Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"A Round-Robin Study on Decomposition of Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate by Thermogravimetry","authors":"M. Suzanne,&nbsp;S. Bourbigot,&nbsp;P. Carlotti,&nbsp;E. Coker,&nbsp;L. Dumazert,&nbsp;S. Duquesnes,&nbsp;T. Fateh,&nbsp;E. Guillaume,&nbsp;T. Hakkarainen,&nbsp;D. Lazaro-Urrutia,&nbsp;I. Leventon,&nbsp;G. Rein,&nbsp;F. Richter,&nbsp;A. Rinta-Paavola,&nbsp;T. Rogaume,&nbsp;B. Schartel,&nbsp;J. Sjöström,&nbsp;S. Stoliarov,&nbsp;A. Thiry,&nbsp;A. Witkowski","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01873-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01873-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A round-robin study for thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of carbon oxalate monohydrate was organised with thirteen participants. The main objectives were to provide best practice in the use of TGA and guidelines on uncertainties in the context of pyrolysis and fire modelling. The material studied, calcium oxalate monohydrate, is often used to evaluate the proper functioning of a given piece of equipment because its decomposition steps are well documented and known to be repeatable and reproducible. The experimental procedure was described in as much detail as possible, bearing in mind that it cannot be fully prescribed due to the different technologies of thermogravimetric analysers. All thermograms were evaluated for mass losses and onset, peak and end-set temperatures for the three decomposition steps using two outlier detection methods, the Grubbs method and an alternative two-step method inspired from Z-score technique, allowing an assessment of measurement deviation calculated throughout the duration of the experiment. This study allows a benchmarking of data scatter due to instrument and operator. It confirms that verification with calcium oxalate is a good screening method that can be used by laboratories. Within a laboratory, it can also help to identify problems with instrument accuracy that would otherwise be difficult to detect. This, together with the good practice outlined in the paper, should help the community to increase the validity of tests on other materials of interest to fire science.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensuring Firefighter Safety: Exploring Optical Metrology for Non-destructive Assessment of Fire Proximity Clothing","authors":"Shivangi Dwivedi,&nbsp;Alips Srivastava,&nbsp;Richa Srivastava,&nbsp;Prasun Kumar Roy","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01890-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01890-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fire proximity suits, characterized by their reflective outer layer, are commonly used by firefighters during high-radiant-heat operations such as aircraft rescue. A persistent challenge faced by firefighters is determining whether a suit remains safe for reuse following a firefighting operation. Currently, this decision relies solely on visual inspection–a subjective and non-quantitative approach. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique based on optical metrology to objectively assess the health of fire proximity suits. The method leverages the reflective property of the suit’s outermost layer, quantifiable through illuminance measurements in the visible spectrum. Our findings indicate that exposure to degrading environments–including radiation, flames, soot, abrasion, and natural weathering–leads to a measurable decline in reflectivity, correlating directly with reduced radiant protective performance. Specifically, as the reflectivity of the outer laminate decreases by approximately 60%, the time to second-degree burn (<span>(t_{2nd})</span>) drops below 20 seconds–a critical threshold indicating the suit’s unsuitability for further use. This study demonstrates the potential of a cost-effective, quantitative, and non-destructive approach for assessing the integrity of fire proximity suits, offering significant implications for firefighter safety.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Operation Limits of Firefighter Protective Ensembles in Non-Flaming, Pre-Flashover Exposures","authors":"Thomas DiPietro,&nbsp;Charles Fleischmann,&nbsp;Fernando Raffan-Montoya","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01896-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01896-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High heat flux tests at short exposure times are beneficial in estimating thermal protection when exposed to direct flame impingement, but evidence from the field has shown that firefighters are experiencing thermal burn injuries in fire environments that are thought to be ordinary exposures over a longer time period. The current study uses a novel approach to measure the thermal response of two different, three-layer structural firefighting protective ensembles exposed to a predominantly convective, low-level heat flux over a longer period of time in a controlled environment. In a series of experiments, representative personal protective clothing assemblies were exposed to ambient temperatures ranging from 100°C to 300°C, corresponding to the ambient temperatures a firefighter may be exposed to during a structure fire. The temperature rise up to 55°C, measured by a copper slug calorimeter and protected by the PPE samples, was chosen as an upper bound and compared to currently accepted thermal operating classes for firefighters. Results show that the time for reaching the 55°C benchmark was approximately 1000s at 100°C to approximately 100s at 300°C. Using the Heat Transfer Index (HTI) method, loss of insulation performance of the samples was indicated at exposures above 100°C. An exponential decay relationship was observed between the time for the copper calorimeter to reach 55°C and the exposure temperature which can provide insight into firefighter safe operational times at exposure temperatures not included in this study.