Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Correction: Inhibition Mechanisms of CF4 on Methane-Hydrogen Co combustion: A Molecular Dynamics Study","authors":"Yuhang Ge, Dihua Ouyang, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02012-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02012-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149331214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the Scientific Landscape of Boilover in Industrial Storage Tank Fires: A Combined Bibliometric and Systematic Review","authors":"Samia Chettouh","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02019-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02019-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Boilover is a destructive phenomenon that occurs during a fire in hydrocarbon tanks with a bottom layer of water; it is characterised by an explosive eruption of burning fuel and a sudden increase in thermal radiation. Despite research conducted since the 1950s, our understanding of this phenomenon remains fragmentary, with a limited body of scientific literature (118 publications indexed in Scopus between 1959 and 2025) and a lack of validation at an industrial scale. To address these limitations, this study combines bibliometric analysis with a systematic literature review to analyse the evolution of boilover research and synthesise current knowledge of the phenomenon's mechanisms, experimental investigations, analytical and numerical modelling approaches, and the main factors influencing its development. The bibliometric analysis examines the dynamics of scientific output, collaboration networks and the thematic structure of the field, whilst the systematic review identifies the main scientific findings, the limitations of current knowledge and the key research gaps. The results highlight a high concentration of scientific impact centred on pioneering work, a division of the field into several distinct areas (combustion, process safety and risk management), and a persistent fragmentation of collaborations. The review further shows that, despite significant progress in understanding boilover mechanisms and developing analytical and numerical models, large-scale experimental validation remains limited, predictive capabilities remain insufficient, and several scientific challenges persist, particularly concerning emulsified crude oils, wall effects and scaling phenomena. This review therefore highlights the main scientific gaps and proposes several research priorities to improve understanding, prediction, and prevention of the boilover phenomenon. The review further shows that, despite significant progress in understanding boilover mechanisms and in developing analytical and numerical models, large-scale experimental validation remains limited, predictive capabilities remain insufficient, and several scientific challenges persist, particularly regarding emulsified crude oils, wall effects, and scaling phenomena. These findings highlight the main scientific gaps and establish research priorities to improve the understanding, prediction, and prevention of the boilover phenomenon.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149235034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable Machine Learning Models for Predicting Compressive Strength of Binary Blended Geopolymer Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures","authors":"Balamurali Kanagaraj,&nbsp;Shimol Philip,&nbsp;N. Anand,&nbsp;Diana Andrushia,&nbsp;M. Z. Naser","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02023-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02023-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Predicting the strength of geopolymer concrete (GPC) after fire incidents is crucial for ensuring structural safety. From this lens, the present study investigates the prediction capabilities of machine learning (ML) algorithms to examine the residual strength of GPC after being subjected to the ISO 834 fire curve. More specifically, a comprehensive dataset from fire experiments comprising of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA), sodium hydroxide (SH), sodium silicate (SS), alkaline activator to binder (AAS/B) ratio, molarity (M), extra water (EW), curing temperature (T), exposure to elevated temperature (ET) and exposure time (t) was collected and analyzed. This dataset is utilized to train and test six ML models, namely, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), Categorial Boosting (CatBoost), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Gradient Boosting (GB). The models were trained via a cross-validation process and then examined using statistical indicators. In comparison with all the ML models, CatBoost shows the highest accuracy with an R² of 0.997 and the lowest RMSE value. To further enhance the developed models, their interpretability was examined using SHAP, which shows that t, T, and ET were the most influential factors that govern the strength of the GPC mix. This finding highlights the potential of ML in developing light and cost-efficient prediction frameworks for post-fire assessment of binary blended GPC to help augment the specialized and expensive nature of fire testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149235053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk Analysis of Combustible Cladding in Proximity to Vehicles","authors":"Hoang T. Nguyen,&nbsp;Rajeendra Godakandage,&nbsp;Kate T. Q. Nguyen,&nbsp;Ryan Tandy,&nbsp;Kjetil Pedersen,&nbsp;Simon Dunstall,&nbsp;Ayman Mukhaimar","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02018-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02018-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Building façade fires resulting from the ignition of combustible cladding materials have been reported extensively. However, research specifically addressing the risk posed by external fire sources, such as vehicles parked near cladding, is still limited. This study applies probabilistic analysis to assess fire risks associated with car fires in proximity to combustible cladding, considering Aluminium Composite Panels (ACP) containing a polymer-based core and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS). The influence of wind conditions is incorporated into the analysis. The objective is to create a database supporting decision-making on rectification measures, reducing façade fire risks, and ensuring occupant safety. This study is developed within Cladding