Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of Porosity and Pore Diameter of Gypsum Boards at Elevated Temperatures","authors":"Maximilian Pache, Dimos Kontogeorgos, Maria Founti","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01929-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01929-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gypsum boards are widely used as passive fire protection materials due to their ability to delay heat transfer through endothermic dehydration of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2 H<sub>2</sub>O). Understanding the temperature-dependent evolution of porosity and pore size distributions in gypsum board is essential for defining microstructural parameters used in fire-scale thermal transport models. In particular, the evolution of pore structure during dehydration and high-temperature degradation influences heat transfer within the material and therefore affects its fire protection capability. Quantitative data describing how the pore structure evolves at high temperatures remain scarce, limiting the accuracy of multi-physics fire simulations. This work experimentally characterizes the temperature-dependent evolution of porosity and pore size distributions in gypsum board exposed to temperatures up to 1000°C. Samples subjected to controlled thermal treatments were analyzed using mercury intrusion porosimetry, optical microscopy, and large-area optical scanning in order to capture pore structures across multiple length scales. The resulting dataset provides a comprehensive description of pore structure evolution associated with dehydration, fragmentation, and high-temperature sintering processes. The experiments reveal a bimodal pore system consisting of micro-pores (< 10 μm) formed during dehydration and stable meso-/macro-pores (10–100 μm) generated by foaming agents. Total porosity increases with temperature, while the average pore diameter decreases, indicating pore multiplication rather than coalescence. The experimentally measured pore characteristics were incorporated into a microstructure-informed thermal transport model (GPRO: Gypsum PROperties) in order to evaluate the influence of representative pore length scales on the radiative component of heat transfer and to assess their impact on the effective thermal conductivity (k<sub>eff</sub>). Model predictions were compared with literature data for the effective thermal conductivity of gypsum board at elevated temperatures to assess the consistency of the derived microstructural parameters with independently measured macroscopic properties. The results show that the evolution of total porosity strongly affects the conductive component of heat transfer, while the radiative conductivity predicted by diffusion-based radiation models is primarily controlled by pore lengths in the meso-scale range identified in the experimental measurements. Sensitivity analysis indicates that variations in representative pore diameter between 1 μm and 100 μm lead to changes in predicted effective thermal conductivity below 3%. Within diffusion-based radiative heat-transfer formulations, this behaviour reflects the dominance of meso-scale pore lengths in the radiative contribution. The temperature-resolved microstructural dataset presented in this work provides experimentally grounded param","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01929-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian-Based Consequence Assessment of Domino Effect Accidents in Crude Oil Storage Tank Farms due to Pool Fires","authors":"Qingfeng Sun,&nbsp;Haopeng Li,&nbsp;Liancheng Zhao,&nbsp;Hongxiao Lv,&nbsp;Xueqian Wang,&nbsp;Chunlei Xu,&nbsp;Weiming Zhao,&nbsp;Baoqi Sun,&nbsp;Taiqi Zhao,&nbsp;Rongrong Lv,&nbsp;Liangchao Chen","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01998-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01998-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fires or explosions caused by crude oil tank leaks are prone to triggering domino effects, expanding the scope of the incident and forming a catastrophic chain of accidents. To enable the rapid prediction of accident consequences in the event of a domino effect in crude oil storage tank areas, this paper proposes a Bayesian Network-based consequence assessment method for pool fire domino effects in crude oil storage tank areas. First, the thermal radiation hazard range of pool fires is analyzed, and a harm radius correction model considering wind speed effects is constructed. Then, based on Bayesian Network analysis, the probabilities of pool fires occurring between tanks and triggering domino accidents are evaluated. Next, combining the harm radius model of pool fires with the tank failure probabilities under the domino effect, individual risk is assessed, and risk contour maps are drawn. Finally, the harm radius of pool fires is simulated using FDS software. A comparative analysis reveals that the average relative errors of the proposed harm radius correction model compared with the simulation values in the upwind and downwind directions are 0.15 and 0.11, respectively, indicating a high level of accuracy. The consequence assessment method proposed in this paper avoids cumbersome calculations by comprehensively analyzing the accident propagation path, facilitating rapid and effective risk analysis of tank area fires and the formulation of corresponding response measures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Driven