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01896-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire and Life Safety of Viking-Age Reconstructed Turf Houses","authors":"Jon Zimak,&nbsp;Rayna Vreeland,&nbsp;Fernando Ebensperger,&nbsp;Abhinandan Singh,&nbsp;Christian Vogt,&nbsp;James L. Urban","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01907-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01907-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The tenability of Viking-age turf houses exposed to a historically sized bonfire outside the door, according to Viking-age (between 793 and 1066) combat records, was investigated across three scales. A single laboratory-scale experiment was conducted, consisting of a replica door, roof structure, and 1.2 m simulated entryway. Five door-scale experiments consisting of a replica door and roof structures attached to a shipping container to simulate the volume of a turf house were conducted at Eiríksstaðir in Búðardalur, Iceland. A single full-scale Viking-age turf house made to the best-known historical construction standards was also evaluated in Iceland. Gas concentration and temperature measurements were made throughout the structures to identify the limits of tenability and fire spread. Heat flux gauges measured the intensity of the bonfire used to ignite the door and roof structures. Results of this experimental archaeology study indicate that the Viking-age combat tactic of burning turf houses was an effective way of defeating a defender within their house. Comments based on observations and experimental findings are made on the use of fire as a war tactic, and recommendations are made for the protection of contemporary replica turf houses.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147737712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Applicability Limits of Froude Scaling for Predicting Temperature Fields in Tunnel Fires","authors":"Yutong Chen,&nbsp;Jihong Ye","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01903-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01903-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the applicability of Froude scaling for predicting smoke temperature in scaled tunnel fire models, the primary causes of temperature scaling error were first analyzed theoretically. Numerical simulations were then conducted using fire dynamics simulator (FDS) for tunnels with different heat release rates and scale ratios. The scaling error of the maximum temperature rise beneath the ceiling above the fire source was assessed, and the influence of tunnel length and fire source size on it was quantified. The scaling error characteristics of longitudinal smoke temperature decay under different wall conditions were analyzed, and a prediction model for longitudinal decay, considering scale ratios and applicable to concrete boundaries, was established. The results show that when the relative size of the fire source (fire source side length/tunnel width) decreases to 0.111 or the length-to-height ratio of the tunnel increases to 66.67, the 1:20 scaled model significantly deviates in predicting the maximum temperature rise. The scaling error in longitudinal smoke temperature decay is mainly caused by the overestimation of wall heat loss. Under adiabatic wall conditions, a scale ratio of 1:10 or larger maintains satisfactory similarity in longitudinal smoke temperature decay. Under concrete wall conditions, temperature similarity is limited to the near-fire field, and the similarity range shrinks as the scale ratio decreases. This paper recommends that 1:20 or smaller scale ratios should not be used for maximum temperature rise studies. For studies of longitudinal temperature decay with realistic wall heat loss, scaled models systematically underestimate far-field temperatures, with deviations exceeding 60% at a 1:20 scale ratio.