Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Full-Scale Experimental Study on Evacuation Behavior of Underwater Shield Tunnel with Evacuation Stairs","authors":"Yaxin Li,&nbsp;Xuepeng Jiang,&nbsp;Qirui Wang,&nbsp;Anzhe Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01760-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01760-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In underwater shield tunnel fire emergencies, the evacuation staircase area is prone to creating a significant bottleneck, severely restricting personnel movement and compromising overall evacuation safety. Accordingly, this paper conducted a full-scale tunnel evacuation experiment involving 186 participants. The results showed that participants exhibited hesitation after disembarking from the vehicle, which led to a circuitous evacuation route, taking up approximately 31.4% of the time during the driveway evacuation phase. Based on the maximum capacity (0.65 person/s) and general capacity (0.56 person/s) obtained from the experiment, a predictive model for the passage time of individuals at the evacuation stairs was proposed to quantify the exit passage time. Participants generally tended to choose the escape exit that appeared first in view or the one that was most physically accessible, and external guidance helped reduce their reliance on inertia when selecting a path. The zoning evacuation strategy of “evacuation exit zoning + evacuation direction limitation” significantly altered the personnel evacuation paths, improved the utilization efficiency of evacuation stairs, and reduced the overall evacuation time by 11.7%. The results of this study provide valuable insights for improving evacuation efficiency and designing escape plans.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3875 - 3898"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operating Experiences from Fire Sprinkler and Water Mist Installations in Swedish Churches","authors":"Magnus Arvidson,&nbsp;Emil Egeltoft,&nbsp;Tomas Godby","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01752-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01752-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>During the past 20 years, the fire protection of ancient churches in Sweden has been improved with the installation of fire detection, fire sprinkler and water mist systems. The project identified 52 churches with either traditional sprinkler or high-pressure water mist systems. The operating experiences of these systems were documented by interviews with the end users, fire protection inspectors, system installers and by study visits. Problems associated with the use of antifreeze for water mist systems were identified. Systems have experienced leakage, high system pressures during warm days and corresponding unintentional activations due to breakage of nozzles or nozzle glass bulbs. For both sprinkler and water mist systems designed as dry-pipe systems, unintentional activations have occurred during wintertime due to freezing. Testing of dry-pipe systems also revealed unacceptably long water delivery times and residual water in piping. Many of the smaller rural churches are using a high-pressure gas- (nitrogen) driven pump because the public grid is unreliable. Three suffocation incidents were documented when nitrogen was unintentionally released into the confined technical space. Two of the incidents can be described as profoundly serious. For traditional dry-pipe systems galvanized pipes are often used but cases of internal pipe corrosion and leakage from pipes were documented. The church facility managers have a key role in the daily supervision of these installations. But it requires effort, technical competence and not least a substantial deal of self-interest. For some churches, high staff turnover has contributed to a lack of competence and supervision and maintenance has been neglected. High frequency of fault alarms (operating alarms) was also perceived as a burden and is also costly. Overall, the occurrence of technical problems and excessive costs have contributed to the shutdown or even dismantling of water mist systems in ten documented cases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3719 - 3741"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01752-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of Cementitious Fire Protection Coatings Against Post-earthquake Fire","authors":"Arsalan Kalali,&nbsp;Saeed Bakhtiyari","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01757-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01757-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Steel structures are vulnerable to fire and need protection. On the other hand, in earthquake-prone areas, seismically resistant steel structures are generally designed with high ductility, which causes them to undergo significant deformations during earthquakes and, subsequently, damage to the applied fire protection coating. Considering the possibility of a fire incident after an earthquake event, understanding the fire resistance performance of seismically damaged fire protection coatings requires conducting research that is considered in this paper. In this research, a series of seismic tests (a total of seven quasi-static cyclic lateral loading tests) and a series of fire resistance tests (a total of 11 tests) have been performed on protected steel elements. The fire protection coatings considered in this research are cementitious spray-applied fire resistive materials that are widely used in the world. The parameters studied here include the type and thickness of the fire protection coating, the type of fire protection coating reinforcement system, and the intensity of the earthquake. According to the results of these tests, complete and accurate information on the fire resistance performance of spray-applied fire resistive materials against post-earthquake fire has been obtained and the effect of various parameters has been determined. In this regard, it has been found that the mechanical properties of the fire protection coating, the reinforcing system of the fire protection coating and the characteristics of the steel section are important parameters and factors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3817 - 3847"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualitative Analysis of Ventilation Position and Dimension Effects on Compartment Fire Dynamics: An Experimental and Numerical Approach","authors":"Mohamed Beshir,&nbsp;Yu Wang,&nbsp;Antonio Cicione,&nbsp;Michal krajcovic,&nbsp;Rory Hadden,&nbsp;David Rush","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01747-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01747-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Informal settlements, where over 1 billion people live globally, are extremely vulnerable to fire events. Thermally thin steel-clad timber-framed homes found in South African