Smart Fire Emergency Management Across the Disaster Lifecycle: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework for Decision Support Systems","authors":"Kübra Okta,&nbsp;Murat Oturakci","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-02001-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-02001-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fire emergency management is an extremely complex and challenging process that requires the integration of real-time data to produce optimal solutions. Accordingly, this review specifically conceptualizes fire as a natural disaster and examines AI-supported decision support systems across the fire emergency management lifecycle. In this context, developments in artificial intelligence technology in recent years have been extremely effective in solving this problem, especially in real-time data transfer. Most existing studies in the literature focus on technological approaches and operational processes. However, the effective integration of decision support systems into emergency management remains lacking. This study presents a systematic literature review aimed at analyzing how the integration of decision-making methods with the fire management lifecycle is performed in the literature. The 69 articles examined in our study were clustered based on their themes and methods used. Thus, the relation of each cluster in the fire management lifecycle was determined. The results show that there are numerous technology-supported studies in the detection, monitoring, and prevention phases. Conversely, it is clearly revealed that there are a limited number of studies in the improvement phase. Furthermore, it was concluded that studies integrating AI and decision-making methods throughout the entire fire management lifecycle are limited. This study proposes a conceptual perspective for the development of end-to-end smart fire emergency management systems. The findings are guiding for future research into more proactive, integrated, and decision-oriented AI frameworks that can support holistic fire emergency management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148927904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on the Smoke Propagation in Subway Tunnels with Various Ventilation Modes","authors":"Minzhang Liu,&nbsp;Ni Gao,&nbsp;Kaisen Liang,&nbsp;Shu Liu,&nbsp;Rong Gao,&nbsp;Yifan Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaoran Wang,&nbsp;Bin Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01995-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01995-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The spread and exhaust of smoke during a subway tunnel fire are crucial factors affecting passenger safety and comfort, with the ventilation system playing a key role in this process. Therefore, studying the smoke exhaust performance of different ventilation modes is essential for improving subway safety. Due to the elongated characteristics of tunnels and the hazardous nature of fires, most existing studies rely on numerical simulations, with a lack of experimental research in this field. A 40 m-long tunnel fire experimental platform is established, equipped with vertical shaft ventilation, longitudinal ventilation, and localized semi-transverse ventilation systems. The blockage condition and different fire source locations are taken into account while analyzing the smoke exhaust performance of each ventilation mode. The results show that for both shaft and semi-transverse ventilation, downward blowing performs better than outward exhaust, with a reduction of approximately 9.6%–47% in the upwind ceiling-temperature response associated with smoke backlayering. The comparison study shows that for train fires with blockage, shaft mechanical ventilation provides the best smoke exhaust performance, with the upwind ceiling-temperature response 49.2% and 81.7% lower than that under longitudinal and semi-transverse ventilation, respectively. In contrast, for tunnel fires without blockage, longitudinal ventilation is more effective. This study provides experimental evidence and data support for optimizing smoke exhaust systems in subway tunnels during fires.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight Deep Learning Models for Real Time Wildfire Detection","authors":"Thomas Bianchi Todt,&nbsp;Rafik Ghali,&nbsp;Moulay A. Akhloufi","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01993-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01993-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wildfires pose a severe threat to human life, property, and ecosystems. Early wildland fire detection systems are critical for effective response and mitigation. This paper presents a novel real time wildfire detection system that leverages recent advancements in lightweight deep learning models, specifically optimized for deployment on resource-constrained embedded devices such as the Jetson Nano. The proposed system is capable of detecting both smoke and fire in aerial and ground images, addressing important challenges such as small fire zones, variable fire characteristics, and complex backgrounds. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed YOLO models achieved high detection accuracy with low computational power, outperforming several state-of-the-art approaches. These models demonstrated a balance between high detection performance and computational efficiency as lightweight models. Among them, YOLOv8m-p2 achieved a mAP50 of 74.80 ± 0.71%, 4.25 FPS, and an inference time of 0.24 s on the Jetson Nano using D-Fire dataset, confirming the system’s suitability for real time wildfire monitoring in resource-constrained environments. The proposed approaches contribute to advancing wildfire management strategies by enabling faster intervention and reducing potential damage through efficient embedded artificial intelligence wildfire detection algorithms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Interlinked Fire Alarm Systems in Scotland and England","authors":"Samiksha Bastola,&nbsp;David Rush","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01991-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01991-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper applies the J value framework to assess when interlinked domestic fire alarm systems would be cost effective in Scotland and England. Pre policy national statistics pool dwellings with no alarms, standalone alarms (the vast majority), and some interlinked systems, so they do not identify the marginal effect of interlinking. We therefore present threshold (break-even) conditions: combinations of reductions in fatalities, injuries, and direct property damage that yield J ≤ 1 for self and professional installation, using historical statistics only as non-causal, illustrative anchors for sensitivity analyses. It was found that, across both countries, damage reduction is the dominant driver of cost-effectiveness, followed by fatality reduction; injury reduction has limited influence (assuming direct injury costs only). One-way thresholds indicate that achieving <span>(:Jle:1)</span>typically requires around 30–60% reduction in direct property damage, with fatality thresholds generally around 40–80% depending on installation method and region. Two-factor (damage and fatality) thresholds show trade-offs between these reductions, with more demanding conditions in England due to higher expected damage per fire. Tornado analyses centred on an illustrative base case confirm that installation cost and damage-related inputs exert the greatest influence on <span>(:J)</span>, while societal discount rates have modest effects. Interlinked systems can be cost effective where installed costs are lower (for example self-installation) and reductions in property damage, and secondarily fatalities, are moderate to large. Improved data on alarm type and performance, property-damage costs, and near-misses would enable movement from threshold analysis to causal evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01991-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterizing Smoke Contaminants on Wildland Firefighters’ Protective Clothing from Wood Combustion","authors":"Momtaz Islam,&nbsp;Sumit Mandal,&nbsp;Habeeb H. Al-Mashala,&nbsp;Elijah G. Schnitzler,&nbsp;Adriana Petrova,&nbsp;Robert J. Agnew,&nbsp;Preston Larson,&nbsp;Lynn M. Boorady","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01992-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01992-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent years, the frequency of wildfires in the United States has increased significantly. Wildfires result in the combustion of biomass, which generates a substantial quantity of smoke particles that contain high levels of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Wildland firefighters often encounter these carcinogenic compounds during fire suppression activities. These carcinogenic compounds can deposit and/or pass through the protective gear, resulting in dermal exposure that can lead to the development of skin cancer. Therefore, there is a critical need to investigate how fabric parameters affect the deposition and/or transmission through protective clothing, as the amount of deposition and/or transmission may vary depending on the fabric parameters. This study aims to investigate the impact of fabric properties on the deposition and transmission of smoke particles through protective garments. A novel protocol was developed in a controlled laboratory setting to simulate wildfire smoke and analyze the particles deposited on swatches of fabric used in firefighters’ clothing. Three commercial outer-layer fire protective fabrics and one inner-layer cotton fabric were exposed to smoke generated from pine wood combustion. Key parameters, including burning temperature, airflow, fabric air permeability, surface friction and roughness, were analyzed for their role in particle deposition. Results showed that higher temperatures and airflow increased deposition, with fabrics exhibiting lower air permeability and greater surface roughness accumulating more particles. This research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the interaction between smoke-borne carcinogens and protective textiles, offering evidence-based guidance for the development of enhanced gear for wildland firefighters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relevance of Law and Economics for Fire Safety","authors":"Ruben Korsten,&nbsp;Andrea Franchini,&nbsp;Ruben Van Coile","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01980-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01980-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article investigates how the discipline of Law and Economics (“L&amp;E”) can guide legal frameworks for fire safety by aligning legal rules, economic incentives, and engineering practices. We first introduce