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147643009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Abstraction Points and Infrastructure Constraints for Wildfire Suppression in a Remote and Fire-Prone Amazon–Cerrado Transition Zone in Brazil","authors":"Andyara Ferreira Lemes,&nbsp;Luciana Sanches,&nbsp;Gersina N. Carmo Cesarone","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01904-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01904-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Wildfires pose a major threat to tropical ecosystems, particularly the Amazon Rainforest and the Brazilian savanna (Cerrado), especially during the dry season, when fire risk peaks and water availability is the lowest. This study presents an integrated assessment of the spatial and temporal dynamics of fire hotspots, land use and land cover change (LULC), and hydrological and transport infrastructure conditions to identify strategic surface water abstraction points for wildfire suppression in Nova Ubiratã, Mato Grosso, Brazil. From 1998 to 2020, agricultural areas expanded by 492%, whereas forest cover declined significantly. A strong correlation (<i>r</i> = 0.89; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) was observed between the annual forest loss and hotspot occurrence, indicating that deforestation is a key driver of fire activity. September recorded the highest number of hotspots (21% of the total), coinciding with the official fire prohibition period, and the lowest recorded streamflows. Using Q₉₅ reference flow and official water abstraction data, we identified 40 viable water collection points, most with sufficient flow (&gt; 0.2 m³/s) and ground access for tanker trucks. This spatially explicit approach supports more efficient and cost-effective fire-suppression logistics and can be replicated in other fire-prone regions. The results offer practical tools for local fire-response planning, resource allocation, and integrated water-resource management. This monitoring approach not only improves fire suppression logistics but also contributes to sustainable water resources and land-use management in ecologically sensitive areas.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01904-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ZAIF: A Zero-Shot Anomaly Inference Framework for Fire Detection and Segmentation with Multi-modal Data","authors":"Zekun Zhou,&nbsp;Hongyang Zhao,&nbsp;Xingdong Li,&nbsp;Tao Jiang,&nbsp;Jing Jin","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01889-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01889-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fire detection, as a key technology to ensure social security, has a direct impact on fire response efficiency and loss control in terms of its accuracy and real-time performance. Although existing deep learning methods such as YOLO and Faster R-CNN have achieved remarkable results in the field of fire detection, they generally suffer from the problems of high data dependency and limited generalization ability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes an innovative multimodal zero-sample fire detection method (ZAIF). The method extracts fire features by fusing the complementary information of visible and infrared images, combining with the background segmentation technique, and realizes multi-scale feature embedding by using a GEM image encoder. Meanwhile, ZAIF innovatively integrates the CLIP text encoder and the refined text cues generated by the Large Language Model (LLM) to realize the deep fusion of semantic and visual features. Experimental results show that the classification and positioning accuracy of ZAIF on the self-collected combustion experimental dataset is significantly better than the existing zero-shot detection method. In addition, when the number of samples is small, ZAIF shows better detection performance compared with YOLOv11, a very advanced method in the field of image detection, providing a new solution for fire detection in practical application scenarios.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147642374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal Hazards from Electric Vehicle Fires: Experimental Data and Predictive Model","authors":"Matthew J. DiDomizio,&nbsp;Adam Barowy","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01895-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01895-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire incidents involving battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are becoming increasingly prevalent. There is presently a dearth of data encompassing heat release rates and the resulting thermal hazards from BEV fires; consequently, there is a need to investigate the severity of those hazards, and to provide guidance on safe separation distances from burning BEVs. A series of experiments were conducted on six different BEVs, having battery capacities ranging from 28 kW h to 91 kW h. Heat release rate (HRR) was measured by mass loss calorimetry, fire size was measured from video recordings, and the spatially varying heat flux to the surroundings of the vehicles was measured using plate sensors and infrared thermography. A solid flame cylinder source model (CSM) was developed to simulate heat transfer from the burning BEVs to their surroundings. Peak HRR was found to range from 4.4 MW to 12.1 MW, and the corresponding flame volumes from 4.7 m³ to 11.1 m³; these measurements were found to be proportional, resulting in an Orloff-DeRis constant of 1054 kW m⁻³. From this finding, expressions were developed to represent the fire size in terms of the peak HRR, based on Froude scaling. The CSM predictions of heat flux were optimized to the field measurements, and the radiative fraction was calculated to be 0.21. From these results, heat flux to the surroundings of a burning BEV can be predicted given knowledge of only a single parameter: the peak heat release rate of the fire. A quasi-mechanistic model was developed for the minimum safe separation distance to a vertical surface in the proximity of a burning