Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Deep Fundamental Diagram Network for Fast Pedestrian Dynamics Estimation","authors":"Ruolong Yi,&nbsp;Qing Ma,&nbsp;Weiguo Song,&nbsp;Jun Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01598-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01598-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>How to effectively guide occupants to use different evacuation routes under fire situations is the key to improving fire safety and ensuring successful evacuation. Evacuation analysis for fire safety in surveillance videos plays a crucial role in understanding and mitigating risks. The fundamental diagram of pedestrian flow, which illustrates the relationship between pedestrian velocity and crowd density, is a valuable tool for analyzing evacuation dynamics and enhancing fire safety measures. Traditional methods rely on trajectory files obtained from manually tracking each pedestrian in video recordings to construct fundamental diagrams. However, these methods have limitations in accurately representing crowd density and cannot provide real-time analysis, making them unsuitable for surveillance camera analysis in fire safety scenarios. To address this challenge, we propose a novel convolutional neural network-based framework called the deep fundamental diagram network, which is specifically designed for fire safety applications. This framework consists of two modules: the multi-level dilated convolutional neural network (MLD-Net) and the optical flow module. The MLD-Net learns the mapping relationship between input images and density maps, enabling accurate estimation of pedestrian density. Simultaneously, the optical flow module calculates pedestrian movement speed, providing crucial information for evacuation planning. By aligning the density map with the speed map, the fundamental diagram is derived, which aids in understanding evacuation dynamics. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves good consistency with traditional approaches while significantly reducing the computational time. Additionally, our framework enables anomaly detection and pedestrian line counting, further enhancing fire safety measures. This work is expected to have good prospects in the fields of fire safety, evacuation dynamics analysis, and real-time crowd analysis systems for fire situations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3853 - 3881"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Mine Smoke Detection Technology Based on Multi-Feature Fusion Analysis","authors":"Xiankang Huang,&nbsp;Zuzhi Tian,&nbsp;Chusen Wang,&nbsp;Fangwei Xie,&nbsp;Jinjie Ji","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01602-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01602-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditional smoke detection sensors are characterized by low sensitivity, poor stability, etc. In this study, we propose a coal mine smoke detection technique based on multi-feature fusion analysis. Detection of smoke on belt conveyors is realized by machine vision technology. Firstly, the inter-frame difference method is used to capture the motion region of the smoke. And the suspected smoke region is obtained. Then, the color features of smoke are obtained by RGB color histogram. The motion direction features of smoke are obtained by smoke optical flow vector extraction. The irregular contour features of smoke are obtained by smoke contour irregularity criterion statistics. Based on obtaining the suspected smoke area, the above three features are used to determine whether the belt conveyor produces smoke. This study collected four video images of the belt surface smoke, stand smoke, light samples, and dust samples. The final combined diagnostic rate was 94.19% by testing the above detection models. This study proposes a stable and effective smoke detection technique for coal mine safety production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3829 - 3851"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141529032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study of Fire Containment Using Fabric Curtains in a Reduced-Scale Deck of a Ro–Ro Ship","authors":"Rabah Mehaddi,&nbsp;Davood Zeinali,&nbsp;Gilles Parent,&nbsp;Zoubir Acem,&nbsp;Anthony Collin,&nbsp;Pascal Boulet","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01600-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01600-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The possibility to subdivide a deck of a ro-ro ship to contain heat and smoke by means of a fabric curtain descending from the ceiling (i.e., the deckhead) is studied experimentally using a reduced-scale experimental setup. As an important part of the study, the requirements of the international convention of Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) are investigated for so-called ‘open ro-ro decks’ in comparison with ‘closed ro-ro decks’. To analyse the experiments, sensors are used to measure the opacity levels as well as the gas temperatures and concentrations. These measurements helped quantify the degree of stratification of the smoke, its concentration of soot, and carbon monoxide levels, making it possible to analyze the effects of containment induced by the fabric curtain. The results show that the fabric curtain considerably reduces the gas temperatures and the soot concentration upstream of the curtain if it descends completely (i.e., to the floor level), while it does not disturb the stratification of smoke. The containment of smoke is more enhanced when multiple fabric curtains are used, and a comparison with a water curtain shows that the fabric curtain offers better smoke containment. Finally, the most optimal containment effect is achieved using a system that combines a fabric curtain with a water curtain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3805 - 3828"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Understanding the Impact of Fuel on Surfactant Microstructure of Firefighting Foam","authors":"Rezawana Islam,&nbsp;Brian Y. Lattimer","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01591-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01591-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"4099 - 