finally, a simplified method for predicting flexural stiffness was proposed, with calculated values demonstrating good agreement with experimental results. Additionally, the existing codes could calculate the flexural capacity of RC beams after fire under different cooling methods, but the values predicted for water-cooled beams were found to be overly conservative.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Fire Response of Miilux 450 Wear-Resistant Steel Under Different Cooling Methods","authors":"Özer Zeybek,&nbsp;Mehmet Poyraz,&nbsp;Özge Sakallı,&nbsp;Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01927-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01927-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The post-fire performance of Miilux 450 wear-resistant steel has been examined in detail. Three cooling methods including air cooling (AC), water cooling (WC), and CO₂ fire extinguisher cooling (CFE), were employed after the samples had been exposed to elevated temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 1000 °C. Next, tensile tests were carried out on the samples to determine the key mechanical parameters, specifically the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The findings showed that yield and ultimate tensile strengths decreased by up to 60% and 55%, respectively, up to 700 °C, and only minor differences among cooling methods were detected up to 700 °C. Above 700 °C, WC notably increased the strength and hardness compared to AC and CFE, which is attributable to martensitic transformation, though at the expense of ductility. The modulus of elasticity exhibited minimal reduction (&lt; 12%) until 1000 °C and cooling methods thus have almost no effect on the modulus of elasticity. On the other hand, hardness trends paralleled strength variations. These changes were explained in terms of microstructural alterations that occurred due to the heat treatments employed. Predictive equations have been proposed to estimate post-fire mechanical properties as a function of temperature and the cooling method.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01927-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148281201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Forest Fire Susceptibility Mapping in the Eastern Mediterranean Using Multi-Algorithm Machine Learning","authors":"Hazem Ghassan Abdo,&nbsp;Sahar Mohammed Richi,&nbsp;Saeed Alqadhi,&nbsp;Pankaj Prasad,&nbsp;Okan Mert Katipoğlu,&nbsp;Thong Nguyen-Huy,&nbsp;Jayanta Das,&nbsp;Hussein Almohamad,&nbsp;Javed Mallick","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01930-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01930-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forest fires are among the most severe natural hazards threatening ecological sustainability in the Eastern Mediterranean, with Syria being a prominent example where ongoing conflict has undermined forest management and monitoring systems. Despite numerous global studies on forest fire susceptibility, conflict-affected areas in the Eastern Mediterranean remain underrepresented in the scientific literature due to limited data and complex environmental and social conditions. In particular, few studies have systematically compared multiple machine learning algorithms for predicting forest fire susceptibility in these regions. To address this gap, this study evaluates the performance of six machine learning algorithms—Extreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Linear Regression (LR)—using 3,589 fire events and 13 conditioning factors in the Latakia governorate, western Syria. Results indicate excellent predictive performance for all models, with XGBoost achieving the highest AUC of 0.993, followed by RF (0.992), KNN (0.977), MLP (0.975), SVM (0.968), and LR (0.963). These findings provide a robust basis for supporting fire management and mitigation strategies in Syria and offer insights applicable to other conflict-affected regions of the Eastern Mediterranean.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148247693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Fire Incidents in South Korea Based on Statistical Investigation and Hypothesis-Based Failure Analysis: Ignition Mechanisms and Thermal Runaway Suppression Strategies","authors":"Byeongseok Kim,&nbsp;Jinsung Jin,&nbsp;Youjin Jeon,&nbsp;Juwhan Kim,&nbsp;Siyoung Kim,&nbsp;Sangho Park","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01936-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01936-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) rapidly expand into electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), rising fire incidents have intensified safety concerns. This study analyzes a unique dataset of 161 EV and 58 ESS fire incidents officially reported in South Korea since 2017, providing a rare basis for systematic fire cause assessment. By integrating official government investigation reports with a hypothesis-based analytical framework, the results suggest that LIB fires arise from synergistic interactions between electrochemical instabilities, environmental stressors, and system-level vulnerabilities, rather than from a single root cause. Representative failure hypotheses are evaluated using reproduction experiment results and field investigation data reported by national investigation committees, allowing identification of dominant ignition and propagation pathways. Based on these empirical findings, we propose targeted mitigation strategies across three levels: materials-level