BEV based on safety thresholds corresponding to unprotected individuals, firefighters under emergency operating conditions, and ignition risk to combustible materials. The findings of this study will support future fire hazard analyses and performance-based designs around electric vehicle fire safety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01895-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Enhancing Low-pressure Fine Water Mist with Surfactant Salt Composite Additives to Suppress Oil Fires in Confined Spaces","authors":"Shun Wang,&nbsp;Zhi-Xiang Xing,&nbsp;Long-Tai Qi,&nbsp;Ye-Cheng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01888-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01888-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, the frequent occurrence of industrial oil pool fires, characterized by high temperatures and prolonged combustion, has posed significant challenges to fire prevention and control. Particularly in confined spaces, inadequate ventilation results in heat accumulation, a factor exerting dual impacts on fire suppression: it can facilitate water droplet evaporation to dilute oxygen while potentially rendering conventional fire suppression methods largely ineffective without targeted intervention. This consequently necessitates the development of new, high-efficiency extinguishing technologies. In this study, a strategy of stepwise optimization and synergistic combination is adopted to systematically explore the performance-enhancing mechanisms of water mist (WM) additives and develop a highly efficient and eco-friendly composite fire suppression system.The research first employed orthogonal experiments to optimize the blending ratio of silicone-based and hydrocarbon-based surfactants, ultimately determining the optimal formulation (0.07% H241, 0.25% SDS, and 0.25% BS-12), which significantly improved the wetting and spreading capabilities of the WM. Subsequently, salt-based additives were introduced to compare the fire suppression performance between composite salts and single salts. The results demonstrated that composite salts exhibited markedly superior synergistic enhancement effects. Based on these findings, a composite fire suppression system was developed, combining surfactants (0.07% H241, 0.25% SDS, 0.25% BS-12) with composite salts (2% MCA, 1% KCl). Experimental data revealed that this system achieved a more than fivefold improvement in extinguishing efficiency compared to conventional pure WM, while maintaining excellent environmental compatibility. This study not only provides an effective solution for oil fire suppression in confined spaces but also establishes a theoretical and experimental foundation for the development of high-performance, eco-friendly fire extinguishing technologies. The developed composite additive WM system integrates outstanding fire suppression efficiency with environmental friendliness, demonstrating broad application prospects in industrial fire protection and related fields.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying the Impact of Arc Fault Height on Hot Particle Distribution in Wildland-Urban Interface Fires: Kinematical Modeling, Experimental and Machine Learning Insights","authors":"Qi-Xian Li,&nbsp;Yi-Xuan Lin,&nbsp;Zi-Hao Chen,&nbsp;Qiang Wang,&nbsp;Yang Gao,&nbsp;Huai-bin Wang,&nbsp;Wen-wei Su,&nbsp;Yan-hong Zhao,&nbsp;Zhen Wei,&nbsp;Yang Li","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01892-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01892-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hot particles generated by arc faults are significant ignition sources to Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires. Knowing the characteristics of hot particle distribution is one of the most important parameters to the establishment of safe zones for the prevention of WUI fires. However, the related research is limited. To fill this gap, a comprehensive model which takes the wind as the reference frame was built based on dynamic equations in this paper. In addition, an experimental device was set up to prove the correctness of a special case in this model successfully. Finally, the machine learning was also used to predict the farthest landing distance in this specifical condition. The results predicted by model suggest when there is no wind and the shape of the splashed hot particles is spherical, as the height of the arc increases, the farthest landing distance of the splashed hot particles gradually increases, and eventually stabilizes within a certain range. The main factor determining the farthest landing distance of the splashed hot particles is transformed from the arc height to the air resistance. All these predicted results are consistent with the experimental results obtained. The method proposed by this model, which uses wind as the reference frame, can significantly reduce the computational load in actual operations, providing a reference for subsequent development of more complex kinematic models. Furthermore, by incorporating studies on the ignition thresholds of hot particles in complex scenarios, this kinematical framework can be extended to provide more support for fire safety engineering.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147606463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}