4100"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01591-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Full-Scale Fire Experiments on Cross-Laminated Timber Residential Enclosures Featuring Different Lining Protection Configurations","authors":"Danny Hopkin,&nbsp;Wojciech Węgrzyński,&nbsp;Carmen Gorska,&nbsp;Michael Spearpoint,&nbsp;Jakub Bielawski,&nbsp;Harald Krenn,&nbsp;Tim Sleik,&nbsp;Renaud Blondeau,&nbsp;Gordian Stapf","doi":"10.1007/s10694-024-01581-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-024-01581-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The adoption of timber, specifically cross-laminated timber (CLT), as a primary construction material is gaining traction due to its carbon sequestration capabilities, environmental advantages, and potential for precision manufacturing. However, the combustibility of wood raises legitimate concerns about fire safety in timber-based residential buildings. This paper investigates the fire performance of timber in a residential context, attempting to fill knowledge gaps and outline strategies for improving fire robustness in timber-built dwellings. Through comprehensive experimental studies on residential-type enclosures constructed with CLT panels, this research explores different configurations and the effects of varying degrees of non-combustible protective lining. The findings underscore the significance of considering timber surface exposure and adopting effective encapsulation strategies in CLT buildings. It has been estimated that the exposure of timber walls leads to a proportional increase in heat release rate, corresponding to the area of exposed timber surfaces and their charring rates. Consequently, the external flame has a larger projection, resulting in a much greater heat flux to the façade. Furthermore, threshold conditions for initial flaming self-extinguishment of timber defined in literature of 44.5 ± 1.2 kW/m² have been found to be applicable to the experiments conducted in this research. Finally, it has been observed that partial encapsulation, where the protective lining will likely fall off during a fire, may hinder rather than increase the likelihood of self-extinguishment. This work contributes towards a nuanced understanding of fire dynamics in timber structures, offering insights for safer and more effective design strategies for CLT-based construction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"60 6","pages":"3771 - 3803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-024-01581-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140886126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and Theoretical Study on Catenary Mechanism of Steel Frame Beam Subject to Fire","authors":"Wen Ren","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01480-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01480-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Two fire tests were carried out on planar steel sub-frames to study the catenary mechanism of steel frame beams exposed to fire. The temperature distribution of steel frame structure and catenary mechanism of steel frame beam under different fire protection conditions were studied by experiments. According to axial forces and deformations of frame beams in fire, the formation and development of catenary mechanism were illustrated. A analysis method, which could calculate the internal force and deflection of steel frame beams exposed to fire, was proposed based on the matrix analysis method and plastic hinge theory. This method could consider the degradation of mechanical properties of rotation constraints at high temperatures. The method was validated against fire test data, and the influence of different initial constraint conditions on the catenary mechanism of steel frame beams exposed to fire was analyzed using this proposed method. It is shown that the initial axial constraint stiffness has a significant effect on the axial force and deformation of the steel frame beam at elevated temperatures, while the initial flexural strength and rotational stiffness of the joint mainly affect the position and sequence of plastic hinge formations of steel frame beam at elevated temperature.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 6","pages":"3493 - 3523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01480-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42484218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Particle Size on the Flammability and Explosibility of Biomass Dusts: Is a New Approach Needed?","authors":"Blanca Castells,&nbsp;Alberto Tascón,&nbsp;Isabel Amez,&nbsp;Nieves Fernandez-Anez","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01468-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01468-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The influence of particle size on the flammability and explosion severity has been widely demonstrated for coals along the years: the thinner the particle size, the more flammable is the dust and more severe are the explosions. Later, the increase on the use of biomass led to using the same resources and techniques for both groups of materials, considering them similar enough. However, there are basic differences between biomass and coal dust particles that leads to different behaviours when focusing on industrial fire safety. This difference is the starting point of this review, where a study on the existing knowledge in relation to the size and shape of biomass dust is presented. The methodologies and parameters used to determine particle size are described and discussed, showing the inconvenience of using only one parameter (d₅₀) to describe dust, as well as the need of a standardized methodology to homogenise the results. The biomass data gathered from scientific literature and the following analysis carried out has also highlighted the importance of identifying samples in an accurate way and the strong necessity of further research on these materials and on the interdependence between particle size and the experimental procedures for flammability and explosibility properties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 6","pages":"2989 - 3025"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01468-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48256305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burning