innovations (e.g., electrolyte and separator engineering), system-level safety architectures (e.g., advanced thermal management), and operational and regulatory frameworks informed by real-world fire statistics. In this work explicitly links empirical fire incident statistics with mechanistic validation, providing a structured perspective on battery fire safety. These insights may offer practical guidance for battery designers, system integrators, and policymakers to mitigate thermal runaway risks and support the sustainable growth of the EV and ESS industries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Field Experimental Investigations on the Performance of an Environmentally Friendly Soap-Based Firefighting Agent on Indonesian Peat Fire","authors":"Takahide Kanyama,&nbsp;Naomi Fukuda,&nbsp;Kazuya Uezu,&nbsp;Takayoshi Kawahara","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01919-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01919-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01919-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the Sclerometric Method to Concrete Damage Assessment in Post-Fire Structures (IWCF RILEM 2025)","authors":"Julia Wróblewska,&nbsp;Robert Kowalski","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01926-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01926-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The article presents an analysis of the applicability of the sclerometric method for assessing the quality of concrete in structures after a fire, based on simple and quick experimental tests. The analysis is preceded by a presentation of important issues and problems that arise during the assessment of concrete structures after a fire. A total of 15 reinforced concrete members were tested, exposed to high temperature in a planned manner for 0 (reference members), 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. The members were made of three types of ordinary concrete differing in compressive strength (corresponding to classes C30/37 and C40/50) and aggregate (siliceous and basalt). Sclerometric measurements were carried out directly on the members’ heated surfaces and, after removing the external layers of concrete, on surfaces corresponding to the locations of the 350 °C and 500 °C isotherms. The relative rebound number, defined as the ratio of the average result on the tested surface to the average value on the unheated reference member surface, decreased significantly with the deterioration of concrete quality caused by fire temperature. The relationship between the relative rebound number and the standard relative decrease in compressive strength of heated concrete is also analyzed. Practical recommendations are presented on assessing the quality of the surface layer of concrete in structural members after a fire, based on readings of the relative rebound number.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01926-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-Generation Flame Retardant Materials: Design Strategies, Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives","authors":"Misbah Iqbal,&nbsp;Safia Hassan,&nbsp;Nasser S. Awwad,&nbsp;Hala A. Ibrahium,&nbsp;Sadullah Mir","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01939-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01939-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flame-retardant materials play a crucial role in enhancing fire safety across a wide range of industrial and consumer applications by reducing flammability and slowing fire propagation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principal classes of flame-retardant materials and their underlying mechanisms. Although halogenated flame retardants exhibit high fire-suppression efficiency, their adverse effects on human health and the environment have driven a shift toward safer and more sustainable alternatives. Inorganic flame retardants, including aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, enhance fire resistance through endothermic decomposition, water release, and the formation of protective barrier layers. Phosphorus- and nitrogen-based systems promote char formation and flame inhibition, with synergistic effects often observed when these elements are combined. More recently, nanostructured flame retardants, such as metal oxides and carbon-based nanomaterials, have emerged as effective additives for improving the thermal stability and fire performance of polymer composites. Additionally, bio-based flame retardants derived from renewable resources—including lignin, starch, chitosan, and phytic acid—have attracted increasing interest due to their sustainability, low toxicity, and promising fire-retardant efficacy. This review also covers how flame retardants are used in different materials such as thermoplastics, epoxy resins, textiles, and wood products. It highlights new trends like nano-engineered systems that offer multiple benefits. These benefits include fire resistance, durability, and recyclability. While reducing smoke and harmful gases. Growing research is focused on creating low-toxicity, sustainable, and recyclable flame-retardant systems that meet safety standards. Finally, the review points out the importance of reducing toxicity and pollution risks, calling for continued efforts to develop cleaner and safer flame-retardant technologies.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture><span>The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.</span></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}