Safety Victoria’s framework for mitigating fire risks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-02018-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149235054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flammability and Feasibility Analysis of Mixture Refrigerants Consisting of R1243zf, RE170, and Flame Retardants (R13I1, R134a, or R125)","authors":"Hongfei Guan,&nbsp;Xi Wu,&nbsp;Guanghang Hu,&nbsp;Zudi Ou","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02014-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02014-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Burning velocity is one of the fundamental flammability parameters, and the maximum burning velocity is a crucial criterion of flammability classification of refrigerants. In this study, an experimental system for measuring the burning velocity of low-carbon flammable gases was established based on ISO standard 817. The combustion reactions of mixture refrigerants consisting of R1243zf, RE170 and flame retardants (R13I1, R134a, or R125) were experimentally investigated. In addition, a combustion reaction kinetic model applicable to R1243zf and its mixtures was established, consisting of 178 species and 1442 elementary reactions. The modified kinetic mechanism reproduced the ISO 817 vertical-tube-derived burning-velocity dataset for R1243zf and its mixtures with a mean deviation of 14.5%. This comparison is regarded as a method-specific benchmark rather than a complete validation of the unstretched adiabatic laminar burning velocity. From the perspective of the thermodynamic properties, flammability and global warming potential (GWP), R1243zf/R13I1/R134a and R1243zf/R13I1/R125 revealed the better flexible in composition proportions optimization since which own sizable zones of Class A1 (as per ASHRAE standard 34) and GWP₁₀₀&lt; 150 concurrently. Further, based on theoretical calculations, the performance and coefficient of performance (COP) of 20 representative mixtures were evaluated, and the candidate blend compositions identified through preliminary thermodynamic, environmental, and flammability screening were proposed accordingly to meet the application requirements in an air conditioning system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Temporal-Resolution Long-Term Prediction Model for Fire Temperature Field of Timber Arch Lounge Bridges Based on Spatiotemporal Attention","authors":"Yuanjiao Fu,&nbsp;Shaocong Xie,&nbsp;Jiexin Shi,&nbsp;Zhiming Fang,&nbsp;Lei Zhuang,&nbsp;Lingzhu Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02016-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02016-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fires inflict substantial losses of life and property annually, posing a severe threat to global cultural heritage, particularly wooden structures such as timber arch lounge bridges. Timber arch lounge bridges, also known as Chinese covered timber bridges or covered bridges, feature complex fire spread dynamics, which poses a challenge to the accuracy and real-time capability of fire prediction technology. However, existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation methods, when applied to timber arch lounge bridges, are computationally expensive and impractical for real-time applications. To address these challenges, this study proposed a fire prediction fusion framework with high temporal resolution and long-term forecasting capability based on spatiotemporal attention mechanisms. First, the sparsity prediction module generates a sparse sequence through recurrent iterative operations. Subsequently, the interpolation module interpolates the missing values to form a complete prediction sequence. The fusion framework demonstrated enhanced long-term prediction performance across both timber arch lounge bridge and closed-building layouts compared to the baselines. Moreover, the fusion framework achieves a 36-fold speed increase over conventional CFD methods in timber arch lounge bridge layouts, indicating its performance advantage. While the current model is trained and validated under a specific fire scenario, these results suggest that the proposed framework has the potential to provide a high-accuracy real-time fire prediction method for emergency management and fire-fighting rescue.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of State of Charge on Fire Characteristics and Smoke Spread in 18,650 Lithium-Ion Batteries in a Tunnel","authors":"Tao Li,&nbsp;Xingyu wei,&nbsp;Jiahui Zhao,&nbsp;Yuxin Hou,&nbsp;Jianing Yuan,&nbsp;Xufeng Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02015-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02015-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this work, the combustion dynamics and smoke spread behavior of 18,650 lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with varying states of charge (SOC: 25%–100%) were experimentally investigated in a model-scale tunnel. The results show that the fire evolution of LIBs can be divided into three stages: initial ignition, intermittent combustion characterized by repeated burst combustion and jet-fire events, and combustion decay. SOC strongly influenced the thermal hazard intensity; the peak flame temperature increased with SOC and reached 1081.4 °C at 100% SOC. The smoke movement during LIB fires exhibited several typical stages, including initial plume formation, ceiling impingement and radial diffusion, smoke stratification with longitudinal propagation, and repeated jet-induced smoke accumulation. The intermittent jet-fire behavior generated multiple high-momentum pulses that transferred kinetic energy to the smoke layer and locally re-accelerated the longitudinal spread. A local velocity increase of 14.6%–40.4% was observed between adjacent measuring points, and this short-term re-acceleration was more pronounced at higher SOCs and near the fire source. These results reveal the coupling between SOC, intermittent jet-fire behavior, and smoke spread dynamics, providing useful insights for smoke control and safety management in tunnel fires involving lithium-ion batteries.