informal settlements are a prime example of this. In this paper, we explore, through six full-scale laboratory experiments and modelling, the influence of opening locations, areas, and aspect ratios, on the fire dynamics of thermally thin and leaky compartments. It was found that having the window on the same wall as the door produced the highest heat fluxes opposite the door (13 kW/m²). Having the window opposite the door on the back wall, created a crossflow scenario which produced slightly higher fluxes opposite the door (10–11 kW/m²) compared to when the windows were on a side wall (7–9 kW/m²). Increasing the opening area by including another equally sized window, or by doubling the window width or height, slightly reduced the heat fluxes opposite the door and window, in general slightly increased the time to flashover, and significantly increased the heat release rate required for flashover. The work presented within this paper adds to the growing body of knowledge around informal settlement dwelling fire dynamics which can be used by engineers and urban planners in understanding and mitigating urban conflagrations within these communities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3615 - 3647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01747-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Electrical Malfunctions as a Function of Ambient Temperature and Carbon Particle Concentration","authors":"Marc Piller,&nbsp;Sylvain Suard","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01754-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01754-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The malfunction of electrical equipment exposed to fire smokes is a major issue in nuclear facilities safety assessments. For over 15 years, the ASNR has been carrying out studies to provide data on electrical malfunctions obtained from reference equipment. Thus, ASNR decided to perform an analytical study to explore the malfunction phenomenon, and to understand how far the soot contained in the smoke promotes electrical malfunctions. An analytical device (called DANAIDES) was specifically designed to expose supplied electrical equipment to a thermal stress and/or a mass concentration of soot (in steady state). First, the experimental protocol plans to study the effect of soot on electrical malfunctions caused by the heating of the components. In a second step, the equipment is confronted to another malfunction type caused by electrical leakage currents through carbon bridges due to the soot deposit. After showing that the presence of soot clearly shortens the thermal malfunctions time, since the thermal stress around the equipment is sufficient, the study was also able to highlight that soot caused leakage current malfunctions, from temperatures significantly below the heat stress threshold. This study highlighted the fundamental role of carbon aerosols in the occurrence of electrical malfunctions. This is a first step towards possibly taking the presence of soot into account in safety criteria, which to date are only based on a temperature threshold. However, to define a reliable malfunction criterion based on a critical soot threshold, a similar study should be conducted with real fire soot, so that the results can be considered generalizable and representative of real fire scenarios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3771 - 3778"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-Phase Evaluation of Fire-Exposed Reinforced Concrete Beams: Methodology and Outcomes","authors":"Aminuddin Suhaimi,&nbsp;Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim,&nbsp;Mariyana Aida Ab. Kadir,&nbsp;Noor Azim Mohd. Radzi","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01755-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01755-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study introduces an improved three-phase evaluation approach to assess the residual strength and structural response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to fire exposure. Highlighting the potential for RC structures to be utilized again after fire incidents, this research emphasizes the need for comprehensive assessment and rectification to determine their remaining strength. The methodology employs a systematic approach, segmented into three essential phases: pre-fire testing (conducted at room temperature), fire testing including a cooling phase, and post-fire (residual) testing. These evaluations were carried out on two full-scale beam specimens, each 200 mm wide, 300 mm deep, and spanning 2000 mm in length. One RC beam was not exposed to fire, while the other one was subjected to fire on three sides. Each RC beam was then tested under the four-point bending setup until failure to determine the remaining strength. The furnace temperature curve was also compared with BS 476-20 and ASTM E119-00a standard fire curves for reference. The investigation revealed that factors such as thermal degradation of the concrete and pre-loading significantly affect the post-fire performance of the RC beam, leading to irrecoverable plastic deformation. This was evidenced by a 26% reduction in ultimate load and a 51% decrease in secant stiffness for the fire-exposed beam. Additionally, the beam exhibited a 5 mm residual deflection in the unloaded state and a significant 75.8% increase in deflection at ultimate load, rising from 22.3 to 39.2 mm. Further analysis demonstrated the limitations of the 500 °C Isotherm method, which underestimated residual capacity by 16.5%, compared with Finite Element Analysis simulations that closely matched experimental results with only a 1.2% difference. The proposed three-phase evaluation not only deepens the understanding of the structural behavior under fire exposure but also provides a systematic framework for assessing its continued usage throughout its service life.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3779 - 3815"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01755-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Fire Resistance of Titanium-Clad Bimetallic Steel Plate Girders Under Patch Loading","authors":"Yu Shi,&nbsp;Zeqiao Luo,&nbsp;Xuanyi Xue,&nbsp;Jinyong Xu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01753-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01753-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Titanium-clad bimetallic steel (TCBS) is an ideal material for corrosive environments due to its excellent corrosion resistance. Fire poses a significant threat to TCBS plate girders, necessitating the evaluation of their residual capacity for repair and reinforcement after exposure to fire. However, research on the post-fire resistance of TCBS plate girders is lacking. A finite element modeling method was used to examine the residual capacity of TCBS plate girders after elevated temperature, whose accuracy was validated against experimental