core L&amp;E concepts – externalities, information asymmetries, public-goods, and liability structures – and their relevance for fire safety. We then develop a mathematical model for the total cost of fire (for a design problem or building portfolio), and use this model to contrast prescriptive and performance-based regimes and compare three liability standards (strict liability, code-compliance negligence, and due-diligence negligence). When considering a full internalization of the cost of fire (i.e., when the private decision-maker carries all fire-related costs), our analyses show that prescriptive regimes generate over- or under-investment in preventive measures, resulting in sub-optimal societal outcomes. Performance-based regimes, on the other hand, provide private decision makers with the incentive to invest up to societally optimal safety investments. The comparison of liability regimes shows that the internalization of the cost of fire is most effectively achieved by the strict liability regime. A liability regime of negligence based on due diligence (professional standards) also pushes private decision-makers towards adopting societally optimum designs. However, when negligence is established by the (lack of) compliance with prescriptive fire safety codes, this results in societally suboptimal designs. These results imply that policymakers should favor adaptable, efficiency-oriented regulatory designs, and highlight that liability regimes should be calibrated to internalize fire safety related costs. In more general terms, the results demonstrate the power of L&amp;E approaches for supporting discussions on fire safety legislation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10694-026-01980-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-parameter Numerical and Scaled Experimental Analysis of Water Mist Fire Suppression Performance in Offshore Substation Main Transformer Rooms","authors":"Huiqing Qi,&nbsp;Xinhong Ma,&nbsp;Lin Su,&nbsp;Xi Liu,&nbsp;Fumin Guo,&nbsp;Zhaohui Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01996-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01996-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employs multi-parameter numerical simulations and a 1:2 scaled experiment to systematically evaluate the performance of a high-pressure water mist fire suppression system in offshore substation main transformer rooms under varying wind speeds, top shielding configurations, and fire source locations. Full-scale and scaled Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) models were developed and validated against experimental results, examining the effects of wind speeds (2.87, 7.07, 20, and 35 m/s), top shielding rates (0%, 60%, 100%), and fire source locations on suppression efficiency and heat release rate (HRR) decay. Results show that high wind speed (35 m/s) enhances droplet penetration, increasing the average HRR decay rate to − 0.56 kW/s. A regular 60% shielding configuration balances smoke venting and droplet distribution, significantly shortening the extinguishing time for top-position fires compared with a fully enclosed structure. Top-position fires remain difficult to extinguish due to thermal plume disturbances, whereas unobstructed bottom fires can be suppressed within tens of seconds. Structural optimization recommendations are proposed for water mist systems in extreme offshore wind environments, providing valuable guidance for fire safety design in offshore substations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire Behaviour of Gaps in Cross Laminated Timber Panel-to-Panel Connections","authors":"Wyatt J. Garrett,&nbsp;Erica C. Fischer,&nbsp;Laura E. Hasburgh","doi":"10.1007/s10694-026-01999-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10694-026-01999-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mass timber construction results in small gaps at abutting members due to construction tolerances and varying moisture conditions, among other reasons. These intersections, typically at connections, may have detrimental impacts on the fire performance of a structure causing loss of fire integrity earlier in the fire and thereby enabling the spread of fire. However, there has been a lack of testing to explore the effects of these gaps on the fire behaviour of mass timber, particularly at cross laminated timber (CLT) panel-to-panel connections. To investigate the fire behaviour of CLT with gaps at the panel-to-panel connections, twenty-five unprotected, unloaded CLT panels with gaps (3 and 6 mm) were tested. Panels were exposed to the standard fire (ASTM E119) for one hour. Temperature and char depths were measured to explore the influence of connection geometry and gap size. The results were compared to current design guidance provided in the Fire Design Specification (FDS) for Wood Construction. The results of the analysis demonstrated that the horizontal and vertical charring between abutting members in the panel-to-panel connections was overestimated by the FDS in every specimen tested. During the cooling phase, char continued to develop in the connection gaps when unrestricted airflow was enabled. Connection geometry, gap size, and the restriction of airflow had the greatest impact on temperature rise and char development within the connection gap.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":558,"journal":{"name":"Fire Technology","volume":"62 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}