Rate of Wood Cribs with Controlled Airflow","authors":"S. McAllister,&nbsp;T. Grumstrup","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01466-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01466-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a dire need to improve our prediction capabilities of wildland fire behavior in a range of conditions from marginal burning to the most extreme. In order to develop a more physically-based operational wildland fire behavior model, we need to improve our understanding of the effect of ventilation on burning rate of fuel beds. In this work, wood cribs are used as a simplified fuel bed. A variety of crib designs were tested with stick sizes ranging from 0.32 cm to 1.27 cm and porosities ranging from densely packed to loosely packed. A pressurized box was built that allowed for a controlled flow rate of air through the cribs from 100 LPM to 1000 LPM. The mass loss rates with forced ventilation were compared to tests conducted outside of the box under unrestricted quiescent conditions. For the flow rates tested here, the burning rate was generally observed to increase with flow. The amount of air naturally induced into a crib while burning was deduced to be best related to the vent area and the square root of the stick spacing (A_vs^1/2). It was seen that the air-to-fuel ratio inside a fuel bed burning in quiescent conditions is approximately 1.11, indicating that over 75% of the air required to completely combust the pyrolysis gases is entrained in the plume. When the supplied air is less than the amount normally entrained in ambient burning, the crib is under-ventilated and the proportional reduction in the burning rate does not seem to depend on the crib characteristics. When the crib is over-ventilated, however, the relative increase in the burning rate does vary with crib design. Simple physical arguments were used to correlate the data. Future work will include testing at higher flow rates, different moisture contents, and with cribs built with multiple stick thicknesses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 6","pages":"3473 - 3492"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-023-01466-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48438984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Maximum Cognitive Distance Per Emergency Exit Sign Colour in a Smoke-Filled Environment Simulated Using a Translucent Eye Patch","authors":"Ryun-Seok Oh,&nbsp;Young-Chan Kim,&nbsp;Young-Hoon Bae,&nbsp;Jun-Ho Choi","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01474-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01474-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exit signs are intended to help occupants promptly and accurately select evacuation paths during emergencies. However, according to previous studies and accident cases, exit signs are not helpful for occupants during emergency situations, which can be attributed to limited visibility due to the smoke generated during fires. Further, most exit sign installation standards do not consider exit sign visibility in smoke-filled environments. Thus, exit sign visibility can be considered to be low during actual fires. To overcome this issue, a means of improving visibility was investigated in this study by changing the exit sign color. A full-scale experiment was conducted to analyse the maximum cognitive distance (The maximum cognitive distance is defined as the greatest distance at which an observer can clearly identify the content of an exit sign) according to the exit sign safety colour in which a smoke-filled environment was simulated using a translucent eye patch. The smoke-filled environment was divided into nine levels of obstructed visibility according to the visibility distance when a translucent eye patch was worn. The maximum cognitive distance was measured for exit signs in seven safety colours (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, navy, and purple). The results showed that the mean maximum cognitive distances of the navy, purple, blue, and red exit signs were greater than that of the green exit sign, which is widely used currently. The navy, purple, blue, and red exit signs had mean maximum cognitive distances approximately 1.29 times, 1.23 times, 1.22 times, and 1.21 times longer than that of the green exit sign, respectively. The differences in the mean maximum cognitive distance were found to be statistically significant at a level of 0.05. This study’s analysis showed that these four colours had a greater contrast effect on the background colour (white) than green. Hence, the contrast difference between the safety colour and the background colour is considered the main parameter affecting cognitive performance for the exit sign lighting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 6","pages":"3445 - 3471"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41325246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey of Fire Loads on Private Residential Balconies in England","authors":"Sam Bryant,&nbsp;Ieuan Rickard,&nbsp;Michael Spearpoint","doi":"10.1007/s10694-023-01467-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-023-01467-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire loads are often used in the fire safety design of buildings as part of the assessment of the severity of potential fires. Despite recognition that balconies may contain combustible items which could contribute to fire development, there has been little research on balcony fire loads. This paper presents the results of a survey of 1020 balconies on private dwellings across England and the calculated fire loads. Consideration is also given to the influence of key parameters on the fire load energy density. It is found that balconies in England have an average fire load energy density of 64.4 MJ/m², with an 80th percentile value of 110 MJ/m². The influence of selected key parameters on balcony fire loads is also assessed. The results presented provide balcony fire loads which could be considered as part of building design.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"59 6","pages":"3415 - 3443"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44478177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}