results. A parametric analysis involving 384 TCBS plate girder models was conducted, considering the effects of exposure temperature, cooling method, web geometry, and loading length. Based on numerical results, the design approach in EN 1993-1-5 was validated. Furthermore, a predictive formula for the buckling coefficient of the TCBS plate girder under patch loading was proposed, significantly enhancing the accuracy of buckling capacity calculation compared to EN 1993-1-5. Additionally, based on the resistance model in EN 1993-1-5 and the proposed formula for buckling coefficient, strength reduction functions for TCBS plate girders after various exposure temperatures and cooling methods were proposed. The research results provide an important basis for evaluating the residual bearing capacity of TCBS plate girders after fire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3743 - 3770"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-Intensity Fast-Response Electric Radiant Panel (HIFREP) to Impose Fire Equivalent Heat Fluxes on Building Elements with Enhanced Thermal Boundary Conditions Accuracy","authors":"Florian Put,&nbsp;Balša Jovanović,&nbsp;Evelien Symoens,&nbsp;Andrea Lucherini,&nbsp;Bart Merci,&nbsp;Ruben Van Coile","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01758-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01758-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bench-scale fire testing has gained popularity as a highly controllable and cost-effective solution, overcoming many of the shortcomings of traditional large-scale fire resistance tests. Whereas gas-fired radiant panels have demonstrated significant success in this area, the present study introduces a novel High-Intensity Fast-Response Electric radiant Panel (HIFREP). Utilizing electrically operated radiation emitters, it provides more precise and quasi-instantaneous control over the thermal boundary conditions. HIFREP delivers high and stable heat fluxes up to 105 kW/m², and, due to the low thermal inertia of the emitters, can rapidly adjust its output to changes in the input. In this regard, the time constant of the emitters has been found to be less than 1 s, both during heating and cooling. It eliminates gas combustion and hence avoids the need for extraction hoods when testing the fire performance of non-combustible materials, making it suitable for traditional structural testing laboratories. The presented High-Intensity Fast-Response Electric radiant Panel also provides a reliable tool for the validation of FEM simulation results by accurately replicating the thermal boundary conditions in structural fire engineering analyses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3849 - 3874"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heatwaves and Firewaves: The Drivers of Urban Wildfires in London in the Summer of 2022","authors":"Jamie John,&nbsp;Guillermo Rein","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01737-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01737-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the summer of 2022, a series of heatwaves caused an unprecedented wave of wildfires across the UK. London, in particular, was badly affected. Its green spaces wilted, and the drying vegetation provided the fuel for wildfires. The London Fire Brigade (LFB), one of the largest firefighting organisations in the world, was overwhelmed. On 19th July 2022, it experienced its busiest day since World War II. Our work represents a first attempt to examine and quantify the link between heatwaves and wildfires in a city. We combine fire incident data from the LFB and meteorological data from the Met Office, from 2009 to 2022, identifying vapour pressure deficit (VPD) as a key driver of wildfires in the urban habitants of Greater London. Wildfire activity is characterised using the number of recorded wildfires, and the time spent at incidents by the LFB’s fire pumps. We find that VPD is able to explain up to 61% of the variation in number of London wildfires. Relative humidity, and maximum daily temperature are only able to explain 44% and 42% of the variation respectively. We find that the Met Office’s definition of a heatwave—defined for the purpose of public health—is unsuited to describe the process of vegetation drying, and propose a new definition using data from the Met Office, based on vapour pressure deficit. Further, using the time spent at incidents by the LFB’s pumps, we define and identify the concept of a firewave, in order to foresee the potential arrival of another wave of extreme wildfires in London and prepare accordingly. It is hoped that the results will be of operational value to the LFB, and lay the foundation for further work investigating the role of heatwaves and VPD in increasing wildfire hazards in cities and other urban environments worldwide.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3451 - 3460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-025-01737-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of PID Control of Longitudinal Ventilation on Performance Improvement of Combined Smoke Exhaust System in Tunnel Fires","authors":"Yingli Liu,&nbsp;Dong Yang,&nbsp;Xin Guo,&nbsp;Wengang Zhang,&nbsp;Miaocheng Weng","doi":"10.1007/s10694-025-01744-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-025-01744-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the combined smoke exhaust system for tunnel fires, the critical velocity for longitudinal mechanical auxiliary ventilation is usually a fixed value. However, the uncertain development speed and scale of the fire often result in an excessive critical velocity, hindering early-stage personnel evacuation and rescue. To address this challenge, this study introduces the proportional-integral–differential (PID) control algorithm for regulating longitudinal mechanical auxiliary ventilation velocity in combined smoke exhaust system. Initially, we conduct a theoretical analysis of the PID control algorithm's application in combined smoke exhaust system. Subsequently, through numerical simulations, we demonstrate the system's stability in varying fire scenarios characterized by different development speeds during development periods and heat release rates during stable periods. And then, an analysis is conducted on the impact of the control system on the smoke exhaust system performance. The results reveal that the control system can maintain good smoke stratification downstream of the fire source, especially during fire development period, facilitating early personnel evacuation and rescue. Moreover, the smoke exhaust efficiency of the combined system is significantly enhanced. Finally, a detailed implementation plan for deploying this control method in practical engineering applications is presented.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"61 5","pages":"3535 - 3555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}