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When the Cable Insulation Burns: Experimental and 2D Modeling Study of Cables with Flame-Retardant Sheaths and Flammable Insulation","authors":"Morteza Gholami Haghighi Fard,&nbsp;Simo Hostikka","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02009-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02009-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The integration of flame-retardant (FR) materials into electrical cables mitigates fire hazards; however, the widespread industrial practice of pairing flame-retarded sheaths with non-flame-retarded insulations offers protection only below a critical external heat flux. Beyond this threshold, the sheath’s suppression capacity is exceeded, allowing the insulation to pyrolyze and significantly elevate the fire risk. While non-FR insulations are widely utilized for their dielectric strength, flexibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness, their contribution to fire growth remains a concern and requires further elucidation. Therefore, this study investigates the fire behavior of two industrial cables: MKEM-HF, comprising solely an FR sheath, and XMK-HF, consisting of an FR sheath over a highly flammable insulation, under a heat flux exceeding the sheath capacity to protect the inner insulation layer. Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses were conducted to characterize thermal degradation of the cable layers and develop pyrolysis models. Cone calorimetry at 50 <span>(rm kW cdot m^{-2})</span> assessed fire behavior under gasification and flaming, for both single- and multi-cable configurations. MKEM-HF displayed a descending MLR-HRR profile over time, whereas XMK-HF exhibited a continuously rising trend with a dominant final peak, driven by the decomposition of the insulation. A classical 1D slab model of the cone calorimetry was used for inverse estimation of thermal properties and heats of combustion. A geometrical modification on the 1D model allowed the simulation of early insulation exposure, offering a possible approach for modeling the sheath’s mechanical rupture. A more advanced 2D model, accounting for cylindrical geometry and improved boundary coupling, demonstrated superior performance in transient heat transfer and peak prediction compared to the 1D model. The study highlights the critical influence of non-flame-retarded insulation on cable fire behavior and demonstrates the necessity of advanced modeling approaches beyond simple slab approximations to capture these effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-02009-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Selection of Parametric and Travelling Fire Models for Performance-based Fire Design","authors":"Qingfeng Xu,&nbsp;Mohammad Javad Moradi,&nbsp;Hamzeh Hajiloo,&nbsp;Charlie Hopkin,&nbsp;Jun Heng Low,&nbsp;Lee Cunningham,&nbsp;Yong Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02017-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02017-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Selecting appropriate design fire models remains a key unresolved challenge in performance-based structural fire engineering, where the applicability of the Eurocode EN 1991-1-2 parametric fire curve and travelling fire (TF) models is not clearly defined. This study proposes a quantitative threshold for selecting between the EN and TF models based on full-scale experimental results. A total of 222 available full-scale natural fire experiments are summarised and used as benchmark data. For each experiment, average compartment fire temperature–time curves are predicted using the EN and TF models, respectively, and their predictive accuracy is quantitatively assessed to determine the best-performing model for each fire test. A logistic regression (LR) model is then derived from the available dataset to predict the best-performing model for a given set of fire inputs. As the required TF model inputs, namely the peak fire temperature, heat release rate per unit area, and fire spread rate, were not reported in the experimental data, a sensitivity study is conducted to evaluate their influence on the derived LR model. The results show that the LR model is most sensitive to the assumed fire spread rate. Therefore, three applicability segments are introduced into the LR model to cover a wider range of fire scenarios. The proposed LR model achieves an average training accuracy of 0.736 and an ROC–AUC of 0.808. A probabilistic risk assessment case study using Monte Carlo simulation demonstrates that the proposed LR model reduces both over- and under-design compared with EN-only or TF-only methods, providing a more balanced and reliable framework for current performance-based structural fire design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-02017-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study of temperature evolution and flame ejection inside a double-opening enclosure","authors":"Xiang Fang,&nbsp;Yong Yang,&nbsp;Fei Ren,&nbsp;Yajun Huang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01937-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01937-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article studied the temperature evolution and flame ejection of enclosure fires with the upper and lower openings. Experiments were conducted inside a reduced-scale enclosure with the side length of 0.4 m, which has two openings of the same size, vertically distributed and separated at a distance. Temperature inside the enclosure and flame behavior were recorded for different window sizes, heat release rates and opening separation distances. Result shows that: (1) Temperature inside enclosure rises as total HRR increases, and falls as the opening separation distance increases. This is because air flow rate entering the enclosure increases with the increase of opening separation distance. (2) Critical HRR of ejection rises as the window size increases, and decreases as the increase of opening separation distance. This is because that when the upper opening position is higher, flames are more likely to eject out from the opening after reaching the enclosure top. (3) A normalized separation distance was proposed, which well characterized the effect of separation distance on inside temperature and flame ejection, and the temperature and critical flame ejection were correlated well by the normalized distance. This study for the first time revealed the temperature evolution and flame ejection inside a double-opening enclosure, analyzed the effect of opening separation distance, and proposed the models to quantify the inside temperature and critical HRR for flame ejection, which would make a significant contribution in the theory of building fire dynamics. </p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149189326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}